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Infanticide in England and Scotland, 2001.
An analysis of infanticide in 17th and 18th century England and Scotland.
4,944 words (approx. 19.8 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 125.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how infanticide, has been practiced throughout human history, but was made explicitly illegal during the seventeenth century throughout Europe. It looks at how, no longer charged as murder, infanticide was made its own capital crime, constructed to assume guilt, specifically targeting single women. It examines how the fact that it was deemed necessary to create and enforce the Infanticide Acts reveals the concerns of the society which produced them and how their enforcement reveals the desperate position of single pregnant women.
From the Paper
"To lawmakers in the seventeenth century, infanticide was deemed important enough to create new laws that specifically discouraged the practice. Instead of dealing directly with the crime of killing an infant, these Acts, passed in England in 1624 and Scotland in 1690, focused on the concealment of an unmarried woman's pregnancy, differentiating it from a married woman's pregnancy. Under these Acts, the death of an illegitimate newborn was presumed to be the fault of the mother unless she had assistance during delivery or told at least one person that she was pregnant. "
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Julian Barnes' "England, England", 2000.
A discussion about the constructions of reality in Barnes' novel, "England, England".
2,185 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 1 source, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the Julia Barnes' somewhat cynical view of reality as a human construction in her novel "England, England". The paper focuses on the characters' attempts to cope with reality and their desire to look past the constructions in their own and others' lives.
From the Paper
"In "England, England", Julian Barnes theorizes that what people perceive to be reality is merely a construction. He argues that people create this construction for themselves because of a desire to simplify their lives. What people consider to be true memories and actual history are distortions, no more real than stories, except in that people believe these memories and histories to be real."
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Constructions of Reality in Julian Barnes' "England, England", 2000.
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 1 source, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the theme of make-believe reality in Julian Barnes' "England, England", which is presented through the character of Martha. The question posed is whether there even is such a thing as objective reality, and whether, if there is, it can satisfy anyone, and the conclusion appears to be that people ultimately prefer a constructed reality.
From the Paper
"At the beginning of the novel, Barnes sets up the idea that reality, as people think of it, is constructed. Martha reasons: ?If a memory wasn?t a thing but a memory of a memory of a memory, mirrors set in parallel, then what the brain told you now about what it claimed had happened then would be colored by what had happened in between? (6). She continues by reasoning that ?an element of propaganda, of sales and marketing, always intervened between the inner and the outer person? (7). While a person may claim that he/she remembers something clearly, he/she has actually filtered and changed around the memory, infusing it with an element of make-believe."
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Infanticide, 2004.
An in-depth analysis of the phenomenon of infanticide, the act of killing a newborn baby.
4,334 words (approx. 17.3 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 114.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the horrendous act of infanticide. The paper claims that this practice has been evident in many cultures all over the world, dating back hundreds of years. The paper presents the apparent reasons behind the committing of infanticide. The paper identifies the legal aspects of this act, explaining it as both a substantive criminal offense as well as a partial defense to murder. The paper focuses on Australia's approach to infanticide.
From the Paper
"Infanticide is the act or practice of killing newborns or infants. It has been committed or performed in every continent and in every level of culture from the poorest hunters and gatherers to the richest and most advanced classes of people and from the time of our ancestors to modern age (Milner 1998). The act or practice has been so rampant that there is enough evidence on record to show that it has been more the rule than an exception and this evidence reflects that parents themselves kill their infants under distressing and stressful situations. The practice or act was so frequent in England in the 19th century that both the medical and the private communities had to think of ways to control the crime (Milner) described by medical practitioners as savage in a contradiction to human progress."
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Female Infanticide, 2002.
This paper explores the issue of female infanticide in China. In other words, the deliberate murder of baby girls by their parents, who do not want to keep them, purely because they are girls and not boys.
3,244 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper offers an overview of female infanticide as it occurs within China. Information is provided regarding the occurrence of female infanticide, those involved, those who are being harmed/adversely or affected by the handling of this problem, identification of efforts conducted to stop the pattern and the likely consequences and outcomes if this pattern continues. The paper then provides an examination as to how different systems of justice evaluate female infanticide. Finally the paper includes a plan of action as proposed by the author, to combat this terrible problem.
From the Paper
"Data suggests that female infanticide and prenatal sex selection have created a "missing girl gap" of 30 million in China (Phillips, Fawcett & Pankhurst, 2003). As reported by Jeffrey (2002), female infanticide, sex selective abortions, the abandonment of little girls, and the neglect of baby girls in China remain problems due to the traditional preference for sons, and the family planning policy, which limits urban couples to one child and rural couples to two."
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Peter Singer's Views on Infanticide, 2008.
An argument against Peter Singer's justification of infanticide expounded upon in his book "Practical Ethics".
820 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper criticizes Peter Singer's views on infanticide in "Practical Ethics". Singer believes that children should not be considered people until they have existed outside the mother's womb for at least a month and that physicians are morally justified in killing disabled infants. The paper considers this a disturbingly utilitarian approach that weighs human life on the basis of how useful and convenient it is to society and to those who will care for it. The paper claims that this approach offers an intellectual justification for the Nazis' behavior in WWII. At its most dangerous, the paper concludes, Singer's concept of the utility of infanticide may unjustly allow people to determine who should live - and who should die.
From the Paper
"In our western culture, we are very often taught that all human life is precious and that the lives of the very young are particularly precious - not least of all because they represent the future. Controversial ethicist Peter Singer, however, feels otherwise. Specifically, Singer has long held the view that children should not be considered people until they have existed outside the mother's womb for at least a month (thirty days) and that physicians are morally justified in killing some infants "on the spot" if those infants are disabled. In Singer's estimation, are not self-aware (therefore not human) and their lives are certainly of no greater value - actually of lesser value - than that of dumb animals like the chimpanzee or dog (Klusendorf, para.1; Singer, 122-123). Singer proceeds to argue that infants are not rational, self-conscious beings with a desire to live. Indeed, if killing an infant child (most especially a disabled one) will increase the happiness of other parties (principally the parents but, really, anyone who might stand to gain from the death of the infant) than taking the child's life is permissible; it is, in short, a profoundly utilitarian approach that weighs human life on the basis of how useful (and how "convenient") it is to society and to those who will care for it. As a final addendum, Singer insists that infanticide is only objectionable if its commission would bring about unhappiness to the parents (Klusendorf, para.5-8). It is a stunning moral view and a deeply troubling one."
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Infanticide, 2007.
An analysis of the theories of infanticide in the animal kingdom and a look at the insights it provides into primate behavior.
1,558 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the phenomenon of infanticide in the animal kingdom, particularly among primates. It discusses the two ways of looking at the phenomenon from an anthropological perspective and then looks at it from the biologist's point of view. The paper particularly discusses the case for infanticide as a reproductive strategy and suggests that it is a strong case which provides interesting insights into the behaviors of other primate species, especially humans. The paper then describes some of these insights.
From the Paper
"Still, infanticide should be regarded as a reproductive strategy among males. After all, it remains within the female's best interest to mate with a newly dominant male, even if he has killer her infant. Ultimately, this is because the female, having lost her offspring, needs to remain reproductively competitive and to mate with a male. Additionally, if she mates with a non-dominant male, who has not killed her offspring, she runs the risk of the dominant male repeating his actions. Accordingly, she is obligated to mate with the dominant male in order to decrease the risk that her infant will be killed again. It may also be the case that the mothers who are victims of infanticide are physically incapable of preventing the guilty males from mating with them because of the differences in size between the sexes."
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Selective Female Infanticide in Miletus, 2001.
By analyzing records found in the Delphinion, or Apollo's sanctuary, in Miletus, one can conclude that those migrating to the city practiced female infanticide.
1,506 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the list of names found in the Delphinion, or Apollo?s sanctuary, in Miletus served as a record of citizenships granted to immigrants between 228-49 B.C. These immigrants often were mercenaries that came to Miletus to serve, thereby gaining citizenship in this prosperous town. It argues that by viewing the disproportionate records of males to females, it is apparent that female infanticide was a common practice.
From the Paper
"The significantly disproportionate ratio of sons to daughters evident in the family groups recorded on the Miletian citizenship tablets reveals that female infanticide was widely practiced throughout the Hellenistic time period. Because so little is known about familial life during this age, and since this is ?the largest single body of statistics available? about Hellenistic demography, this record may spawn differing interpretations about the disproportion; namely, a father?s not including his daughters or the absence of daughters due to marriage at the time the records were created. However, what is known about these migrating families and the assumptions that can be made about them prove these explanations to be unlikely. Rather, the data seems to vindicate the selective termination of female infants."
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Infanticide: Overview and Analysis, 2008.
The author of this paper discusses both the social consequences of infanticide in traditional third world countries and the social acceptability of neonatal euthanasia in Western cultures.
1,780 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the social consequences that will result in traditional third world countries from gender imbalance due to a bias in male children, sex-selective abortion and female infanticide. Furthermore, the paper discusses the modern Western issue of the killing of infants who suffer from incurable illnesses. Specifically, the paper assesses the social acceptability of some nations in Western Europe that have in recent years attempted to enact legal protocols for neonatal euthanasia, by which the most severely ill infants may legally be killed following consultation between physicians, parents, and authorities.
From the Paper
"In contrast to the problem of mass, sex-selective infanticide in traditional cultures, in the West the issue of the killing of infants who suffer from incurable illnesses has recently arisen. It is important to clearly distinguish such euthanasia from infanticide proper, although opponents of such euthanasia are likely to argue that the distinction is not valid ("Outrage," 2004). In fact, euthanasia of both the elderly, the incurably ill, and infants (especially newborns) with incurable illnesses has taken place as long in Western nations as it has in other cultures, but only in recent years has it become a matter of controversy. One example of the controversy coming into a public debate is in the Netherlands, where in 2002, medical doctors from the University of Groningen working in cooperation with state prosecutors worked out what has come to be known as the Groningen Protocol, a set of guidelines for physicians treating severely ill infants who may not be capable of survival. According to these laws, physicians, in consultation with the infant's parents, social workers, and prosecutors, have the prerogative of making a decision concerning euthanasia in select and clearly limited situations. Of approximately 200,000 children born in the Netherlands annual, it is estimated that 600 of the most severely ill may be subject to physician-assisted euthanasia (Verhagen & Sauer, 2005). Whether this new attitude toward neonatal euthanasia will prevail and become more widely accepted remains to be seen."
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Infanticide, 1991.
This paper discusses the history and cultural study of infanticide, the killing of infants, including case studies of African and South American tribal societies. Abstract.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"Throughout recorded history, and most likely earlier, babies have been killed or left to die. This practice, called "infanticide," was done for many reasons, all of which reflect particular aspects of human social behavior. Whether for survival, due to the need to lengthen the time interval between siblings, to superstitions regarding deformities and twins, to economic hardship, ancient man has practiced this form of "natural selection." The two case studies presented in this report, the !Kung and the Yanomamo, both adhered to this process, though it was always with much thought and even sorrow.
As history has shown, the definition of "defective" or "deformed" has varied from civilization to civilization. The ancient Greeks viewed an infant with any debilitating birth defect as a candidate for infanticide, while the Germans of 1940 ... "
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"The Family, Sex & Marriage In England" by Lawrence Stone & "Condition of Working Class in England" by Engels, 1996.
Compares works on causes & meaning of radical changes in home & male-female relations in England, 1500-1800.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Lawrence Stone, in The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, argues that the causes of radical changes in the home and in relations between men and women in England during those three centuries were manifold. Stone also argues that while some of the transformations were negative, most were positive and were precursors of elements which exist in free societies today. These conclusions on the part of Stone stand in stark contrast to the ideas of Friedrich Engels. In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Engels argues that the changes were almost wholly negative, and that the cause was singular---the dehumanizing, exploitive and alienating impact of capitalism in its early stages.
In terms of accuracy, Stone's thesis is more convincing than Engels', for the wide variety and dramatic nature of the changes..."
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Infanticide: To Kill or Preserve Life For the Greater Good of Mankind., 2002.
A discussion on abortion and anti-abortion perspectives in the United States.
1,960 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The following paper looks at the ideals and ethics of infanticide and abortion with reference to religious perspectives, community opinions and historical views. The writer makes reference to legal cases and statistics showing the rise in abortion in the United States.
From the Paper
"Infanticide is the murder of children either before or after its birth, according to French Criminal Codes infanticide is only the murder of the infant after its birth therefore the death of a new born baby, however within the English legal system it is classified as the destruction of life from conception to the age of three years old (Walsh PG).
Infanticide normally happens when the food supply is limited, this can be seen to occur within Chinese and Eskimo communities. Moreover, female infanticide is more common especially within strong patriarchal communities, and also within communities where a child is deformed or touched by evil, for example twin, these may be slain at birth (Anonymous PG)."
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Infanticide, 1993.
Cultural history of deliberate killing of young children & infant apes & monkeys. Looks at issues of abortion, gender and evolutionary importance.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 9 sources, $ 87.95
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From the Paper
" The purpose of this paper is to discuss the practice of infanticide both in human and nonhuman primates, specifically apes and monkeys. Included in this discussion will be a review of the varying definitions of the term and how they relate to humans and primates. Further, how research has dealt with infanticide will be presented as well as its history aspects. In addition, this report will review how culture, demographics and resources relate to the practice. Lastly, an analysis of the controversy surrounding infanticide and its evolutionary aspects will also be discussed and conclusions being made today in light of new research.
While most would define infanticide as the deliberate killing of a child in its infancy, up to two years of age, not all cases fall into this neat box, especially when one tries to.."
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England's Monetary Policy, 2002.
Looks at the way Sterling and the Bank of England manage England's monetary policy.
1,882 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
Examines the nature of the Bank of England, England's monetary policy and the recent history of the pound. Included in this study is a look at how the value of the Pound is determined and England's position on European Monetary Union.
From the Paper
"Many feel that much of Britain?s autonomy centers on Sterling and the Bank of England. The United Kingdom was the most prominent country to have abstained from Europe?s effort to create a common currency, which caused such prominent and popular political figures as Lady Margaret Thatcher to be ousted. Once a mere cog in the economic hegemony of the United States following the Bretton Woods conference, England is a currency trading powerhouse, with nearly 700 billion pounds sterling trading hands every day in London?s interbank market. In that many believe or once believed the currency issue to have the ability to economically castrate Britain, the nature of the Bank of England, monetary policy, and the recent history of the Pound deserve our redress."
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Scotland's Politics, 2000.
An examination of the issue of devolution, which will give Scotland greater self-government (home rule) and may lead to separation from England.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, $ 39.95
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Abstract
Scotland is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, along with the principality of Wales. Scotland and England were formerly separate states.
From the Paper
"Scotland is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, along with the principality of Wales. Scotland and England were formerly separate states. Scotland, along with the rest of the United Kingdom, is governed primarily from Westminster. The secretary of state for Scotland administers government ministries relating to welfare and economy. Scotland is represented in the British Parliament by 72 members. Scotland has a legal system which is separate and different from that of the rest of Great Britain. In it, the High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court, and its civil counterpart is the Court of Session. For the purposes of local government, Scotland was divided into 33 counties until 1975, when they were reorganized into nine administrative regions. Scotland has been part of the United Kingdom since the eighteenth century, but by..."
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