| Papers [1-15] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "IMMUNIZATION": |
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Immunization, 2002.
Discusses immunization in America and why some parents choose not to immunize their children.
962 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the topic of immunization of children in the United States. Specifically, it discusses why the immunization rate of children in the U.S. is so high and the validity of the reasons why some parents choose not to immunize their children. Most children in the United States receive immunization from a variety of diseases when they are toddlers. Yet, some parents choose not to immunize their children for a variety of reasons. The paper questions whether these children are protected adequately and whether they pose a danger to other, already immunized children.
From the Paper
"Most people who immunize their children do so because they believe in the validity of the claims of the health profession that immunization saves lives, and because it is required before their children can enter school. There are also dire warnings from doctors and the health community regarding not immunizing children. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) web site notes: "Parents should be aware that withholding vaccinations leaves their child vulnerable to vaccine-preventable diseases in the event of an outbreak" (Editors). Recognizing there are barriers to many children receiving their vaccines, including lack of knowledge, lack of funds, and fear, a nationwide initiative was created in 1993 titled the Childhood Immunization Initiative (CII), which had a goal of inoculating 90 percent of two-year-old children. The campaign was extremely successful. "Nationwide there was 91% to 95% coverage achieved for individual vaccines" (Horner and Murphy 122). Today, immunization remains at about 95 percent of the children in the United States vaccinated by the time they enter school (Editors)."
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Anthrax Vaccine Immunization, 2002.
A look at the ethics of the anthrax vaccine immunization.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 10 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the idea of the Anthrax immunisation problem and the philosophies of Kant and Mills along with a Utilitarian approach as to whether it is bets to inoculate or not. The paper discusses Kant along side Mills and concludes that in personal views Mills would be the best approach to take.
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The Immunization Debate.
This paper discusses the continual debate over the benefits of vaccine for protection of the public and for prevention of the disease versus the risk to individuals who receive the vaccine for vaccine-related complications.
2,140 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the common end goal for parties for and against immunization is the same; both parties want their children and the public to lead safe and healthy lives. The author points out that immunizations, which have eliminated numerous diseases that used to kill thousands of children, are the most cost-effective measure in all of medical science; children not immunized against measles have a 3500% higher risk of contracting measles than others. All children deserve the benefits of immunizations unless medically contraindicated. The paper relates that some people believe that vaccines are dangerous, that the government's power to deny individual rights is wrong, that vaccination does not constitute immunity, and that vaccines contain adjuvant substances known to amplify the body's response to the vaccine, which can sometimes cause allergic and autoimmune responses.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Those in Favor of Immunizations
Those Questioning Immunizations
Stakeholders
Interview of Health Care Providers
Parents Interviewed
Summary
From the Paper
"For those promoters of vaccinations, the general belief is that "vaccination is modern medicine's greatest achievement." The goal would be to have 100% compliance. This group believes that vaccinations are necessary to the basic welfare of every child. "Public health officials take the stance that they are legally and morally obligated to act out of concern for the well being of every individual child, and the reality is that any unvaccinated child remains vulnerable to serious, even life-threatening diseases." Non-medical exemptions from immunizations also lower the level of protection in the general public."
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Aging and the Immune Response, 2002.
Discusses the new field of immunogerontology which explores the decline of the aging adult's immune system.
1,416 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
At the beginning of the millennium life expectancy doubled to approximately 80 years of age, compared to what it was in 1900. This paper studies the new field of immunogerontology that explores the immune system in the aging adult. Recent research has indicated that the immune systems of aged people undergo characteristic changes, generally in the direction of decreased immune competence. As the research presented in this paper reveals, aging affects many aspects of the immune process, and since the immune system interacts with every system of the body it becomes important to have a well-developed understanding of the mechanisms related to the breakdown of this system in the later years of life.
From the Paper
"Malnutrition in aging populations is another mechanism, which contributes to the decline in the efficiency of the signal transduction system and as a result leads to the degradation of the immune response. Calcium is an integral part of the signaling mechanism and the biochemical pathways that compose it. Enzymes necessary for T cell proliferation are rendered useless in the absence of calcium as shown by Miller et al (1996). Measurements made in the lab of IL-2 production were shown to be substantially lower than in T cells belonging to younger individuals. It is important to remember that IL-2 is produced after the antigen binds to the receptor-binding site and is responsible for promoting the proliferation of the T cell. Though these experiments are mainly carried out on mice, the biochemical pathways are very similar and results tend to indicate that immunodeficiency in the aging adult is due in part to the decline in calcium concentrations. Other nutrients such as zinc and vitamin E are also important in the proper functioning of the immune system affecting cytokine production and imparting a protective role from damage by free radicals respectively (Moriguchi, 1998)."
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Immune System, 2006.
An overview of the body's immune system, its purpose and how it functions.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the immune system generates numerous unusual kinds of immune reactions. For example, the body annihilates eukaryotic cells having or bearing foreign cell-surface antigens. These include cancer cells, whose cell-surface antigens are distorted when a normal cell is genetically changed into a cancer cell. The antigen-bearing cell may be eaten by macrophages or killed by killer cells, which are specialized to destroy abnormal body cells. The paper examines how the immune system functions, looking at physiological processes such as cellular immunity and humoral immunity.
From the Paper
"Humoral immunity is best explained as if the virus has not yet invaded a body cell, it may be surfaced by antibody molecules that may have been secreted into the body fluids by B cells. The virus-antibody is then eaten and destroyed by a phagocyte."
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Immune System Response, 2006.
This paper describes the human body's immune system, focusing on the response to allergens.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with the presentation of a flowchart highlighting the body's immune system response at the cellular level incorporating both the cell mediated and humoral immune systems. Following this, a discussion of the immune system's response to the presence of an allergen is discussed and how allergy treatments affect the immune system response.
From the Paper
"The human body has two main components to its immune system: the Cell Mediated Response and the Humoral Response. While both are unique responses of the immune system, there is strong interplay between the two. The following flowchart will present the immune system's response to attack. The presence of an allergen is not generally a life-threatening situation requiring a full immunological response, however, that is often exactly what happens. The following section will discuss the various components of the immune system that are involved in an allergic response and how treatment of allergies affects the immune system. In response to an allergen, the immune system mounts a defense. There is dispute in the medical community whether an allergen is actually a foreign substance or not (Dr. Danielle West, personal communication, January 17, 2006) however the key is how the immune system reacts to"
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Immunizing Children, 2005.
This paper discusses immunizing children and stresses its importance.
1,720 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that several diseases, which killed in the past, have been controlled through the use of vaccinations; however, this does not mean the diseases are gone because, without continuing the vaccination programs, these diseases could reappear. The author points out that many parents believe that the vaccinations can cause other complications or even cause the disease: This is untrue because the vaccination contains a non-active form of the virus or disease and cannot cause the body to contract the disease. The paper stresses that parents must protect their children from contracting deadly diseases, which are preventable through immunization.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Rationalize
Reasons
Disease Prevention
Better Health
Preventing Unnecessary Deaths
Diseases Controlled with Vaccinations
Polio
Measles
Meningitis
Whooping Cough
Rubella
Chicken Pox
Hepatitis B
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Mumps
Rationale for Controlling These Diseases
Myths Associated with Vaccinations
Vaccinations Cause Diseases
Diseases are Not Deadly so Vaccines are not Necessary
Diseases are Eliminated in the U.S. so Vaccines aren't Necessary
Truths about Vaccinations
Emerging Diseases
Toscana Virus
Avian Influenza
Coltiviruses from Ticks
Immunization
Tracking in the U.S.
Determining who is Immunized
Spread of Diseases Unknowingly
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Recently, there have been some new diseases that have emerged and scientists are trying to create vaccinations to control them. One new disease is called the Toscana virus. This virus was discovered in 1971 in Italy. Since then it has spread into Europe. It affects the central nervous system and has been the major cause of meningitis and encephalitis. Scientists are working on the pathogen to find out how it spreads these diseases and how to stop it. Another recently discovered virus is the avian influenza. It has been found in chickens and in humans in Thailand. - It has not been known to transfer from birds to humans but it is believed that it may mutate into a form that will. Currently many organizations are studying the avian influenza and are concerned about a new pandemic. "
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Human Immune System, 2001.
Discusses non-specific & specific immunity. Impact of stress on immune system & disease.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 23.95
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From the Paper
"Immunity refers to the ability of the body to protect itself from invading organisms or from harmful chemicals. The human immune system is made up of two different groups, known as either specific or non-specific immunity. The main distinction between the two takes into consideration the degree and specificity of the response to the invader.
According to Seeley (1998) non-specific immunity has an arsenal of cells, which either engulf pathogens or produce chemicals used in their destruction. Though the processes involved in either of these mechanisms can be quite complicated, the response is generalized and very predictable regardless of the offending pathogen. Cells that form part of the non-specific arsenal include phagocytes such as macrophages with the ability to engulf all types of particles, and chemicals such as ..."
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Mandatory Immunizations for California Children, 2001.
Examines policy issues. Laws, public health factors, social factors, misconceptions, foster care children. Recommends state use police power to enforce immunization. Data: 2 Tables, 1 Chart.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 16 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"This study examine the policy issue of mandatory immunization for all children in the State of California. The study found that the existing law mandating that children be immunized before being allowed to enter public school is too weakened by permitted exemptions from the law to serve as an effective instrument to achieve maximum child immunization in the state. The study found further that maximum child immunization is necessary for the state to be able to adequately protect public health in the state. The study found that it is necessary, therefore, for the state to strengthen the child immunization policy if the objective of maximum child ..."
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Face Transplants: Focus on Immune Tolerance, 2006.
A review of studies contributing to a strategy for immune tolerance in the transplant setting and their relevance to the future of face transplants.
3,300 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 23 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the problem of medicine's inability to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance, the final technical obstacle to bringing face transplants into widespread clinical application. The paper presents an overview of historic and current immunological research - from the use of chimerism, to the use of monoclonal antibodies to control T-cell activation - and its role in future prospects for a non-pharmaceutical strategy for tolerance induction in humans. The paper highlights studies that have examined tolerance in recipients of composite tissue allografts (CTAs), with emphasis on studies using animal models involving skin allografts, and with the intent of providing insight into the issues presented by transplantation of a face. It includes graphs and photographs to illustrate this.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
CTA Study Goals
Antigenicity of Facial Allograft Components
Immune Tolerance and Chimerism
T-cells: Activation and Blockage
Memory Cells: The Ghost in the Immune Machine
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Investigators are exploring several strategies in an attempt to provide medicine with safe and effective pharmaceuticals and clinical protocols for inducing tolerance after transplant. These include creating and using chimerism, and developing targeted bio-engineered monoclonal antibodies to inactivate or destroy T cells. This review, in its overview of historical and current immunological research, provides insight into the development of a T-cell-based strategy from a basic understanding of chimerism. This review also highlights studies that examine tolerance in recipients of CTA transplants, with specific emphasis on those using skin allograft animal models."
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Lymphatic System and Immune System, 2004.
This paper looks at the lymphatic system and the immune system.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the lymphatic system and the immune system. It compares blood, lymph and interstitial fluid, and compares lymph nodes with the spleen. It then examines humoral and cell-mediated immunity, primary and secondary immune responses, and the role of complement.
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Autism and Childhood Immunizations, 2007.
An analysis of the debate about the link between childhood immunizations and autism.
989 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the controversy associated with the link between the development of autism and childhood immunizations. It discusses the theories regarding both the development of autism and the connection between autism and immunizations. The paper argues that autism has a causal relationship with childhood immunizations.
From the Paper
"This connection between the increases in incidence of autism and the fact that the cause is unknown has transformed the country, "Although once considered rare, during the last two decades the chance of a child being diagnosed with autism has skyrocketed from one in 10,000 to one in 150." (O'Meara 24) The idea that autism, a devastating disease could be caused by something we think of as a miracle, namely vaccinations for childhood diseases that have killed children for thousands of years, has also transformed the country, made countless parents and scientists sit up and take notice. The culpability of the government as well as industry that through omission or commission contributed to a problem is foundational and many who believe there is a causal connection between autism and immunizations believe that this is why they are trying so diligently to disprove the theory. Not everyone believes that the causal agent is thimerosol but a long list of dangerous and toxic ingredients provided by one expert demonstrates that it could be any number of causative factors or a combination of several, even coupled with a genetic predisposition, also believed by some."
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Development of the Vertebrate Adaptive Immune System, 2001.
A paper which examines adaptive/aquired immune response in vertebrates-- features, evolution and the reasons behind it.
2,043 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
The paper describes the general features of the adaptive immune system (especially in relation to innate immunity) in vertebrates, delineates the processes that took place for this complex system to evolve and the reasons behind its evolution.
From the Paper
"Microscopic organisms are the most ubiquitous form of life throughout the biosphere. Many of them are parasitic and cause disease. To protect themselves against invasion by pathogens and even cells from an organism of the same species, all animals possess the means to systematically distinguish and eliminate non-self. Based on the diversity, flexibility and specificity of recognition and effector mechanisms, however, the complexity of this system varies across metazoan phyla. From relatively simple histocompatibility reactions mediated by interleukin-like proteins in sponges, to sophisticated interplay of the innate and adaptive immunity in jawed vertebrates, the increased intricacy of the immune response is positively correlated with such features as: complex morphology, increased size and lifespan as well as K-selected reproductive strategy. Thus, the fact that vertebrates exhibit all of the aforementioned characteristics may be the key reason why they are the only group of animals with an adaptive immunity."
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The Immune System and Stress, 2004.
Essay discussing the relationship between stress and how well the immune system combats disease.
2,222 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This essay describes key components of the immune system and how the body uses this system. Also discussed is the cause and effect relationship between stress, the immune system, and certain diseases. Articles listed in the bibliography of this paper are also appended.
From the Paper
"How quickly a deceased human (or animal) body breaks down is testament to how well the immune system works. While a body is alive, the immune system protects the body at every living moment from bacteria and other foreign invaders. The immune system is a complex system of cells-which have varying functions-and generated at discreet regions of the body, a circulatory system-the lymphatic system--that feeds of and into the blood circulatory system and lymph nodes that act as effective filters and stores of foreign bodies marked for destruction by antibody action. Most of the time, the immune system protects the body. But on rare occasions we might need outside help: this is when he system does not "figure out" the invasion and the body has to be coaxed into producing antibodies by inoculation with weaker forms of the pathogen. In the case of HIV and AIDS, the body has not been able to create an effective defense, thus these immune deficiency disorders have become the scourge of the last few decades. This essay will not only describe key component of the immune system and how a body uses this system, but will also explore the cause and effect relationship between stress, the immune system and certain diseases."
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Respiratory and Circulatory Systems, Immunity and Kidney, 2004.
This paper looks at the respiratory and circulatory systems, with a view of the immunity system and the kidney.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
In this paper the writer first looks at the blood vessels and their functions. Then the writer discusses the meaning of "immunization" and autoimmune diseases. The paper then studies how various diseases affect the lungs. Finally, the writer discusses the function of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney.
From the Paper
"Arteries arterioles and capillaries carry oxygenated blood to the tissues of the body and capillaries venules and veins carry de-oxygenated blood back to the lungs for re-oxygenation. The only arteries which carry oxygen-poor blood are the pulmonary arteries which carry this blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. The only veins which carry oxygen-rich blood are the pulmonary veins which carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. The pulmonary arteries ... "
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