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Imagery Training and Novice Athletes, 2004.
Research proposal to study whether sports imagery training can benefit novice athletes as well as professional athletes.
758 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper is a research proposal to study the effects of sports imagery training on novice athletes and athletes who enjoy their sport recreationally. The paper begins with an overview of the positive effects of sports imagery training and then looks at some of the studies done and literature available on the subject. The paper suggests a study that will seek to answer the questions as to whether or not sports imagery training is of value only to the professional athlete or if it can benefit athletes at all levels.
From the Paper
"The positive effects of sports imagery training has been validated by athletes and trainers at the highest level of athletic competition. When the athlete visualizes the individual aspects of an athletic competition, they approach the event with more confidence, and are able to attain significantly higher scores. In one study, findings revealed that the Five Step Strategy, which includes mental readying, imaging, focusing, executing, and evaluation procedures, significantly influenced performance in tasks that were low cognitive demand and higher physical demand tasks. The study showed support for a hypothesis that performance in tasks appearing to contain a greater number of motor elements is enhanced more with the FSS than those having a high number of cognitive elements."
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Equal Opportunities for Athletic and Non-Athletic Students, 2004.
Examines the pros and cons of granting scholarships to students who have actively participated in sports programs.
796 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper, while acknowledging the positive side of and the need for athletic scholarships, focuses on the negative aspect of athletic scholarships. Some of the negative aspects highlighted in the paper are that athletic scholarships provide an advantage to student athletes that are unfair to non-athletic students. With such a great emphasis on sports, many students feel inferior to athletes, even though they may participate in some other type of extracurricular activity. Furthermore, the paper argues that it is unfair for athletic students to receive all the perks and credits even though they are often absent from the classroom due to practice or competition. At the conclusion of the paper, it is suggested that, while athletic scholarships should be available to athletes, schools should make a greater effort to provide equal opportunities for all other students as well.
From the Paper
"As today?s society focuses more and more on sports, the educational world is evolving to keep up with the pace. As a result, today?s student athletes have even more opportunities and options available to them than they did just a decade ago. In addition to more scholarships in both high school and college education, student today are offered the opportunity to receive part of the credit required to graduate by actively participating in sports."
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African-American Athletes, 2006.
This paper discusses the history of African-American athletes, the myths and features many individual athletes.
6,730 words (approx. 26.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 153.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, before World War II, Black athletes were restricted from all professional competition because white athletes' fears of losing to Black athletes was masked by fabrications such as African-Americans were subhuman with their strength coming from their jungle ancestry rather than intelligent and hard work: This myth continues today. The author points out that Black athletes face enormous obstacles when opting for managing, coaching or executive positions in sports. The paper relates that, although some may claim that lower class African-Americans now are more interested in crime than athletics, the exceptional Black athletes, such as Tiger Woods and Vanessa Williams, are examples for young Black Americans that there can be much more in their futures than jail cells or graves.
Table of Contents
History
History Makers
Althea Gibson
Jackie Robinson
Jesse Owens
Willie O'Ree
Prominent Contemporary Sports People
Media Portrayal
Current Perceptions and Issues
From the Paper
"Denise Meridith (2001) touches upon the same issue in her article featuring Venus Williams. Her behavior, appearance and style of play are seen as threatening by some. Assertiveness and confidence are viewed as "arrogance" in a black woman. And similarly reference is made to her physical strength rather than skill or intelligence resulting in her success. This is media-promoted as somehow not being "feminine" enough. Meridith makes a derogatory remark comparing the skeletal Ally MacBeal to the muscular Williams, saying that it is healthier to strive for muscles than for bones in one's appearance. However, the media promotes thin as beautiful. Also, the sexy Anna Kornikova is not as powerful or successful in her play as the Williams sisters, but the media focusses on her achievements, because she is the epitomy of feminine beauty."
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Mental Imagery, 2007.
This paper explores the effects of mental imagery during the physical rehabilitation process.
3,024 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
The paper researches the extent that imagery enhances the rehabilitation process, as well as the mechanisms involved in the effectiveness of imagery as a supplement to treatment. The paper examines three underlying theoretical frameworks that form a basis for the understanding of the relationship between the use of mental imagery and rehabilitation: the psychoneuromuscular theory, the symbolic learning theory and the bioinformational theory. The paper also discusses imagery techniques that maximize the effectiveness of mental imagery. The paper concludes that mental imagery has the potential to play a beneficial role in the rehabilitative process with different populations, including injured athletes and stroke patients.
Outline:
Theoretical Frameworks
Measurement Issues Involved in Imagery and the Rehabilitation Process
Strategies for the Enhancement of Rehabilitation Using Mental Imagery
Concluding Comments
From the Paper
"Evidence has indicated that imagery improves rehabilitation. Newsom et al. (2003) investigated this phenomenon through the assessment of whether the use of mental imagery of gripping results in the prevention of loss of grip strength that is associated with forearm mobilization. Thirteen female and five male students between the ages of 17 and 30 were randomly assigned to two groups. Both the groups experienced immobilization of their non-dominate forearm for ten days. The control group received no intervention, while the treatment group underwent three short mental imagery sessions each day. The treatment group imagined that they were squeezing a rubber ball. After the ten days, there was no significant change in the wrist flexion or wrist extension among the treatment group that used mental imagery techniques. The control group, however, demonstrated a significant decrease in wrist mobility and strength during the immobilization period. These findings indicate that mental imagery has potential utility for the prevention of strength and mobility loss associated with short-term muscle immobilization."
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Paying Student Athletes, 2008.
Argues that student athletes should be paid.
830 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the big business environment surrounding student athletes is a significant transformation from the athletics of 1905, when the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) ruled that student athletes should not be paid so that they can fulfill the amateur criteria for student athletics competition. The author states that student athletes are exploited because of the failure of universities to educate them and because of all the time they must spend practicing, traveling and playing the game. The paper suggests a graduated salary cap based on college completion provided by professional sports organizations, which will help the professional sports leagues, colleges and student-athletes.
Table of Contents:
Background
Introduction
Arguments In Favor Of Paying Student Athletes
Conclusion
From the Paper
"People in favor of payment to student athletes inquire as to why the NCAA, many coaches, and administrators get huge amount of money and yet for the student athletes the payment is restricted to athletic scholarship. One of the supporting arguments for paying student athletes is that by paying student athletes properly the unlawful methods of payments would reduce. Another argument in favor of student athletes is that that the scholarship given to the student athletes is not enough and it does not cover all costs related to attending college."
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The Role of Imagery in "Macbeth", 2001.
A paper which explains how, through the skillful art of imagery, Shakespeare shows us a deeper look into the true character of Macbeth.
1,496 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
The author of the paper shows Shakespeare's skillful use of imagery in developing the character of Macbeth in the play. The paper shows that although imagery is used throughout the play, it is most dominant in appearances with clothing, light and darkness imagery, and blood imagery.
From the Paper
"Using clothing imagery, Shakespeare develops Macbeth?s character. This is evident, as, imagery of clothing shows us Macbeth?s ambition, and the consequences thereof. We see this ambition, through Banquo, when he says, "New honors come upon him, / Like our strange garments, cleave not to the / mould" (144-146), meaning that new clothes do not fit our bodies, until we are accustomed to them. Throughout the entire play, Macbeth is constantly wearing new clothes, that are not his, and do not fit. "
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College Athletes? Grades, 2005.
This paper discusses the failure of colleges to insist upon and help maintain the grades of their athletes.
1,610 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that one reason colleges have been unable to handle effectively the problem of athletes with abysmal grades is that star players bring wealthy alums back to campus, along with their checkbooks. The author points out that the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) approved a reform package, particularly for the big money-making sports of football and basketball, which require more stringent eligibility rules for recruiting; once in college, the athletes must graduate within five years, completing 20 percent of the coursework each year, while maintaining at least a 1.8 grade-point average as a freshman, and a 2.0 each year thereafter to be eligible to play. The paper relates that there is a correlation between lower grades (even lower than usual) among college athletes during their sport's season and that academically marginal student athletes respond less successfully to the increased demands of college.
Table of Contents
Abortive Mission
A Lesson from the High School
Poor Excuses
From the Paper
"At least since 1998, high schools in wealth Northern Virginia have tightened academic standards for student athletes and for other students who participate in other extracurricular activities as well. Fairfax County coaches and teachers had begun monitoring student grades. In addition, in Fairfax County, the students cannot comply with the demand for a C average or better by taking only one or two easy classes; "students are required to take five classes and pass five classes in a previous school semester to be eligible to participate in athletics." If a student does drop two letter grades in a subject or his grade-point average drops below 2.0, he is counseled by coaches and offered help."
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Paying College Athletes, 2007.
This paper deals with the issues of paying college athletes.
1,007 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer notes that as the January college football bowl season begins, talk will inevitably resurface about the millions of dollars in appearance fees that universities are paid to play in these games, and how none of that money makes its way to the players. The writer points out that the issue of paying Division I college athletes has been discussed for years, and seems to come to the forefront of national sports and higher education dialogue when big-money games like football bowls are played, or when players are sanctioned for illegally taking money from boosters. The writer maintains that as long as college sports continue to bring in big money, the notion of paying college athletes will persist. The writer concludes that the goal of college athletics should not be to provide modest compensation to athletes for four years - it should be to allow young people to pursue their degrees while playing sports.
Outline:
Athletics are not Cash Cows
Making Scholarships More Meaningful
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One of the problems with the argument for paying student athletes is that a key tenet of the argument -- that universities make millions off of their athletics programs -- is not universally true. In fact, many schools have growing deficits. Big-time sports schools such as the University of Michigan or Ohio State may make millions from their football teams and basketball teams, but for every Michigan there is a Middle Tennessee State or a Florida International, whose football team posted a record of 0-12 this year. There are many football and basketball teams that do not sell out their arenas or receive lucrative television or radio contracts, and paying their athletes would be a significant burden. Even a small stipend for all athletes would add to these growing financial deficits."
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College Athletes, 2005.
An analysis of whether college athletes should be paid to play their sports.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of whether college athletes should be paid to play their sports. Included in this paper are interviews from numerous college athletes. The paper contends that college athletes should not be paid to play their respective sport for the simple reason that their current incentive package is more than enough payment for the job that they do. Scholarships, housing, plus the potential income that comes with a college degree are more than adequate payment for college athletes.
From the Paper
"It seems that with every new year comes a plethora of new hot topics which overrun the news and dominate the print media. This year being no different, college athletes have become the target of many an ambitious sports analyst and have become the object of affection for numbers of respected penmen. With the recent explosion in the popularity of intercollegiate athletics, the question is being raised over whether or not the actual athletes who participate in these high stakes contests should receive a piece of the profit. High revenue athletes at the college level receive a scholarship, an opportunity, and so much more. To suggest that what they receive is not enough would be pure lunacy."
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The Nature of Mental Imagery, 2006.
A comparison of Stephen Kosslyn's approach to understanding mental imagery to that of Z.W. Pylyshyn's approach.
2,019 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 25 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses two different approaches for understanding mental imagery as put forth by Stephen Kosslyn and Z.W. Pylyshyn, explaining that Kosslyn's more traditional view of mental image is pictorial or depictive while Zenon Pylyshyn argues that imagery is prepositional. The paper describes the empirical support for Kosslyn's theory as well as the criticisms of his theory, focusing primarily on Pylyshyn's criticism of Kosslyn's theory. The paper then elaborates on Pylyshyn's theory of mental imagery, pointing out that Pylyshyn's theory of mental imagery is not as accepted as Kosslyn's because what Pylyshyn is offering amounts to more of a rebuttal of Kosslyn's theory than an actual organized, principled theory of its own.
From the Paper
"The central defining feature of Cognitive Psychology is the idea of representation (Tye 1991). All of cognitive science is built upon the premise that certain naturally evolved things in the world (namely neuronal states in the human head) have come to "refer to", "stand for", "mean", or represent certain features or facts of the natural world that are external to the head, and namely, the organism in general. Assuming this, one wants to elucidate the nature of how this is accomplished. How can a spongy, electrical mass of gray tissue represent all of one's knowledge and beliefs, one's hopes and fears, one's states of emotions and pain, and lastly, one's phenomenal experience of the world."
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Athletes as Role Models, 2004.
Examines the influence that famous athletes have on youth and adult populations.
1,464 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the positive and negative aspects of athletes as role models for youths and adults. The paper looks at why athletes become role models, some of the misconceptions entertained by the general population regarding famous athletes, and the roles that the media and parents play in encouraging children to look up to athletes as role models.
From the Paper
"Sports in today?s world have a major role in American culture. They are used to escape daily routine, as entertainment, as a part of a healthy lifestyle, and as a tool to teach fundamental teamwork. More importantly, however, the people who play sports on a state, national, or international level, are seen as role models to the youth and adult populations. While the influence of those role models can be extremely positive, there are also negative effects that can be equally detrimental."
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The Use of Supplements by Athletes, 2007.
This paper discusses ethics issues relating to the use of supplements by athletes.
1,715 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that the use of supplements by sports athletes is only viewed as an ethical problem when the supplement becomes illicit or banned or when an athlete dies and focuses most of the time on the competitive advantage instead of the ethical question. The author presents a classical discussion of ethics and concludes that the use of performance-enhancing drugs and supplements by sports players is clearly a violation of ethical behavior. The paper states that no supplement or drug should be used or should be advised by the educator or coach to the athlete without being approved by the FDA, the sports league in question and prescribed by the attending physician of the athlete. The paper includes a table and many embedded quotations.
Table of Contents:
Objective
Introduction
Ethics - Theoretical Framework
Ethics - Differentiation among Theorists
Discussion
Responsibility of Educators and Coaches of Athletes
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Milton's ethics principle was based on the 'end result' or the moral rightness of an action being determined based upon consequences having been considered. Kant believed that ethics were based upon 'rules' and that the moral rightness of an action is based upon laws and standards within society and business. Rousseau held to the social contract theory in ethics believing that the moral rightness of an action is determined through the norms and customs in the existing community and Ruber held a personalistic notion of ethics believing that the moral rightness of ones' actions can only be determined through ones' conscience."
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Athletes and Steroid Use, 2006.
A discussion regarding the use and abuse of steroids by athletes participating in competitive sports.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 6 sources, $ 133.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the abuse of steroids in the athletic world and presents a strong argument against the use of steroids by young athletes or by athletes of any age. This paper emphasizes how these substances destroy young bodies and present a moral affront to the sporting ideal of fair play and competitive integrity.
From the Paper
"The paper begins first by discussing what these drugs do to the bodies of individuals. Specifically, emphasis is placed upon their impact on vital organs and their impact upon reproductive capabilities. At the same time, space is devoted to detailing the short-term benefits or "boosts" which make steroid ingestion so desirable for many athletes. From there, the paper turns to the fairly ubiquitous abuse of steroids in America - a discussion which is important because it highlights just how many Americans are placing their lives and health at terrible risk in pursuit of a peculiar image or in pursuit of athletic glory. Not to be overlooked is the treatment of the steroid or drug problem in professional sports.
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Student Athletes.
This paper is a personal essay discussing the truth about collegiate student athletes.
880 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 0 sources, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that college student athletes must get good grades to be able to complete. The author believes that student athletes have to work twice as hard as other students on campus because not only do they have the same everyday class work, but also they have double practices, weights, and six hours of mandatory study tables every week for first-semester freshmen. The paper relates that, more often than not, student athletes have to pay for some of their education; the only teams that truly give away full-ride scholarships at this university are football, basketball, and, in some instances, hockey.
From the Paper
"When thinking of a collegiate student-athlete, most would think they get off easy; but the reality of it all is that they are some of the hardest working people in colleges and universities today. Before sitting down to talk with one, I thought that all student-athletes automatically were accepted to a college because they were going to be an athlete there. They all were given free educations if they were going to be playing a varsity sport. Also, I thought that not only were they not at all smart, but also they didn't learn anything because they were given tutors that did all their work for them."
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Snow Imagery, 2004.
This paper compares the use of snow imagery in ?Snow Country? by Yasunari Kawabata and ?The Dead? by James Joyce, especially the latent or implied meanings embedded in each snow image.
835 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the use of imagery in literature, especially novels, is an effective tool, whereby a writer?s thoughts can be conveyed more efficiently than by only using simple description. The author points out that, in ?Snow Country? and ?The Dead,? there are three similarities in the way the authors used snow imagery: To describe vividly the settings, to set the mood for the gloomy and sad resolutions of the characters, and to serve as a ?memory? of their lost loves. The paper concludes that there is one difference: Kawabata uses snow imagery as a tool for characterizing Komako, while Joyce uses snow as a symbol for the impending deaths of Miss Kate and Julia and the death of his love for Gretta.
From the Paper
"The use of snow implies coldness and darkness, which is compatible to the feelings that Shimamura and Komako felt when they met in ?Snow Country.? Shimamura?s dissatisfaction with life and Komako?s unfortunate life lead them to lead a gloomy life, intensified by the mood of the environment they are in (in the ?snow country?). Meanwhile, snow imagery becomes effective in ?The Dead? as an impending gloom and threat to Gabriel Conroy for his loved ones, particularly his aunts and his wife, Gretta. The snow that the characters of both stories experience and witness echo their inner feelings and thoughts about their life, which is generally gloomy and somewhat mysteriously still."
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