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Hypothesis Testing, 2007.
This paper is an introductory description of the five-steps of hypothesis testing.
1,055 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper uses the hypothesis statement, "The typical American drinks on average 3 or more 8 oz. caffeine beverages a day" to demonstrate hypothesis testing. The author points out the steps in the five-step hypothesis test: (1) formulate a null and an alternative hypothesis; (2) select a level of significance or risk for the research; (3) identify the test statistic; (4) formulate a decision rule and (5) do the calculations and make a decision. The paper relates that hypothesis testing can be used to test any claim about a parameter.
Table of Contents:
Research Issue
Hypothesis
Five-Step Hypothesis Test
Results
Other Uses of Hypothesis Testing
Excel Spreadsheets
Hypothesis Test: Mean vs. Hypothesized Value
From the Paper
"A one-tail test is a test that indicates a direction. This direction can be indicated by the use of words such as less than or more than, or it can be indicated by the use of the greater or less than mathematical signs. The direction of the tail is determined by which direction the alternate hypothesis points. A two-tail test is needed when the words or signs equal and not equal are used. By looking at the hypotheses, Team B determined that they will be conducting a one-tail test to the right."
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Hypothesis Testing and Child Development, 2002.
Briefly describes the process of hypothesis testing in child development.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
Hypothesis testing is an extremely crucial aspect of the scientific process, for without being able to prove a hypothesis a given theory can be considered an inaccurate hypothesis, or a failure. Therefore, the need to demonstrate the accuracy of a given hypothesis is crucial to proving the accuracy of the theory itself. This paper explains how this type of testing is applied to child development.
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Advanced Hypothesis Testing, 2007.
An analysis of the methods and conclusions of an advanced hypothesis test regarding teen pregnancies in the United States.
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper details a hypothesis (regarding teen pregnancies in the United States) using varying statistics and statistical methods performed on data. It includes a hypothesis statement and details for the performance of the five-step hypothesis test on the data. The paper also includes a description of the results of the tests and a comparison of the results from the new hypothesis to the former.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Hypothesis A
Analysis of Hypothesis A
Further Research Consideration
Hypothesis B
Analysis of Hypothesis B
Hypothesis Comparisons
Conclusion
Appendix I
From the Paper
"The United States, compared with all developed countries of the world, has one of the highest per capita pregnancy rates of teenagers (King, 2005). According to data posted on the March of Dimes website, the number of teenage girls that become pregnant each year is about 860,000. Although the statistics are alarming, evidence of a change in the trend is apparent. The National Center for Health Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention produced data revealing a 23% decline in birth rates of unmarried teenagers in the past decade (King, 2005). This report will explore a specific influence that has affected the declining trend. Two hypotheses will be presented as support along with a description and analysis of the hypothesis testing."
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The Confusing World of Null Hypothesis Statistical Testing, 2002.
This paper analyses the Null Hypothesis Significance Test (NHST), emphasizing arguments posed by Cohen, Bakan and Rozeboom.
2,418 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the claim that the null hypothesis is always false, as well as the problems with misinterpretations of the significance level. The writer brings to question the editors of psychological journals for the emphasis placed on achieving a low significance level as an unofficial criterion for publishing an article. The paper attempts to informally critique the Significance Test, an alternative to the traditional NHST.
From the Paper
"The Null Hypothesis Significance Test (NHST) exists amid a great deal of tradition and controversy. Like any theory, NHST has its strong points and its weak points. While a number of learned scholars appear to agree that the NHST has become ritualized and perhaps misinterpreted, no one seems to honestly feel that the NHST should be completely abolished (Cohan, 1994; Bakan, 1967; Rozeboom, 1960). R.A. Fisher (1951) pioneered the notion of the null hypothesis (H0), which was designed to compliment the hypothesis in which the researcher was interested. Thus the null hypothesis, in Fisher?s view, was the hypothesis to be revealed as false, or ?nullified? (Bakan, 1967). An example of this would be if a researcher hypothesized that Psychology students have different IQ scores than English students. The null hypothesis (H0) would state that Psychology students and English students IQ scores are equal. Therefore, rejecting the null hypothesis would logically imply that the hypothesis of interest, the alternate hypothesis (H1), was correct. The significance level (p < .05, etc.), is designed to be a measure of the probability that, given H0 is true, these (or possibly more extreme data) could occur (Cohen, 1994)."
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Hypothesis Testing, 2002.
This paper discusses the designing and implementing of a study to test a hypothesis.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 1 source, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper considers how an experimental test may be designed and implemented. The author designs a two-stage study, explains the various controls used and includes recognition of the limitations of such as study. The author uses the example of the hypothesis that left handed persons have lower levels of emotional control than right handed people.
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ANOVA Testing, 2007.
An analysis of the methods and results of hypothesis testing using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) computation.
1,554 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper details a hypothesis (regarding teen pregnancies in the United States) using a varying statistics and statistical methods performed on data. It includes a hypothesis statement and details for the performance of the five-step hypothesis test on the data. The paper also includes a description of the results of the tests and a comparison of the results from the new hypothesis to the former. The paper then includes an analysis of variance (ANOVA) computation for the data and an interpretation of the results.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
ANOVA
Research Issue
Primary Research Data
Interpretation of Primary Data
Secondary Research Data
ANOVA Testing
ANOVA Interpretation
Conclusion
Appendix I
From the Paper
"Due to the high social cost associated with teen pregnancy in the United States, much research has been performed on the variables influencing the trend. Team A has conducted numerous studies to obtain primary and secondary data for determining relevant, influential factors affecting teen pregnancy rates. This paper will provide a summary of the research data obtained by Team A, along with an analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the data. Additionally, the results of the ANOVA testing will be interpreted."
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Customer Relationship Management (CRM), 2007.
This paper is a complete research study, including an extensive literature review, exploring how pharmaceutical companies can achieve long term customer relationship in Gulf council countries (GCC).
11,070 words (approx. 44.3 pages), 63 sources, APA, $ 218.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the independent variables for this study about customer relationship management (CRM) are (1) I.T. infrastructure, (2) top management support, (3) team building, (4) role specification, (5) communication, (6) common bond (7) planning process, (8) system integration, (9) employee motivation and (10) monitoring processes. The author reports that the study methodology involved an online questionnaire used to survey 100 doctors, pharmacists and other health and financial authorities in Kuwait. The paper includes many statistics and tables.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Principles of CRM?
Benefits of CRM
Trends of CRM Formation
Why CRM Fail?
CRM Strategy
Limitations of CRM
CRM in Global Context or in Developing Countries
CRM Performance Indicators
Factors Influencing CRM Performance
General Framework of the Study
Research Hypotheses
I.T. Infrastructure
Top Management Support
Team Building
Role Specification
Communication
Common Bond
Planning Process
System Integration
Employee Motivation
Monitoring Processes
Methodology
Research Design
Sampling Unit
Sampling Frame
Method of Selecting the Sample Elements
Participants
Data Collection
Scale Development
Data Analysis
Dependent Variable
Independent Variables
Questionnaires
Reliability and Validity of the Results
Delimitations
Ethical Issues
Results, Data Analysis and Discussion
Results
Question 1
Hypothesis Testing Of Regression B/W IT Infrastructure and CRM
Statements
Calculation
Question 2
Hypothesis Testing of Regression B/W Top Management Support and CRM
Statement
Calculation
Question 3
Hypothesis Testing of Regression B/W CRM and CRM-Teams
Statement
Calculation
Question 4
Hypothesis Testing of Regression B/W CRM and Role Specification
Statement
Calculation
Question 5
Hypothesis Testing of Regression B/W CRM and Communication
Statement
Calculation
Question 6
Hypothesis Testing of Regression B/W CRM and Common Bonds
Statement
Calculation
Question 7
Hypothesis Testing of Regression B/W CRM and Planning Process
Statement
Calculation
Question 8
Hypothesis Testing of Regression B/W CRM and System Integration
Statement
Calculation
Question 9
Hypothesis Testing of Regression B/W CRM and Employee Motivation
Statement
Calculation
Question 10
Hypothesis Testing of Regression B/W CRM and Monitoring Process
Statement
Calculation
Significance and Conclusion
Who Should Use CRM?
Implications
The Future of CRM?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The fourth question explored the relationship between CRM and role specification. Question five explores the relationship between CRM and communication. The answers of the respondents have been summarized in Table 5.1. Thirty four (34) respondents asserted that it is "extremely likely" that companies with clear communication patterns will be highly successful in maintaining long-term CRM. Ten (10) respondents asserted that it is "Quite likely" that companies with clear communication patterns will be highly successful in maintaining long-term CRM."
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Computerized Mathematics Testing, 2007.
This paper describes a study on the use of computer-based testing to assess the mathematical skills of high school students.
3,032 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 30 sources, APA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This study analyzes results of the Virginia Standards of Learning tests. The author contrasts one group of high school students who used online computerized methods of testing versus the second group, who were tested with the traditional "paper-pencil" method. The author argues that computer-based testing is in its preliminary phases. This study, therefore, is intended to let scholars research the dependability of these tests. This research begins to fill this gap and offer future direction for additional research to be carried out.
Outline:
Abstract
Statement of Problem
Rationale of Study
Research Objectives
Literature Review
Hypothesis
Methodology
Participants
Measures
Procedure
Implications and Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"The control of computers is the seeming dominant feature at the closing stages of the twentieth century. In the 1970s computers operated behind closed doors to tally books, record paychecks, organize weather newscasts, and perform whichever errands whose qualities frequently incorporated repellent recurring processes. The 1980s saw a transformation. Computers took a permanent position in the forefront of firms and businesses. Soon after, the computers replaced the human employees in the department of customer services. Personal computers with telecommunication were more common. Nowadays, the computers handle far more complicated procedures than what they did before. "Machine intelligence", "Inference engines", and "Expert Systems" are expressions that are gradually growing in trend. "
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The Gaia Hypothesis, 1992.
Explores the roots of this ancient hypothesis and the Lovelock and Margulis theory, examining "Earth heals itself," James Kirchner's criticism and concludes that the hypothesis is infeasible.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"The last few years have witnessed a renewed interest in ecology and the environment not seen since the 1960's. A number of factors have led to this interest. First, people are more aware of damages to the environment. Pollution affects vegetation, deceases agricultural yields and inflicts losses on the timber industry. Studies have indicated that pollution may have negative long term effects on our climate due to the "greenhouse effect". "Acid rain" is affecting the world's forests. Second, people are more aware of the hazards of pollution to their lives and health. Third, people are more aware of the consequences of the depletion of species. Since 1600 A.D., thirty-six species of mammals and ninety-four species of birds have become extinct.. Fourth, people are more aware of the depletion of resources and fossil fuels and their impact on ..."
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Efficient Market Hypothesis, 2006.
An examination of the critiques on efficient market hypothesis for portfolio management strategies.
3,220 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 22 sources, MLA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
Many studies on the efficient market hypothesis (EMH) and portfolio management suggest that the majority of professional investment managers cannot regularly beat a buy-and-hold strategy on a risk-adjusted basis. This paper attempts to examine the critiques on the efficient market hypothesis and the trend of the investors, financial analysts and portfolio managers to gather information to obtain excess-return. It begins with a brief description of the efficient market hypothesis and an outline of the characteristics associated with it, followed by a brief description of the new critiques against this hypothesis. It also discusses the relevant patterns that predict an excess return adjusted to the risk as well as new strategies applied by the investors.
Outline
Introduction
Efficient Market Hypothesis
Under-Reaction to New Information
Technical Trading Rules
Contrarian Strategy
Seasonality Anomaly
Predictable Patterns Based on Valuation Parameters
Book Value-Market Value Ratio
Initial Dividend Yields
Initial Price-Earnings Multiples
Predictable Patterns Based on Firm Characteristics
Insider Trading Abnormal Profit
Emerging Markets
Conclusion
From the Paper
"New conditions to beat the efficient market hypothesis has supported the shift away from market performance theories, based purely on mathematical or logical bases, to psychology and economics that offer some predictable patterns. (Mills, Roger p.37)
In fact the investment analysis still play an important role in decision-making concerning the purchase and sale of ordinary shares.(Arnold and Moizer 1984 p.195) The survey conducted by Arnold and Moizer (1984) suggests that the analyst use a common general pattern to appraise the ordinary shares using fundamental analysis like primary analysis technique to indentify shares over/under-valued. The other techniques, like technical analysis and beta anlysis, have a different purpose. The former is to determine the timing of the purchase and the latter is to evaluate the performance of portfolio management.(Arnold and Moizer, p.205)"
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, 2002.
A discussion of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, an influential theory of anthropolgy and linguistics.
2,553 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by explaining that the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is one of the most interesting and influential theories in the field of linguistics and anthropology. The idea that language actually forced people to think in different ways is both fascinating and controversial. The paper shows the ways that this hypothesis opens our understanding of the link between culture and knowledge. The paper includes direct quotes from the hypothesis which it then explains and expands upon.
From the Paper
"The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis ?postulated that language not only provided a means of communication but also shaped peoples? perceptions of the world? (McGee and Warms 2000: 370). The hypothesis drew heavily from the ideas and techniques used by linguists, with the methodological concepts developed by the Prague School of Linguistics in the 1920?s providing valuable insights into the importance of understanding the conceptual frameworks formed by, and expressed through, the native language (McGee and Warms 2000: 369). The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis was the most influential anthropological adaptation of these linguistic principles, the hypothesis having an enormous impact on anthropology providing a methodological framework emphasising cultural and linguistic relativity, and influencing several schools of anthropological thought."
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Whorfian Hypothesis, 2007.
An analysis of the relevance of the Whorfian Hypothesis (WH) to language learning.
3,802 words (approx. 15.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the relevance of the Whorfian Hypothesis (WH) - also referred to as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis - to language learning, in particular for the person who learned (or is learning) English as a second language. It looks at how there are conflicting views on the meaning of and application of WH - and on the value of this hypothesis about language. It reviews the available literature on the subject and offers value judgments on the significance of WH in various applications and learning environments.
From the Paper
"The operating hypothesis put forward was that a movie created entirely by this group might reveal "aspects of cognition and values that may be inhibited, not observable, or not analyzable" when the process of investigation relies on "verbal exchange" conducted in the language of the investigator. Moreover, producing film images then sequencing those images by editing, cutting and pasting, just might help researchers understand better the WH. Another operating theory here is that by treating the visual as though it were a language, and then following up by comparing the two "linguistic structures" (visual and verbal) - believing that both make statements about cognition and culture "across two modes" - may provide a context in which the Whorfian manner comes clearer into focus. "
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The Gaia Hypothesis, 2005.
An overview of James E Lovelock's Gaia hypothesis and its plausibility.
2,927 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper examines looks at by James E Lovelock's Gaia hypothesis whose premise is that the entire planet evolves over time because of the interaction of living things with their surrounding environment. It describes the hypothesis in some detail and provides background information. This is followed by a discussion contrasting Lovelock's claims with those of his critics and proffers an approach toward reconciliation.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Background
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Earth's atmosphere is not in a state of chemical equilibrium. It is full of gases that have an affinity for each other. Oxygen, nitrogen, and methane exist in sizable quantities, and left to their own devices, would quickly interact to form a new atmosphere of inert gases, very much like Mars' atmosphere (Margulis and Lovelock, p. 13(2)). So the persistent presence of uncombined methane, nitrogen, and oxygen in the atmosphere is strong evidence that something is replenishing these gases as fast as they naturally interact."
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Lenneberg's Critical Period Hypothesis, 2004.
An application of Eric Lenneberg's critical period hypothesis to Russian immigrants in Germany.
2,901 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how in his fundamental work, "Biological Foundations of Language", the biolinguist Eric Lenneberg presents his critical period hypothesis on the idea that a certain age is appropriate for learning a language, so that it is impossible to achieve full competence before or after it. It attempts to demonstrate through the author's own survey how some teenagers are able to learn a foreign language and to talk accent-free, contrary to Lenneberg's hypothesis.
Outline
Introduction to the Critical Period Theory
When Does the Critical Period Start and Finish?
Russian Accent in Immigrants to Germany
Reference to Lenneberg
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Lenneberg subdivides the ongoing process of lateralization into five levels: an infant up to 20 months has identical hemispheres without functional differences; a toddler up to 36 months develops a preference for either the right or the left hand, but the responsibility for language still can easily switch an other hemisphere; a child up to 10 years is still able to reactivate language functions in the right hemisphere; in the early puberty - up to 14 years - the equipotentiality rapidly declines, and after that it is lost completely. Lenneberg talks about a "reactivation", not "creation" of the language function in the right hemisphere."
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"World Hypothesis", 2002.
An analysis of Stephen C. Pepper's book which examines four hypothesis relating to the world.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 1 source, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss Stephen C. Pepper's book "World Hypothesis" and seek to understand the premise of his four hypothesis that explain the world. The main elements discussed are: Formism, Mechanism, Contextualism and Organism and these will be expounded upon to reveal their meaning in the opinions of the author. Also, a contrast and comparison will be constructed to further enhance the understanding of this essay.
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