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Hume and Moral judgments, 2006.
An analysis of Hume's opinions on statements and moral judgements.
735 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper begins with a story of a hypothetical situation. It then discusses Hume's opinion and his premise that all statements are either analytic or synthetic. The paper then describes and gives examples of analytic and synthetic statements.
From the Paper
"Consider the story above. Most people would say it was immoral for me to cut the line. However, once I explained I was a doctor, the woman that complained apologized for saying what she said. Her original perception was that I was wrong, but her perception changed even though my action did not. Further, most people would say that taking the coffee that I did not order was immoral. I think it is immoral, too. However, it is possible that my opinion would change."
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Hume as a Moral Skeptic, 2005.
An analysis of David Hume's moral theory in his "Treatise of Human Nature" to determine if he fits two definitions of a moral skeptic.
1,325 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how in his "Treatise of Human Nature", Hume reduces moral decision making to autonomous conflicting passions motivating the will. He also excludes reason as a guiding entity and therefore appears to be a moral skeptic. It discusses how he fits Marcus Singer's definition of a moral skeptic by determinism. However, it also contends that by J.L. Mackie's definitions, he does not seem to be a normative moral or a meta ethical skeptic.
From the Paper
"Foremost, partly by divorcing reason from the motivation of the will and partly due to the natural causes of the passions, Hume plainly implicates himself as a moral skeptic by Singer's definition of determinism. According to the Treatise the will is directly motivated only by the direct passions and, in turn, the direct passions arise from good and evil. Reason takes a backseat as its role is simply to connect the passions with their correct objects. However, it is when Hume reduces the definitions of good and evil to sensations of pleasure and pain that he seems to affirm his position as a skeptic by determinism. Furthermore, he states: "the direct passions frequently arise from a natural impulse or instinct which is perfectly unaccountable." "
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Hume, Moral Philosophy and Psychological Oppression, 2006.
An application of David Hume's moral philosophy to the concept of psychological oppression as described by Sandra Bartky.
1,477 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how oppression of all forms, whether based on race, sex, or another arbitrary characteristic, by the Humean conception is always morally wrong. It looks at how Hume identifies justice as an artificial virtue that has the sole purpose of restraining individuals' base impulses for the communal benefit. It also argues that discriminatory oppression is unjust because it does not have the import of natural morality, nor is it in the service of the communal interest.
From the Paper
"In the perpetration of psychological oppression, there exists a naturally vicious quality that Humaen principles identify as morally wrong. Psychological oppression, as conceptualized within a feminist framework by Sandra Bartky, is a cruel authority exerted by the force of one's own ideas. Bartky originated the concept to describe the process by which women internalize and perpetuate their subordinate status with a patriarchal society, though it is applicable to any arbitrarily subordinated population. Psychological oppression effectually facilitates the continued acquiescence to an unjust power that resided outside of the self, a power that is the original source and beneficiary of the self-oppressing ideas, such as stereotypes and essentialized inferiority. "
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Hume and The Foundation of Morality, 1983.
This paper discusses David Hume's use of reason and sentiment as a means of discussing the origins of morality.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
David Hume, in "An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals", delves into the foundations of morality. He divides the origins of morality into two possible sources, reason and sentiment. He defines reason as that facility or quality or action that "can instruct us in the tendency of qualities and actions, and point out their beneficial consequences to society. He defines sentiment as the emotional disposition that guides reason. In example after example Hume makes it clear that reason should be regarded as a qualitative tool that helps us define our world. Without sentiment as the spur, reason would not be employed effectively ."
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Morality: Kant and Hume, 2004.
Compares Immanuel Kant's and David Hume's concepts of morality.
1,130 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a comparison and contrast of the concept of morality and morals as expressed by philosophers, Immanuel Kant and David Hume. The paper also examines each philosopher's view of God.
From the Paper
"Hume believed that all knowledge was restricted to ideas or impressions, feeling that the mind was the sum total product of a host of perceptions accumulated over time. Other than what is directly observable there is no knowledge. Hume also believed that God could not exist because God is only an idea in the mind of man. Kant, in contrast, opposed Hume's skepticism and felt that pure reason was of use in understanding the world, however he challenged enlightenment thinkers because he did..."
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David Hume, 2002.
An examination of "Moral Distinctions Not Derived from Reason", an excerpt from "A Treatise of Human Nature" by David Hume, and a comparison of moral theories between Hume and J.L. Mackie.
1,923 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 1 source, $ 61.95
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Abstract
According to Hume, morality is not a judgement about matters of fact. This paper analyzes Hume's philosophy and explains his basic arguments against the idea that moral pronouncements are judgments of reason. In addition, this papers analyzes the differences between Hume's philosophy and that of J.L. Mackie, who argued that there are no moral truths. Lastly, the paper identifies the manner in which one can agree with Hume, while not being a moral skeptic.
From the Paper
"I do believe that it is entirely possible for an individual to subscribe to Hume?s beliefs, without being a moral skeptic. While Hume, like all moral skeptics, denies the existence of objective moral values, he does not dismiss the concept of universal human sentiment. Often the notion of skepticism is little more than an abusive label, and at other times it is taken to mean only that one denies knowledge of some fact which most people accept. To say that Hume is a moral skeptic in either of these senses would, of course, be unpersuasive because similar charges could be brought against almost any moral theory."
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Emotion and Morality, 2007.
This paper explores Immanuel Kant and David Hume's ideas on morality and emotions.
939 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Kant's belief that fulfilling responsibilities could only be a rational choice, as opposed to an emotional choice. The paper looks at Hume who, on the contrary, believed that moral judgments were related to sentiments. The paper explains how Kant and Hume apply their theories to women. The paper concludes that Hume's theory of morality would appear to be the most applicable to human beings of the 21st century.
From the Paper
"Immanuel Kant devised the categorical imperative in relation to morality. In the categorical imperative moral decisions were "objective, rational and freely chosen" (Cash sec. 1). Morality, according to Kant, could not be determined by the emotions of a human being. This is because morals require the decision making to be associated with the duties that each person is required to fulfill. Kant argued that fulfilling responsibilities could only be a rational choice because emotions would lead the person to consider only what he wanted, rather than what needed to be done. Consequently the individual had to accomplish moral actions based on principles, which could not be related to emotions because emotions were subjective, while principles were factual (Cash sec. 1)."
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Social Attitudes, Judgments and Conformity, 2007.
A discussion of the priming effects on social attitudes, judgments and conformity.
1,783 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the role of priming on several social psychology behaviors including attitudes, judgements and conformity. The paper provides a description of priming and of each of the social behaviors discussed in the paper. The paper then focuses on describing past research that shows the ways in which priming affects these behaviors.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Priming Attitudes/Judgments
Priming Social Conformity
From the Paper
"Schemas are cognitive representations of nonsocial and social objects that are stored in memory in associative networks. Activation of a schema increases its accessibility in the present and in the future. One way to activate a schema is through priming. Priming is any experience or mental activity that occurs prior to an event or situation and which increases the likelihood that relevant schema will be made more accessible. Such experiences or activities are referred to as primes and primes vary in the level of activation or accessibility they create. The minimum prime required to activate a schema is called the response threshold (Moskowitz, 2005). This can then affect a perception, judgment, and/or behavior by associative processes in memory. In this paper I will examine priming effects on judgments and social conformity by describing several relevant studies and their results."
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Police Brutality and Monetary Judgments, 2006.
A case study on police brutality and the resulting lawsuits, and the effect these have on government agencies.
2,708 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses police brutality and whether financial damages awarded equals justice. The paper further discusses the different degrees of brutality and the frequency of occurrence. The writer looks into the potential damages to public agencies and whether town, city and county governments face bankruptcy or financial ruin because of these judgments against them. In conclusion the paper examines whether this need to sue reflects problems in society and whether there is a cultural basis for it.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Research Questions and Sub-Questions
Definition of Police Brutality
Limitations of Study
Brief Review of Related Literature
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Part of the problem is most aspects of police abuse, its data collection and lawsuits resulting for "police brutality" is inadequate. Some cities do not even distinguish amounts paid in cases of misconduct, including excessive force, from damages arising because of traffic accidents. This allows lack of concrete data just allows the trend to continue. Other information includes a myriad of police actions not even associated with misconduct or monetary judgments, rather they are completely different police matters somehow thrown in the mix. For instance the data collection at Atlanta's police department had no system intact and one wonders why the agency out of cities surveyed pays the most lawsuits."
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Principals of Morals, 2006.
This paper looks at views of morality with a particular look at David's Hume's book "An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals" .
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses David Hume's view of morality.
The writer claims that Hume suggests that one's sense of morality is based on a desire to have others think about oneself positively. One seeks approval from others and does not want to be rejected, so attempts to behave in ways that please others. He believes that the behaviors people disapprove of tend to make others happy. This means that morality may actually have less to do with right and wrong than one sometimes think it does. He also argues that it is just part of human nature to feel sympathy for others, and that everyone possesses sympathy to some degree. The writer discusses cheating incidents and relevant moral views.
From the Paper
"While most people may possess some degree of sympathy for others, the existence of such people as John Wayne Gacy and Ted Bundy, both ruthless serial sexual predators and murderers, suggests that not everyone sympathizes with others. However, they may be balanced out by people who go to extraordinary lengths to help humankind -- for example, Mother Theresa.
The best argument in favor of Hume's view of morality might be that different cultures have different senses of what is right and what is wrong. In our culture, fidelity between spouses is considered important. Faithfulness within a marriage is viewed as morally right, and infidelity is viewed as morally wrong. However, this is not true in all cultures. This in turn suggests the idea of Hume's social pressure."
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The Origin of Morality, 2005.
An analysis of David Hume's theory of the origin of morality.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an explanation of David Hume's theory of the origin of morality in human sentiments. It describes Hume's reduction of morals to feelings of pleasure, pain, fear and sympathy. It also discusses Hume's view that for the "enlightened" individual, ethical altruism rather than ethical egoism should be pursued.
From the Paper
" David Hume was an eighteenth century philosopher and historian. Hume believed that the biggest obstacle to improvement in the moral or metaphysical sciences was what he referred to as the obscurity of the ideas and ambiguity of the ..."
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Hume's Causality Theory, 2007.
This paper discusses Hume's theory of causality to explain how and why we make judgments of causality.
1,482 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper examines David Hume's philosophy of causality that follows on from the empiricist philosophy. The paper discusses Hume's theory that people do not make judgments of how or why because causality does not exist. The paper explains the belief that only through the senses is information recorded, processed and inscribed upon our empty minds as a reaction to an aggregated association of thought. The paper stresses how empiricist philosophy denies the relevance of the person as a social, choosing being.
From the Paper
"David Hume (1711-1776) was the last and perhaps most controversially influential of "the three most famous British Empiricists of the eighteenth century" [John Locke 1632-1704, and George Berkeley (1685-1753](Flage 1). Although Hume's ideas had great impact on Immanuel Kant, Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham, and Charles Darwin, the concept of empiricism can be traced back at least to Protagoras of Abdera, a fifth century Greek Sophist, who propounded the radical relativism that "Of all things the measure is man, of the things that are, that {or'how'] they are, and of things that [or 'how'] they are not" (Poster 4). Protagoras' taught that judgment of qualities, as abstractions like truth, are subjective, relative only to the individual observer. This, of course, is the basis of empiricism, the philosophy that all knowledge is derived from the experiences of the senses."
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Kant and Morality, 2005.
This paper looks at Kant's beliefs on morality.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer examines Kant's beliefs on morality and the universal good of will. The writer compares Hume's ideas on morality with those of Kant. In this article, the writer's opinion on this matter is also expressed.
From the Paper
"Kant believed that will is the only thing inherently good without qualification and that we should behave according to the maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. By behaving this way a person is hoping that everyone else will behave this way in the future and so good will can be spread. Kant maintained that the expression of the moral law provides a concrete practical method for evaluating particular human actions of different types. For instance if ... "
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Judgment of Taste, 2002.
Compares theories of judgment of taste as set forth by philosophers David Hume and Immanuel Kant.
1,062 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
Both Immanuel Kant and David Hume hold that community, rather than merely individual response, plays a major role in the judgment of taste. Both Kant and Hume also hold that any single individual's judgment of taste is not superior over another's. The paper explains that for there to be a meaningful definition of "judgment of taste," there must be some measure which transcends limited comparisons between individual judgment. For these two philosophers, the author finds, this measure is in part in the thing being presented and perceived and in part in the community of individuals doing the perceiving and responding. Nevertheless, the paper shows that the best their grand thinking achieves is that judgment of taste is achieved only through some sort of positive consensus won by an object over a long period of time and, preferably, over several cultures as well. It argues that the fact that the works they refer to are exclusively by white European males does not support the argument about the importance of cross-cultural judgment.
From the Paper
"Still, even in such ideal circumstances, the individual will simply never be free of the "interest" which works to prejudice the individual's judgment on both the conscious and unconscious levels. If individual prejudice could be eliminated, of course, there would be no need for the philosophers to rely on the "community" aspect of the judgment of taste. The basis of this community aspect is a consensus, however Kant and Hume dress it up. If a work of art, for example, endures through generations and even centuries as an admired piece of work, as one which impresses the mind and stirs the emotions, then it can be said to have achieved a superior judgment of taste from the community."
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David Hume on Human Judgements, 2005.
This paper discusses 'Section VII" of David Hume's "Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding" which concludes that reason and rational judgments are merely habitual associations based on previous experiences.
1,440 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that 'Section VII" of David Hume's "Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding" opens by differentiating the mental processes associated with the exact and provable mathematical nature of science in the natural world and what he calls "the finer sentiments of the mind". The author points out that Hume recognizes the validity of science and the physical world and does not dispute the logical deductions made from observance and experimentation; however, he says knowledge itself is not a finite object that is subject to science and mathematics. The paper stresses that Hume does not question of God exists or whether man has a sou but rather he says that these things are not known and therefore causal theories, which rest on the supposition that they do exist, cannot be true.
From the Paper
"He uses the sun rising every day as an example, inferring that the fact that the sun has always risen every day does not, logically at least, mean that it will rise tomorrow. The reason that the sun rises every day is a function of physics, and the fact that the sun rises one day is not connected to its rising the previous day, but to those laws of physical motion. Thoughts, ideas and impressions cannot be measured in physical terms. A weakness in this argument would seem to be that he is separating deductive reasoning based on observable facts from the conclusions established in the mind regarding these facts. While he dismisses thought as an abstraction separate from science, he contends that space and time are the way impressions occur to us and these abstractions are the basis of ideas."
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