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Indian Indentured Servitude, 2007.
This paper discusses Indian indentured servitude under the British colonial system.
2,110 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explores the indentured servitude of Indians in terms of both its successful incorporation as part of the colonial system of domination and oppression, as well as in terms of how opposition and resistance to this system influenced political and social development in the region. The writer argues that with reference to both earlier and later periods of indentured servitude on different Caribbean sites, an accurate history of indentured servitude requires such a balanced analysis to understand fully its complexity and significance in terms of regional history.
Outline:
Introduction
Indentured Servitude as Subservience to Colonialism
Indentured Servitude and Resistance
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Indeed, to understand differences in resistance across the region - from island to island - we must acknowledge the extraordinary levels of control of the plantation and civil authorities over the movement and actions of the indentured Indians. For example, while discontent and resistance was widespread in British Guiana, on the neighbouring island of Trinidad - with the second largest colony of indentured Indians in the Caribbean region - there was minimal resistance. The differences between the two situations cannot be explained with reference to caste or class/education of the Indians, as both came from the same pool of migrants. Instead, it is theorized while the appalling labour conditions in the islands represented a tinderbox that would be lit at any moment, different approaches to dealing with potential discontent on the part of the authorities was a critical factor in explaining differences between islands."
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Slaves and Indentured Servants, 2005.
An analysis of the long-term effects of indentured servitude in the Caribbean.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 1 source, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the way the slave era and the era of indentured servants affected and still affects family life in the Caribbean, noting that many of the people in the region are the descendants of people who were brought to this region as slaves or as indentured servants. The paper suggests that it was a somewhat more benign form of slavery, though with many of the same characteristics and long-term effects.
From the Paper
"The institution of slavery in different parts of the world had a major impact on those regions and on the population, both those who were slaves and those who were not. Such effects may continue long after the end of slavery. In the Caribbean region, many people are the descendants of people who were brought to this region as slaves or as indentured servants (a somewhat more benign form of slavery, though with many of the same characteristics and long-term effects). The centrality of family in the Caribbean has been noted if not fully understood by many scholars, and the long-term consequences may also not be understood fully."
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Slavery, 2006.
An in-depth study of slavery in the United States.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the institution, practice and effects of slavery in the United States. The paper begins with a thorough explanation of how slavery began and its roots in indentured servitude. Then the paper traces the process of the slave trade, with exacting detail about the conditions and treatment slaves faced on their voyage from Africa. The paper also discusses the buying and selling of slaves once they arrived in America and the varying treatment they received from their masters. Also explored is the labor they performed and conditions in which they lived and worked. Next, the paper examines the impact of slavery on the psyche of slaves, as individuals, families and communities. The paper concludes with a discussion of the Civil War and the ultimate dissolution of the institution of slavery by President Lincoln.
From the Paper
"The beginning of slavery in the New World has some surprising origins. Slaves actually began as "indentured servants" in Jamestown, Virginia in 1619. (Volume Library) In return for an employee paying for their trip to the New World, a person agreed to work off the debt as the employee's servant. They were contracted to work for a period of time. Once they had fulfilled their contractual obligations, they were considered free. Many even obtained their own land and began to contract their own indentured servants. Indentured servants were both Blacks from Africa and Whites from Europe. From 1619 until 1640, these workers earned their freedom. (Journey From Slavery to Freedom) Black servants, white servants, and their employers often worked side by side in the fields. Historians agree that the early colonists did not at first intend to create a system of human bondage. (American History)"
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The Rise of Slavery in the New World, 2002.
The following paper examines the spread of slavery to the New World with the rise of the British Empire in the New World.
1,420 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the passing of specific laws in the colonies of the New World where the first plan was to provide cheap labor in the form of indentured servants and local natives instead of slaves. The author discusses how it was this shift to indentured servitude which gave rise to slavery for the Negroes in the New World.
From the Paper
"However, the British did not begin with a conscious plan to colonize the New World, establish plantations and garner great wealth by enslaving Africans. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, British and other European societies were suspicious of people of other races and believed themselves superior to other races. This facilitated the domination of New World lands, which were all populated by indigenous people of darker and presumed inferior races. Nevertheless, the enslavement of darker-skinned people such as Africans wasn't a formal plan at first, at least partly because they did not welcome being in proximity with people of other races. By the time the American Revolutionary war had begun, the American colonists owned more slaves than any other European colony, and English traders transported more slaves to market than any other country. (Bernhard , 1999)"
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White Slavery, 2008.
This paper discusses the issue of human trafficking and looks at the moral dilemma of white slavery.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that when speaking of slavery in twentieth century terms, this often refers to persons of European decent or "whites" being sold into involuntary servitude or slavery. The writer explains that white slavery encompasses a variety of methods and means, many of which are as equally inhumane or perhaps more so than traditional slavery. The writer notes that human trafficking is a lucrative business around the world and provides tremendous revenue for those performing the illegal acts. The writer then points out that the greatest argument by proponents for this type of illegal activity is the monetary gain of the activity, but these individuals fail or refuse to see the negative and potentially irreversible effects. The writer maintains that human slavery is not only mentally and physically detrimental but also signifies a breakdown in the morality of society. The writer concludes that although slavery was legally abolished in the nineteenth century, it is still around in the twentieth century and one must continue to work towards a society that is free from the misuse and mistreatment of others.
Outline:
Sexual Trafficking
Immigrants & Bonded Labor
Arranged Marriages
Illegal Adoption
Regulation
From the Paper
"Human trafficking and slavery takes place and a variety of economically advantageous areas. Every year people are sold into slavery or bondage for such despicable acts such as sexual trafficking, bonded labor, forced marriages and illegal adoptions. These issues are just the tip of the iceberg but are the most proliferate and common activities. At first glance many of these issues and activities seem to be legal, with individuals capable of making sound, logical decisions, but when one examines the true facts it appears that many of these situations have been accomplished through manipulation of the victims."
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Slavery in the 21st Century, 2008.
A look at the existence of slavery in the 21st century in its traditional form of absolute subservience by a slave to a master and in an oppressive economic form characterized by virtual, if not actual, slavery.
1,080 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper reports that human rights groups have documented the existence of traditional slavery in Sudan, Mauritania, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan and of coercive labor systems in several Middle East countries, which are so exploitative that they have been condemned as virtual economic slavery. The author points out that, although the Arabian Peninsula in 1964 became the world's last region to officially abolish slavery, forty years later Saudi Arabia still has more than two-hundred and fifty-thousand slaves. The paper relates that Islamic doctrine provides religious justification for slavery and enables slave traffickers to flout laws prohibiting it. The paper also asserts that, although slavery does not exists in the United States, millions of migrant workers are subjected to coercive conditions and abusive treatment that are little better than slavery.
From the Paper
"Consequently, in objective terms, a human being who is not free to leave and has no influence on the conditions or length of their economic servitude is a virtual slave. They may have civil rights, but if they are rendered powerless to defend those rights, they are enslaved in a coercive system they cannot defy. They do not have to be bought and sold to be considered a slave, for when they are rendered no effective legal protection by any civil or religious authorities, they are a slave in everything but name."
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Racism and Slavery, 2005.
An examination of the history of slavery in America and an explanation why racism and slavery are clearly related.
1,221 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that racism can exist and foster an environment and an attitude that sanction an institution like slavery. However, slavery itself can and has brought out the worst in people, including undiscovered feelings of supremacy over another race. It discusses how slavery has engrained in people's minds the thought that since such a practice is allowable and even easy to maintain, it must be right. The paper concludes that this concept may imply a new idea that slavery encourages racism, in as much as racism establishes slavery.
From the Paper
"In investigating this concept, we turn towards the past United States enslavement of black people. This particular institution of slavery seems to be aligned perfectly with and idea of dual causality. Its establishment was based in economic possibilities, and was fostered by a division among races. The first element mentioned finds its roots in the Renaissance and Commercial Revolution of Europe. With the rise of towns, the increased centrality of interests in commercial activities, the focus on capital strength, and the fall of feudalism, Europe reinvented its societies to become much more competitive, and focus its attention on individual's prosperity. From England specifically, came the already established aristocrats who ventured to the open land of America to expand their wealth. To do so required a cultivation of the land. Agriculture was the main venue towards wealth, however the already wealthy were not going to perform their own labor. As such, people of lower social statuses searching for greater prosperity, who ventured to the open America, found an opportunity to prosper, by becoming an indentured servant to the wealthy landowner. These servants, who were primarily young white men, would work for a sustained period and at the end of their required servitude, they would be granted land of their own."
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A Study of the "Book of Philemon" and the Issue of Slavery, 2004.
Looks at the "Book of Philemon" and how it deals with slavery and the way slavery should be approached from a Christian perspective.
1,270 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the three central characters of the "Book of Philemon" and analyzes the influence their Christianity had on the way they dealt with the social conflicts they encountered. In particular, the paper looks at how each of the characters handles the issue of slavery and its innate contradiction with ethical, moral, and Christian behavior.
From the Paper
"One of the major tenets of Christianity supports the belief that all individuals are the same in the eyes of God. This belief has to include slaves and the issue of slavery is the basic foundation for Paul's letter to Philemon. Philemon was a wealthy Christian of Collosse who had at least one slave by the name of Onesimus. Onesimus apparently stole some money from Philemon and then ran away to Rome. (Halley 645) In Rome, Onesimus had an encounter with Paul, which eventually led to Onesimus' conversion. The problem that resulted as Onesimus' conversion and Paul's solution to that problem is the heart of this brief letter."
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"Slavery and Freedom in the Rural North".
This paper discusses G. R. Hodges's "Slavery and Freedom in the Rural North," which discusses issues of slavery and the Civil War in New Jersey.
1,180 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that New Jersey was typical of states in the North that were not wholeheartedly anti-slavery, and yet had many activists who were bitterly opposed to slavery. The author points out that, in the 17th century, slaves were brought into New Netherland (New Jersey) from Jamaica, Barbados, Curacao, and Antigua. The slave population continued to grow, and in the 1790s, several "gradual emancipation" bills were voted down in the New Jersey legislature, albeit "popular opinion and party newspapers cautiously shifted" towards an anti-slavery position. The paper concludes that, after the end of legal slavery and for a century after the Civil War, there were still vestiges of the "paternalistic cottager system" in which African-Americans worked for whites on isolated farms, reflecting the continued bitterness of the Civil War.
Table of Contents
Introduction
New Jersey History of Slavery
The Civil War and New Jersey
From the Paper
"After the war, despite the heroism that many black soldiers displayed in defeating the South, "New Jersey's white population remained hostile" to the idea of giving blacks full citizen rights (p. 194). The author, in his Epilogue, explains why it was not easy to rid New Jersey of slavery notwithstanding federal law that demanded the end of slavery: he writes that slavery in Monmouth was not a "fad" which could be easily "forgotten," but to the contrary, it was "a custom two centuries in the making" (p. 203)."
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American Black Slavery, 1973.
This paper reviews the origins of American slavery, conditions of slavery and blacks' service in the Union Army.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Unlike the Spanish, the English explorers brought no blacks with them on their expeditions to the New World. No blacks were present in the first English colonies in North America, neither in the lost colony of Sir Walter Raleigh, nor in the little settlement at Jamestown. It was 12 years after the founding of Jamestown that blacks first made their appearance there. In 1619, a Dutch ship, headed for the West Indies, dropped anchor. The captain was short of food and other provisions, and he wanted to exchange the blacks for supplies. He traded them not as slaves but as indentured workers, which meant that they had to work for a few years without pay. These 20 blacks became the first settlers from Africa to make their homes in an English colony. Five years later, in 1624, little William Tucker was born. He was the first black child to be born in what was to ... "
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Indentured Servants and Company Towns, 2004.
Discusses how these two forms of controlled labor affected the United States sociologically.
1,250 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
Sociologically, company towns and indentured servitude are two of the most complex topics of life in historic America. Indentured servants placed their trust in others to eventually gain their freedom and a better life, while company towns existed to better the company, rather than the residents. These two forms of controlled labor created new classes in America and, sociologically, say much about a people who can keep others in bondage, no matter what the outcome. This paper examines the history of indentured servants and company towns in the United States and discusses how sociological concepts apply to these topics.
From the Paper
"Their wages were miniscule after the company deductions, so the company kept them dependent. They could never get enough money ahead to move away, and so, their family's well being and very survival depended on their subservience to the company and its' policies. Anyone who spoke out against costs, living conditions, wages, or social conditions was simply fired and kicked out of their company house. With nowhere to go, most employees simply did not speak up or make waves. Just as with indentured servants, the company, or "master" had all the power, and the worker had little. Indentured servitude may have disappeared in the country, but savvy companies still knew how to control their workers and get the most work out of them for the smallest investment possible."
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The Abolition of Slavery, 2004.
An analysis of the consequences of the abolition of slavery.
1,122 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the effect the abolition of slavery had on slaves. The paper contends that most people view the abolition of slavery in a positive light. The 13th Amendment is credited with ending slavery and involuntary servitude. The paper explains that, even though the emancipation of slaves was, at first, viewed as a triumphant success for the people it affected, there were many drawbacks. Most of the slaves that were freed did not embark on a life filled with the pursuit of happiness and freedom. Instead, many slaves actually struggled to survive and make ends meet in a society that still looked upon ex-slaves as 'second-class citizens.' The paper explores the notion of ex-slaves as second-class citizens and examines the many hardships they faced after passage of the 13th Amendment.
From the Paper
"Many slaves experienced hardship after abolition. Ex-slaves own accounts attest to the difficulty a number of slaves had finding homes and jobs and protecting themselves from prejudiced and discriminatory behavior (Nichols, 1969). Whereas many slaves had grown up on plantations where they had a roof to cover their head and consistent meals to eat, many found themselves forced out onto the 'street' with nothing to rely on. Many had no job, no home and no education they could rely on to find a reasonable way to make a living for themselves in the world."
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The Abolition of Slavery, 2006.
This paper analyzes the issue of slavery by focusing on the perspectives of a black slave woman, Harriet Jacobs and a white male preacher, Peter Cartwright.
1,448 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the differences in gender, race and social roles in 19th century American society that created the differing viewpoints of both Jacobs and Cartwright in opposing black slavery. In Jacob's autobiography, "Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl," the author delves into her own personal account of what slavery had been for black women like her. Cartwright's "Autobiography of Peter Cartwright, Backwoods Preacher" illustrates his own perception of slavery through the eyes of a white American male. The writer contends and explains that while both authors were vehemently opposed to slavery, the two had very different opinions as to why slavery should be abolished. For Jacobs, slavery was a detriment to her life because she experienced sexual vulnerability and abuse whereas Cartwright considered the practice wrong due to the moral degeneration that occurred with the proliferation of adultery and unexpected pregnancies among black women slaves by their white masters.
From the Paper
"This paper posits that Jacobs and Cartwright's narratives about their opposition and experiences of black slavery reflect that despite their agreement on the detriments of this practice, both have different opinions about the 'wrongness' of black slavery. That is, for Jacobs, black slavery was a detriment to her life because she experienced sexual vulnerability and abuse, while Cartwright considered the practice immoral because of the moral degeneration that occurred with the proliferation of adultery and unexpected pregnancies among black women slaves by white American males. In "Incidents," Jacobs narrated her account of slavery based on her experience as a slave of a family in South Carolina."
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Slavery, 2002.
Examines the development of slavery in the United States, the type of culture fostered by slavery and the reasons for the success of the emancipation.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This essay discusses how slavery developed and what kind of culture grew out of the institution. The paper then discusses how slavery was abolished and how and why the North succeeded in emancipating the slaves.
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Slavery and Race Relations in Brazil and US, 2005.
Evaluates the institution of slavery in both Brazil and the US, including abolition and the civil rights movement.
2,913 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
Slavery has existed throughout history in many different societies, but it was not until the Atlantic Slave Trade transporting massive numbers of Africans to the newly settled colonies of the Americas, that the institution of slavery took place on such a large scale. Unique to slavery occurring anywhere prior, slavery in the Americas became a key necessity to survival in the New World. This paper shows how the United States and Brazil account for a large part of the population of blacks. In fact, with the exception of the small island countries of the Caribbean, on the two continents of the New World, no other counts as large a number or as large a proportion of blacks in its population as do the United States or Brazil. This paper shows that in both countries, Africans were introduced and held as slaves for most of their histories, and Brazil and the United States were the two largest slave societies of modern times. Labor demands for work on the sugar plantations, cotton fields, tobacco lands, coffee regions and the mining industry in Brazil, and the rice areas, cotton fields and tobacco plantations in the United States (specifically the South) constituted the need for slave labor in both regions. The paper shows that although the institutions of slavery in these two countries had many similarities, there are many distinct characteristics that differ greatly from each other. From the years of slavery, to emancipation and continuing on to the more recent movements toward equality among the black and white races; Brazil and the United States have taken different paths based on the unique circumstances each country has faced.
From the Paper
"Although the treatment of slaves in Brazil was harsher than in the United States, manumission, the practice of freeing slaves, occurred more frequently in Brazil. Slaves that were no longer useful to Brazilian masters were often freed to save the expense of caring for them. The relationship between slave and master differed greatly between the two countries. Although Brazil and the United States were both settled by Europeans, the cultural customs of the English (that settled America) and the Portuguese (which settled Brazil) varied eminently from each other. When the Portuguese settled Brazil, there were very few women that accompanied the men. There was a very unbalance ratio of men and women, which led the Portuguese men to have sexual relations with slave women."
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