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Federal Income Tax Receipts and Overall Tax Rate, 2008.
An analysis of the significant relationships among the individual income tax rates and the federal income tax receipts.
2,533 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates whether and how the federal income tax receipts change given the overall tax rate for individual income taxes. The paper also investigates whether the tax receipts exhibit a diminishing return as marginal tax rates increase. The paper concludes that there exists a meaningful relationship between the marginal income tax rate and the marginal income tax receipts.
Outline
Introduction
Model
Model Results
Initial Model
Alternative Model
Alternate Model End Notes
Initial and Alternative Model Results
Data Mining
Data Mining Results
Conclusion
Appendix A: Figures
Appendix B: Data Sources
From the Paper
"Now, disregarding all the statistical minutia that may or may not be relevant the author will make the following observations regarding the alternate model. This model is depicting the predictive power of the variance of the marginal individual income tax rates among all five income quintiles to the income tax receipts at the federal level. It is apparent from the model that nearly a quarter of the variation in the marginal tax receipts can be predicted through the marginal tax rate, ceteris paribus."
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Income Tax and Children, 2002.
Examines the treatment of children in income tax systems, with particular attention to Canada.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper employs the Haig-Simons definition of income and defines the arguments for and against including dependent children in an income tax system. It then assesses 1993 changes to the Canadian income tax system regarding dependent children.
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Low Income Tax Credit, 2002.
This paper discusses the debatable issue of low income housing tax credit.
1,275 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the low income tax credit and how many believe that the federal government should do more to help the working poor gain access to affordable housing. It defines and describes the low income housing tax credit in order to explore the advantages and disadvantages presented by such a system.The author discusses how the current plan is extremely convoluted, making it difficult for developers and tenants to comply with.
From the Paper
"According to a report entitled The Low Income Tax Credit published by the Internal Revenue Service the low-income housing tax credit was created by Congress to promote the construction and rehabilitation of existing rental housing for the working poor in various neighborhoods throughout the United States. Congress also believed that the credit would raise the quantity of rental housing for individuals whose income is at or below certain income levels. 1 The report also states that another purpose behind the advent of the tax credit incentive, was the realization that it may be difficult for a private developer to collect rental income that was adequate enough to, pay the expenses associated with the development and maintenance of the housing, or to generate a return on investment adequate enough to produce the capitol needed to fund real estate projects."
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Progressive Income Tax, 2002.
Discusses progressive income tax within the context of the Canadian economy.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 11 sources, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the progressive income tax as a policy designed to redistribute income in Canada. It describes the mechanism or process, evaluates it and proposes alternatives or amendments to the current system.
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Earned Income Tax Credit, 2009.
A persuasive essay arguing that greater outreach and simplification efforts are necessary if the earned income tax credit (EITC) program is to have its intended economic impact.
1,940 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the earned income tax credit (EITC) program could contribute more significantly to the American economy. The paper first explains that a large percentage of eligible filers forego an opportunity to claim the EITC because of misunderstandings and complexity issues, while others will only file claims through professional tax preparers who receive most of the credit earnings. The paper calls for greater outreach and simplification that will result in more Americans filing claims and realizing the potential of the EITC.
Outline:
The Economic Benefit
Impediments to Full Economic Benefit
Outreach: Benefits and Shortcomings
From the Paper
"Enacted in 1975, the federal earned income tax credit was the largest tax-relief effort ever directed at America's lower-income demographic. The EITC, which is targeted at individuals and families to help them offset rising living expenses, can wipe out a filer's tax liability, and often result in a refund -- even if the filer paid no taxes during the year ("It's easier than ever," No date). Throughout its 30 years of existence, the EITC has been credited with helping raise millions of Americans out of poverty, and has contributed hundreds of billions of dollars to the American economy. While the economic impact of the EITC has been mostly positive, there are still several impediments that are preventing its full value from being realized. Each year, millions of potential filers do not claim the EITC because they are under-educated on how it works or because the process is too complicated."
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Income tax in Florida, 2002.
The advantages of Florida's income tax system.
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 18 sources, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper describes in detail the advantages of the Florida income tax system. It outlines its history and presents a general point of view through a report excerpt.
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Income Tax and Welfare, 2002.
An examination of the benefits and detriments of welfare and taxation policies.
2,740 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 0 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how most social workers, politicians and those of the general public who support the welfare state do so in part because they believe welfare programs help to reduce the rate of poverty. It looks at how a growing number of critics assert that such programs in fact fail to decrease poverty, because too small a share of transfers actually reaches the poor, or because such programs create a welfare/poverty trap, or because they weaken the economy. It proposes a study to assess the effects of social-welfare policy extensiveness on poverty rates.
Outline
Discussion
Pros of Raising Income Taxes to Redistribute Income to the Poor
Cons of Lowering Taxes and Reducing the Amount Available for Income Redistribution.
Pros of Reducing Income Taxes
Cons of Reducing Income Taxes
Proposals
Ways of Funding Social-Insurance (Welfare) Programs
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Reducing the amount of transfer payments ultimately will increase levels of both poverty and the maladies that are associated with it. Infant and child mortality, increased crime, lack of participation in society in general, and increased medical expenses born ultimately by society can all be the results of decrease social spending (Center on Budget and Policy Priorities web site). To quote a study by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities: ?Social insurance programs moved 1.4 million children out of poverty. Federal taxes, including the Earned Income Tax Credit, (EITC), lifted another one million children out of poverty. It is striking that taxes were nearly as effective as social insurance programs in moving children out of poverty because taxes alone would be expected to increase rather than reduce poverty."
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Accounting for Income Taxes, 2005.
Discussion of the Exposure Draft (ED) released on July 14, 2005 by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB).
4,358 words (approx. 17.4 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 114.95
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Abstract
The Financial Accounting Standards Board released an Exposure Draft on July 14, 2005, entitled "Accounting for Uncertain Tax Positions, An Interpretation of FASB 109, Accounting for Income Taxes". This draft was released for comment before its implementation as part of the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles for entities to use in preparation of their financial reports. This paper shows that the purpose of the Exposure Draft is to resolve widespread diversity in accounting for income taxes by requiring firms to recognize in their financial statements the best estimate of the impact of a tax position. The paper shows that the ED also contains guidance for measuring the benefit that is recognized for an uncertain tax position and when that position should no longer be recognized. The paper examines comments by critics who feel that the Exposure Draft is complex, may be difficult to implement and could result in significant overstatements of firms' tax liabilities.
Paper Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Background
Financial Reporting vs. Tax Reporting
Purpose of FASB 109, Accounting for Income Taxes
Findings
Purpose of the FASB's Exposure Draft
Discussion
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"The temporary differences between the U.S. income tax rules and the GAAP requirements for financial reporting result in some income tax expense being recorded long before it is paid creating a deferred income tax liability (Horngren, et al., p. 340). These temporary or timing differences arise because some revenue and expense items are recognized at different times for tax purposes than for financial reporting purposes. Timing differences may accumulate over more than one year and create variations between the tax basis of an asset or liability and its reported amount in financial statements. These temporary variances usually become taxable or deductible when the related asset is recovered or the related liability is settled. A deferred tax liability or asset represents the increase or decrease in taxes payable or refundable in future years as a result of temporary differences and carry forwards at the end of the current year (FASB, 1992)."
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Tax Law, 2008.
An analysis of the relationship between the business economy and the federal income tax.
3,159 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the United States' federal income tax, its history and its implications. The author argues that reforms need to be made as the constant amendments, additions and modification to the law has made it so complicated that it is now costly to sustain it both from the view point of the taxpayers and the view of the establishment even though the tax is the most revenue earning source for the federal government.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Nature of Federal Income Tax
The Federal Income Tax, History & Implications
Issues in the Taxation process
The need for reform
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Federal taxation is the major factor of funding for the US government. In other words the existence of the Federal government is based on the generation power of its tax policies. The federal government relies on a number of tax instruments; the chief being income tax, the government also relies on excise tax, gift tax and so on. Business decisions are often made without considering the incidence of tax, which proves to be erroneous. Individuals are concerned with personal income tax while corporate ought to be concerned with the corporate income tax. Cost difference exists even between the different types of business entities like companies, partnership and proprietary concerns."
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Making of U.K. Tax Law, 2006.
This paper offers a critical examination of the various steps that have been taken to improve the making of tax law.
2,334 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
After beginning by acknowledging that complexity is a major problematic feature of modern tax legislation, this essay proposes that the issue of reducing complexity and increasing simplicity be the main benchmark against which three discussion areas - The Tax Law Rewrite Project, The Tax Structure Review Programme and Parliamentary Reform - be critically examined in order to assess the extent to which they have improved, or could potentially improve, the making of tax law.
Outline:
Abstract
The Tax Law Rewrite Project
Tax Structure Review Programme
Parliamentary Reform
Conclusion
From the Paper
The suggestion that tax law should be 'simple and certain' is by no means a recent one; indeed it was one of Adam Smith's well known canons of taxation in his Enquiry into the Wealth of Nations of 1776 that this should be so . In spite of this, increasing complexity over the years appears to have been the norm for tax legislation. But what is it that makes it 'complex'? Adam Broke identifies it as manifesting itself as four individual factors: diversity (that the range of taxes is so broad that no one can claim to have an in depth competence with them all); volume (with the physical number of pages that make up the annual finance act growing significantly each year); drafting (with legislation being expressed in a way that is - at best - "unhelpful to the reader"); and finally, language (with the legislation being full of words that are not a part of modern ordinary vocabulary).
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Earned Income Tax Credit, 1996.
Advantages & disadvantages of EITC as way to reduce income inequality, impact on beneficiaries & incentive to work.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 8 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"This research examines the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). The overall objective of this examination is to assess the advantages and disadvantages of the EITC as a way of reducing income inequality within the United States. In this research, this overall objective is addressed through focusing on the effects of the EITC on (1) the levels of disposable money income of beneficiary families and (2) the incentives of beneficiary families to work.
EITC: Description and Objectives
The EITC was enacted in 1975 to ?offset the impact of Social Security and Medicare taxes on low-income individuals and to encourage them to work instead of relying on welfare benefits?
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American Tax Law, 2002.
An analysis of reaction to the complexities of tax law in America.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss how the public and press is reacting to the complexities of the new tax laws recently passed. By understanding how these laws make it harder for the common person to get breaks on taxes, we see that the language of lawyers seems to be preventing the people from utilizing their rights. This is the angle of the study, which will seek to understand how the public and the media is comprehending this confusing dilemma.
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U.S. and Egyptian Tax Law, 2006.
Compares the tax laws of the United States and Egypt.
1,164 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
Taxes are a necessary part of government policy, providing most of the revenue needed to make it run smoothly. A tax exemption is something that is free from taxation and is something that the government has either created for or allowed to be tax-free. Different countries have different policies regarding taxation and its components. This paper compares the Egyptian policy on certain tax exemptions to the United States' tax exemption code.
From the Paper
"The United States also has an exemption for interest on special accounts. Most employers of larger companies now offer 401(K) plans or similar types of savings account. This type of account allows the employee to have a certain set amount of his gross income put into the account every pay period. The tax on his income is then figured using the remaining money, resulting in a lower taxable income. These accounts are meant as retirement income, the theory being that taxes will be levied on this money when the owner is in a lower tax bracket."
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Pro-U.S. Flat Tax Reform, 2002.
This paper discusses the option of a flat United States federal income tax and argues its desirability in America's current economic set-up.
2,090 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses introduction a flat tax reform in America's federal income tax law. To analyze the flat tax, the current income tax and the proposed flat tax structure is compared as well as a definition of progressive taxation. General points for and against a flat tax follow. A detailed flat tax piece of legislation prepared by United States Representative Dick Armey and United States Senator Richard Shelby are summarized and used as an example of a specific implementation of a flat tax. Finally the paper shows why a flat tax is more desirable than the current federal tax structure.
Outline:
Introduction
Flat Income Tax
Current Income Tax
Armey-Shelby Proposed Flat Income Tax
Tax Types
Progressive Tax
Definition
Example ? Federal Income Tax Structure
Regressive Tax
Definition
Example ? Social Security Tax
Current Income Tax
Problems
Complexity
Administration Cost
Increasing Tax Burden
Special Interest Lobbying
Flat Income Tax
?Ideal? Flat Tax
Armey-Shelby Tax Proposal
One Tax Rate
Simple Tax Form
No Tax on Savings
Elimination of Double Taxation
Zero Tax Bracket
Other Benefits
Other Definitions of Taxes
Consumption Tax
Sales Tax
Value-added Tax (VAT)
Wage Tax
Income Tax
Timing of Tax Collection
Best Choice - Flat Income Tax
Current Problem Solution
Ease of Administration
Encourage Savings and Investment
From the Paper
"There are two main reasons for mentioning that income is taxed ?one time?. Currently dividends paid to company stockholders are taxed both as profits for the company and dividend income for the individual who is paid the dividend. To eliminate this double taxation of dividends the company will pay corporate income taxes on its profits and the individual will not be liable for any taxes on the dividends he receives. A second reason is the elimination of taxing savings twice. If an individual puts a dollar from his paycheck that he has already paid income tax on in the bank, then any earnings on the savings is again taxed. Both of these situations inhibit savings and investment taking dollars out of the economy and recycling them through the federal government."
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Flat Tax & Tax Reform Act Of 1986, 1996.
Compares specifics, effects, benefits of 1995 Congressional flat tax proposals & 1986 tax format.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"This research compares, contrasts and critiques the U.S. Congress 1995 flat tax proposals with the 1986 tax format. The research also discusses the benefits and disadvantages of each for taxpayers. The Armey-Shelby flat tax, the most well known of the flat tax proposals, is based on the supply-side economics of former Housing and Urban Development Secretary Jack F. Kemp, who co-authored the Reagan tax cuts in 1981. Most of the flat tax proposals are similar in nature. All make major changes to the current tax code, which is based on the Tax Reform Act of 1986. The flat tax propositions are the first major proposed revisions of the Tax Code since that act.
The Tax Reform Act of 1986 was the first significant revision of the tax code since World War II, when the tax code was converted into a broad-based tax (Snow, 1992, p. 139). It..."
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