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Illicit Iraqi Oil Contracts, 2007.
This paper discusses the work "Oil for What? Illicit Iraqi Oil Contracts and the UN Security Council" by P. Heaton.
1,483 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
In this article, Heaton's work, the United Nation's Iraqi Oil-For-Food program and its suspected illicit dealings, are investigated. The writer points out that over a 6 1/2 year period, beginning in 1996, more than 1,300 oil contracts were issued, with the intended purpose of humanitarian relief for the Iraqi people. However, the writer shows that many have questioned whether all of the money transferred during contract issuance through oil extraction went to the humanitarian aid for which it was originally intended. The writer discusses that Heaton looks to answer the economic question of whether or not Saddam Hussein utilized these contracts to line his personal coffers, as well for the purchase of weapons.
From the Paper
"This is an important question that needs to be answered for two reasons. First, the United Nations needs to understand not only where their Oil-For-Food program went right, but also where it went wrong. The idea behind the program is a sound one. It allows the U.N. to economically sanction a country, punishing its leaders, but still be compassionate to the general populace that have little to no choice in their country's matters. However, as this work demonstrates, if there are loopholes in the program, and the details are not sufficiently considered, the punishments, meant by the economic sanctions, will barely be felt by those in power. And, in fact, despite rules to the contrary, sanctioned countries cannot only acquire the hard currency they desire, but also weapons as well, circumventing restrictions. The article implies that Hussein was able to offer oil contracts significantly below market value, in exchange for kickbacks, which were given when the contracts were resold to other individuals or organizations, to actually extract the oil, closer to market price."
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Mistakes in Contracts, 2005.
An examination of the implications of mistakes and misrepresentations in legal contracts.
1,524 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
Generally speaking, a contract is an agreement that is enforceable through the courts. Clearly, in order for all of the parties to any given contract to achieve the desired goals of the agreement, everyone involved must be informed of the circumstances and facts surrounding the agreement. It is important to capture all of the elements required for its execution when crafting the instrument. People - even lawyers - are only human, though, and intentional and unintentional mistakes and misrepresentations are sometimes made in contracts that can have profound implications for all of the parties involved. To gain a better understanding of what these implications might be, this paper provides an overview of contract law, and what the authorities have to say about contracts containing mistakes and misrepresentations. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
Outline
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Mistakes and Misrepresentations in Contracts
Elements Required for a Contract to be Valid
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"The research showed that contracts are a special type of agreement between two or more parties that is enforceable in court. In order for a contract to be enforceable, though, the three key elements of consideration, capacity, and legality must be satisfied. To meet the legality element of this formula, a contract must be free of misrepresentations; however, mistakes can and are made all of the time in contracts and these can be remedied if all of the parties agree to it. In many cases, though, courts will enforce contracts even if they contain mistakes if the contract was made in good faith and satisfies the other requisite elements. Misrepresentations, though, generally represents a death blow to any contract if it is determined that one or more parties intentionally misled the other party or parties, and mistakes based on such misrepresentations will not be a legitimate defense for this misrepresenting party or parties."
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Contract Law: Breach of Contract, 2008.
A discussion of the law of contract, and especially laws that apply to breach of contract.
1,347 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses laws that apply to breach of contract, related to an interview the writer conducted with Mr. James Pflanz (a lawyer specializing in small business issues). The writer explains how the law of contract is part of private law, and is designed to make sure that parties to a contract keep their promises to each other, and to provide remedies if parties do not keep their promises. The writer further discusses how in the case of partial or complete breach of contract, the wronged party may use contract law to try and get a remedy, which is usually damages. The writer asserts that it is very important in business to have a really good contract drawn up by a lawyer, so that a party does not suffer undue losses due to breach of a poorly written contract.
From the Paper
"One of the main purposes of contract law is to promote cooperation between parties, and make them keep their promises to each other. When parties cooperate and keep their promises, they can achieve success. However, if they do not work together and cooperate, or if they break their promise, then things can go very wrong. Money may be lost, and it may become a situation where the different parties blame each other for losses. Or else, it may be that a party does not do what they were supposed to do, or do it properly. In this situation, the law of contract lays down ways in which the wronged party can sue for breach of contract. This is the kind of situation I uncovered in a personal interview with Mr. James Pflanz, a lawyer specializing in small business issues."
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Setting Aside of Contracts in U.S. and Australia, 2007.
A comparison of the setting aside of contracts in the United States and Australia.
2,309 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
While the United States and Australia are literally a world apart geographically, the two countries share much in common today, including the English language; a legacy of British influence, customs and traditions; a comparable constitution; and, more importantly for the purposes of this discussion, the common law. The research shows that the respective contract laws that evolved over time in these two countries share this heritage, but some important differences have emerged that can make the difference between a successful contract and a failed one. Given the importance of timely and equitable adjudication of contracts of all types today, though, it is therefore important to understand when these legally binding instruments can be set aside and for what reasons. To this end, this paper provides the relevant background and a discussion of how and why contracts can be set aside in Australia and the United States. This is followed by a summary of the research and salient findings in the conclusion.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Contract Law in Australia and the U.S. - Current and Future Trends
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"In fact, the legal system used in the United States and in most of the member states of the Commonwealth of Nations, including Australia, in based on this body of common law. As a result, common law is differentiated from formal rules that were developed by the separate acts of equity, to statute law (i.e., the acts of legislative bodies), and to the legal system derived from civil law that is now more popular in continental Europe and elsewhere (Kiralfy 2006)."
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Risks in Derivative Contracts, 2002.
An overview of risk in derivative contracts and in particular forward exchange rates in currency markets.
3,650 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 15 sources, $ 133.95
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Abstract
This paper will probe further into the issue of risk in derivative contracts. A special focus will be given to forward exchange rates in currency markets. This is an increasingly active and volatile arena that is both interesting and important to study. Currency flows each day total well over 1 trillion dollars (US), greatly exceeding the actual value used for foreign trade. Other derivative contracts used by corporate investors will also be considered. In the final analysis, it is clear that all financial instruments are derivative contracts in one form or another. What separates them is the degree of volatility and risk. The riskier the financial instrument, the more difficult it is to establish forward rates.
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C.I.F Contracts, 2002.
An overview of C.I.F type contracts and their risks.
1,473 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
C.I.F. contracts refer to cost, insurance and freight for the international sales of goods where the seller accepts responsibility for arranging insurance. The cost of the insurance is charged in the invoice itself and is prepared by the seller. This paper examines the impact of a C.I.F. contract on determining prices, the exchanging of property and risks and methods outlined under this type of contract. The paper concludes that C.I.F. contracts provide a usable agreement for international trade between different countries and clearly delineates the responsibilities of both the buyer and seller.
From the Paper
"C.I.F. contracts like any other contract outline the defined role that the buyer and seller play in exchanging money for goods. The key here is that this instrument if used for the international sale of goods and is an effort to make the process easier. It is only one of several incoterms that deal with such matters as which party is responsible for the transport of goods, who pays the insurance and who pays custom fees, etc.
There is an element of risk on both parts from the moment the shipment leaves one port until it reaches its final destination. Having clear documentation in the form of a C.I.F. contract has established standards for efficiently moving goods between countries."
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Collective Bargaining Contracts, 2002.
An overview of the collective bargaining contracts used in todays industrial relations.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper is written on collective bargaining contracts. Collective bargaining lies at the very foundation of today's industrial relations. It is the relationship between employers and employees via which contracts of employment are negotiated, under the aegis of a labor organization such as a trade union. The union tries to highlight the collective demands of the workers under its auspices, and the employer tries to negotiate a suitable contract that does not contravene existing labor laws.
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Capacity of Minors in Contracts, 2004.
This paper discusses the extent a minor can be involved in a contract.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to explore the capacity of minors in the United States to form contracts, to break contracts and their legal liabilities for doing so. The paper touches on issues including the rights of other parties to such a contract and the concept of emancipation of minors. The paper defines minors and age of majority and also presents a historical context.
From the Paper
"The law of contracts is concerned with the rules governing legal agreements. Contractual capacity is the minimum competence required by law for a party who enters into a contract to be bound by it. Certain persons are not considered to have sufficient capacity to be bound to or by contracts they may sign. A minor is normally deemed not to have such capacity. A minor is a person who does not have the legal rights of an adult."
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Contracts, 2002.
A look at contracts and their classifications.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper defines and identifies contract laws and their nature.
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International Sales Contracts, 2004.
An analysis of international sales contracts, with a focus on the terms CIF and FOB.
2,719 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the specific implications of the dispute in the historical case, Ross T. Smyth and Co. Ltd. vs. T.D. Bailey, Son & Co. [1940] 3 All ER 60. The paper examines how this related to the seller and buyer, specifically in the context of the CIF and FOB contractual meanings. The paper describes the selling terms of CIF, which represents 'cost, insurance and freight', and FOB, which stands for 'free on board'. These terms relate to the sellers obligation of delivery of goods to the buyer.
From the Paper
"The specific meaning of the term "goods' has posed many difficulties for the courts. Goods refer to that which is "tangible, physical and movable." A sale consists in the transferring of the title of goods from the seller to the buyer for a price [2-106(1)]. The seller is under obligation to make transfer and delivery of the goods and the obligations of the buyer are to make acceptance and payment in adherence to the contract. [1-301]. Basically, parties to a contract can agree upon whatever terms they desire as long as they are both agreeable to the contract."
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Sales Contracts, 1999.
Legal analysis. Defines the issue of sales contracts and analyzes liability, court decisions, offer, acceptance and consideration in this field.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 6 sources, $ 87.95
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From the Paper
"SALES CONTRACTS IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
I. Introduction
The entire economic system within the jurisdiction of the United States of America is based on the law of contracts for the exchange of goods, services and property. The study of contract law in the American economy provides an essential perspective on the operation of its economy and the legal system. Although American contract law is pervasive and complex, the basic nature of all sales contracts focuses on three basic concepts and principles. The three basic prerequisites for all binding contracts are the components of offer, acceptance, and consideration.
II. The Definition of Contract
Black's Law Dictionary defines contract as "an agreement between.."
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Contracts, 1995.
Examines reasons for contracts, written vs. oral, employment, torts, liability, patents, licensing, trade secrets, patents and durability. Includes a table of contents.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 111.95
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From the Paper
"Table of Contents
Introduction .
Reasons for Contracts .
Written vs. Oral Contracts .
Employment Contracts .
Enforceability of Employment Contracts .
Torts .
Torts vs. Contracts .
Reasons for Torts .
Patents .
Assignability .
Licensing .
Trade Secrets .
Patents vs. Trade Secrets .
Durability of Contracts .
Standard Contracts .
Conclusion .
Bibliography .
Introduction
Commercial (or business) law provides the framework in which most business transactions take place. Some common practices, such as the issuing of purchase orders and invoices have taken on legal as well as financial characteristics, and companies as well as individuals have discovered that today's environment demands at least a passing knowledge of the legal environment in which companies operate. While the business or technical professional is ill-advised to take on serious legal matters without consulting an attorney, it is necessary for these individuals to have a passing knowledge of the legal environment in which they operate. In this way, they can ..."
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Contracts: Capacity and Consent, 2006.
A hypothetical case study of a legal issue pertaining to a lease contract.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 0 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper is an answer to a legal hypothetical presented whereby Marshall would be obligated to Fletcher for the rent money he agreed to pay when he entered into a contract at the age of 17, but took steps after he reached the age of 18 to ratify the contract.
From the Paper
"In the present case, Marshall entered into the contract to lease an apartment and pay one half of the rent with Fletcher paying the other half. "A contract is a legally binding agreement enforceable in a court of law"(Bennett, p. 1). For a contract to be valid it must meet certain requirements. The basic requirements are that there is a meeting of the minds, acceptance, and consideration. These three are present in this case. There is no suggestion in the hypothetical that Marshall did not know what the lease entailed, the length of time of the lease, or what portion of the lease he would be responsible for. "
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Legal Contracts, 2007.
An analysis of the aspects of a contract that make it binding.
830 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the legal elements of a contract and the aspects that determine if a contract is binding or not. The paper discusses issues related to simulation and revision. It describes the performance, project structure and communication that must be present in a simulated case. It also addresses the importance of communication between companies.
From the Paper
"To address these issues the contract should be renegotiated to include provisions of expectations for performance that allow for some degree of error. Yet, these errors must also be corrected within a reasonable period of time that is agreeable to both corporations (Collins, 1999, p. 251). In regard to the project structure, it would be more beneficial for both companies if there were specific points during the project in which the company leaders met to discuss the progress of the project and make alterations as needed to conform to change (Collins, 1999, p. 250). It is suggested that these meetings take place monthly, with adequate documentation being provided by all parties in order to ensure that the efforts of the leaders are worthwhile (Collins, 1999, p. 253)."
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Entertainment Industry Contracts Involving Minors, 2002.
A look at the use of minors in the entertainment industry.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This ten-page undergraduate paper discusses the importance of engaging in a contract with a minor in the proper fashion, suggests certain steps that entertainment industry professionals and minors can take to protect themselves when negotiating contracts, and examines several legal cases involving minors in the music industry.
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