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Humanistic and Interactionist Theories of Psychology, 2005.
This paper discusses the humanistic and interactionist theories of psychology, which were developed because of disappointment in the behaviorism and psychoanalysis theories.
3,190 words (approx. 12.8 pages), 31 sources, APA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the humanistic personality researchers wanted to emphasize human tendencies toward self-improvement, self- actualization, autonomy and looking at the overall value of human beings; whereas, the interactionists, or trait situation interaction therapists, were more concerned with the combined dynamic influences of both personality traits and situations in order to acquire a gestalt understanding. The author points out that Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers are major contributors to humanistic psychology; Walter Mischel, Henry Murray (theory of needs) and Harry Sullivan (social interactions) are associated with trait situation interaction. The paper relates that one of the differences between humanistic psychology and trait situation interaction is how much of an emphasis to place on an individual's personality; the link between traits and situations has been more precisely specified in the interactionist approach; however, most humanistic psychologists apply an ideographic approach that looks at the entire individual and in context.
From the Paper
"One of the main aspects of PSC is expressing empathy, which is based on Rogers' humanistic approach. Expressing empathy toward pain, anxiety, or anger does not mean reinforcing the way the child has handled a given problem, but helps the youth be less defensive and more ready to reevaluate his/her actions and approach change. Unlike punishment that addresses the feelings and needs (id) of the child or moralization that addresses the conscience (super ego), PSC addresses the ego. It encourages children to understand the event, be aware of their feelings, reevaluate their actions, examine the alternatives, make new decisions, construct a plan of action, and finally implement that plan. PSC aims to accomplish behavioral change and ease the personal growth of children."
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Interactionist Theory, 2004.
An overview of the sociological theory of interactionist theory associated with George H. Mead, John Dewy and Herbert Blumer.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the interactionist theory which argues that human beings are active participants in the construction of self, others, and society. The paper examines how the interactionist theory explains how the world of meaning and society is created through interaction with others.
From the Paper
Interactionist Theory Associated with Mead Dewey Blumer and other sociology theorists symbolic interactionism or labeling theory emphasizes that humans invest the world with meaning meanings that evolve through interaction and are continuously interpreted and reinterpreted Coleman In other words the world of meaning and society is created by us through our interactions with others For example in societies where cars exist people understand the meaning of a red light or that it is risky to cross the street when the light is green while those from societies
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Humanistic Psychology, 2004.
This paper discusses humanistic psychology and compares it to psychoanalysis and behaviorism.
1,485 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that humanistic psychology created a third method of understanding humans as living beings who are basically good and attempts to identify the importance of their subjective process rather than create arbitrary theoretical systems to describe human behavior. The author points out that humanistic psychology grew out of a large body of work being done by many psychologists; whereas, psychoanalysis, the foundation of modern psychology, was created by Freud and then extended by Jung, while behaviorism was developed by scientists like B.F. Skinner. The paper states that the aim of humanistic psychology is what is known as ?self-actualization?, or the reaching for the knowledge of the deepest and most hidden parts of ourselves that we desire to bring out and turn into a reality.
From the Paper
"Thus, the major break between humanistic psychology and the previous schools is its tendency to place an essential importance on the subjective character of psychology. Humanistic psychology sees this subjective experience as the most important factor in understanding the entire human being. Moreover, instead of attempting to atomize experience and understand it in the sense of particular behaviors or disorders, humanistic psychology favors a holistic approach that values the whole of the human being, seeing the mind in the body as related parts of a continuum that affect and are affected by each other in a continuous feedback loop."
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Current Manifestations of Humanistic Psychology, 2006.
This well-researched paper focuses on the latest theories, methods and philosophies relating to the fields of both humanistic psychology and psychotherapy.
3,399 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 29 sources, MLA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the birth of humanistic psychology which was developed in protest against the curtailment of psychoanalysis and behaviorist therapies which primarily viewed the human being as a collection of unconscious impulses or reactors to stimuli. This paper details the views and opinions of numerous experts in the field who contend that humanistic psychology and psychotherapy must be seen as an interpersonal and moral phenomenon which requires significant insight. This in-depth paper focuses primarily on three specific categories of humanistic psychology. One category this paper delves into discusses the self-actualization form of therapy which is concerned with helping individuals discover who they really are while focusing on their potential for self-improvement. This paper also delves into various existential theories and treatments which are currently being used by a large number of humanistic psychotherapists who find these particular forms of treatment to be effective.
From the Paper
"Humanistic psychology developed in protest against the reductionism of psychoanalysis and behaviorism which saw the human being as a bunch of unconscious impulses or reactors to stimuli. The new paradigm sought to treat the "whole person" and found phenomenological/ qualitative approaches better suited to this richer purpose. Maslow, for example, wanted to gain information based on personal, subjective experiences and not on abstract systems. But as Giorgi (2005) points out, the natural science/quantitative influence is still here. He admits that humanistic psychology has been granted a presence in psychology, but shows it is still in the minority. Of the 150,000 APA members, only 610 are members of Division 32, or less than 1/2 of 1%. The bulk of the field of psychology still honors the scientific approach more than the humanistic approach. Humanism is not as strong as psychoanalysis or behaviorism in universities and not as well represented as cognitive psychology."
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Humanistic Psychology, 2004.
An explanation of the concept behind humanistic psychology and a look at some of its more famous proponents.
1,283 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how humanistic psychology, an approach to psychology focusing on self-realization and actualization, suggests that individuals have an innate tendency to seek out self-fulfillment and meaning in their lives, but the ability to find a meaningful existence can be impacted by the individual?s environment. The paper then explores these ideas and how they relate to the author's own insights and individualization. The theories and ideas of several famous proponents of humanistic psychology are discussed as well.
From the Paper
"Carl Rogers is a leading proponent of humanistic psychology. His ideas and theories represent a principal component of humanistic psychology. Humanistic psychology developed during the 1950 and 1960s within the United States; its focus is client centered or person centered approaches to therapy (Cummins, 1996: 108). Carl Rogers help promote the ideal of self realization which is critical to this theory. Rogers published several books that promoted the idea of growth. Rogers postulated that ?the individual has a sufficient capacity to deal constructively with all those aspects of his life which can potentially come into conscious awareness? (Cummins, 1996:108). This ability is derived from internal investigations."
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Humanistic Psychology, 2007.
An overview of the history and evolution of humanistic psychology and its offshoots.
1,587 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the approach of humanistic psychology in the treatment of mental health. It describes the role of humanist therapists (also known as transpersonalists, Gestalt therapists, psycho-physiologists, integral psychologists, mind/body practitioners, postmodernists and human scientists). The paper also describes the history of humanistic psychology and how it has evolved with time and discusses the offshoots that fall under the humanist approach.
From the Paper
"In the 1970s and 80s, the ideas and values of humanistic psychology spread into many areas of society. In addition to the above noted areas, there is also green politics, deep ecology, the feminist and gay rights movements, and the psycho-spiritual wing of the peace movement. This takes into account an integrated and balanced view of human nature and maintaining harmony in the grand scheme of existence. As noted by Maureen O'Hara, past president of the Association for Humanistic Psychologists: "As the world's people demand freedom and self-determination, it is urgent that we learn how diverse communities of empowered individuals, with freedom to construct their own stories and identities, might live together in mutual peace. Perhaps it is not a vain hope that is life in such communities might lead to the advance in human consciousness beyond anything we have yet experienced. ""
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Existential-Humanistic Psychology, 2008.
A case study of a disenchanted young person who can benefit from existential-humanistic psychology.
1,747 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews a case where Sam, a talented young person, is unable to find meaning in his life, lacks commitment to any long-term goals and is worried about what direction he is headed in. The paper outlines existential-humanistic theories and proceeds to offer some techniques and tactics which might serve as an intervention. The paper shows how Sam's problems are best dealt with through specific existential analysis that employs Socratic dialogue and dereflexion.
From the Paper
"The case of Sam Salvo is indeed an interesting one. By his own admission, Sam does not know what to do with his life. He is an honor student but is struggling to find a major and his career direction is, for all intents and purposes, "up in the air". He has rejected the religious tenets of his mother, fights with her regularly, and believes he has no standards with which to make his decisions in life. As well, Sam seems somewhat dilettantish inasmuch as he dabbles in Eastern philosophy without committing himself to it. Clearly, this is a young man who is deeply troubled by a sort of nihilism and who is also directionless."
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Humanistic and Transpersonal Psychologies, 2007.
A comparison of existential-humanistic psychology with transpersonal psychology.
1,163 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the roots and goals of existential-humanistic psychology and transpersonal psychology. The author describes why the theories are fundamentally different, by illustrating the basic principles of each outlook. The historic roots of each theory are described. The author concludes that a belief that people are afraid of non-existence in existential psychology contrasts with the goals that transpersonal psychologies seek in their states of "collective unconscious" or deep meditation, where one transcends the earthly, human body and moves into a state of uniting with the entire universe.
From the Paper
"The Transpersonal Psychologies find their similarities in their approach to the body-mind relationships and transformation. Essentially they believe that the mind controls the body and if you can put your mind at peace, the body will respond. Based on the work of Carl Jung, who first coined the term "transpersonal" (uberpersonlich) in the phrase "transpersonal unconscious" which he used as a synonym for his well-known "collective unconscious," it refers to the human condition as essentially healthy and full of potential, not as ill and diseased (Schneider,2004)."
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Community Psychology And Traditional Psychology, 2002.
Examines the differences between the two schools of psychology.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 9 sources, $ 39.95
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Abstract
Examines the differences between the two schools of psychology. Community as grounded in roots of ecological psychology & the social sciences. Traditional as based upon principles of psychoanalysis, behaviorism & humanistic psychotherapies. Uses actor Robert Downey, Jr. and his chronic substance abuse problems to illustrate how both schools of psychology would analyze his difficulties.
From the Paper
"Community psychology is a specialization within a larger realm encompassing psychology and the social sciences that is grounded in the roots of ecological psychology (What is community psychology..., 2000). Traditional psychology, on the other hand, is based upon fundamental principles of psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanistic psychotherapies (Garfield & Bergin, 1986). The two approaches differ in terms of views, values, and focus. The purpose of this report is to examine the differences between these two schools of psychology with reference to a specific individual seeking help for a life problem. The individual selected is the well-known actor, Robert Downey, Jr., whose substance abuse problems have been tracked in the popular press over the course of the last several years."
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Psychology and the Psychological Study of Human Aggression, 2000.
A look at various psychological studies and opinion on human aggression.
1,695 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 9 sources, $ 54.95
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From the Paper
"Psychology is a science dealing with behavior and mental processes. It concerns the hows and whys of individual human behavior. Psychological research employs the scientific method, which utilizes the techniques and procedures of naturalistic observation and experimentation to deal with facts, data, and their interpretation according to certain principles. In a given study, the dependent variable under study is considered to be a function of the 'independent variables. Typically, one independent variable is manipulated - the experi-mental variable, while the other independent variables are controlled. Statistical methods are then employed to anal, the research data to ascertain if the findings support or refute the experimental hypothesis......."
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Abraham Maslow and Third Force Psychology, 2006.
This paper examines the studies of psychologist Abraham Maslow and third force psychology also known as the humanistic approach to psychology which believes that all people are inherently good.
3,029 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 28 sources, APA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This in-depth paper explores Maslow's career as a trained experimental and quantitative psychologist who rebelled against the current model of abnormal psychology and began to investigate normal individuals for aspects of mental health. This paper also discusses Maslow's critical view of Sigmund Freud's theories. During his career Maslow studied great figures in history including: Abraham Lincoln, Albert Schweitzer and Mahatma Gandhi while he concentrated on the healthy aspects of the human psyche.
His theory of hierarchical needs and the concept of self-actualization arose out of this historical investigation.
Topics covered in this report include:
A Short History of Psychology
Maslow's Rebellion Against Freud, Watson and Skinner
Maslow's Emphasis on the Healthy Personality
The Hierarchy of Needs
Peak Experiences Defined
Maslow's Research on Self Actualizing Personalities
Maslow and Management - a Renaissance of Third Force Psychology
How Can Self-Actualization Assist Societal Growth in the Future?
Conclusion
Footnotes
References
From the Paper
"Abraham Maslow was one of the great personality theorists to emerge from the school of Neo-Freudism. This was a period when therapists were attempting to go beyond Freudian concepts and redefine clinical psychology through other techniques. Some of the reasons they felt compelled to try new ways of communicating with their patients were multi fold. First, psychoanalysis was a very long and expensive process for the patient and it also required that the therapist become a Doctor of Medicine before studying psychoanalysis."
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Positive Psychology, 2007.
This paper discusses the theory of positive psychology in light of the various other psychology theories.
3,553 words (approx. 14.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that positive psychology is a newer branch of psychology that primarily deals with what is 'right' with humans instead of what is 'wrong' with them. The paper discusses how positive psychology is a science that is growing rapidly. The paper explores how it compares to various other forms of psychology and how this new kind of psychology integrates itself with personality traits and theories that are commonly dealt with and addressed when it comes to psychology. The paper concludes that with positive psychology, more medications and therapies are being utilized and many problems that were previously considered to be imagined are being recognized as biological and behavioral problems that need therapy and other means of help.
Outline:
Introduction
Brief Definition of Positive Psychology
How Does Positive Psychology Compare to Other Forms of Psychology?
Integration with Personality Traits and Theory
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The concept of positive psychology has been around for some time, but not under that specific name and not in exactly the same way as it is now. There have been changes made in the area of psychology in recent years, and positive psychology is at the forefront of these changes, because it looks at joy and happiness instead of depression and other mental problems and issues. Not everyone agrees with this type of psychology, however, and some individuals that work in the field of psychology believe that those that work with positive psychology are doing a disservice to their patients because they are not focusing on the real problems that the patients have, and instead just trying to get their patients to 'think positive' and avoid negative thoughts and ideas."
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Ego Psychology, 2005.
An examination of what ego psychology is and how it is applied in the field of psychology.
1,759 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
The paper begins by explaining what the ego psychology theory is and who the main theorists were behind its development. A history of its development is provided as well as a study of the primary components of the theory. The writer then looks at how the theory can be applied to human behavior and development. Criticisms of ego psychology are discussed and the paper concludes with how human behavior can be better understood with the theory.
Paper Outline
Theorists of Ego Psychology
Development of Ego Psychology
Primary Components of Ego Psychology Theory
Ego Psychology Applied to Human Behavior and Development
Strengths of Ego Psychology Theory
Criticisms of Ego Psychology Theory
Understanding Human Behavior through Ego Psychology Theory
References
From the Paper
"Ego psychology comes under the neo-analytic theory. Neo-analytic theory recasts and broadens psychoanalytic theory by underplaying sexuality, and by underplaying the significance of the unconscious. Instead it highlights the role of the ego. There are some neo-analytic theorists who concentrate on the process of the ego, while some concentrate on how the ego relates with and is influenced by other individuals or society or culture. Freud thought that the main job of ego was to intervene among the id, superego and external realism. Ego psychologists vary from Freud by stating that: The ego is concerned in adjustment, i.e. that the aim of behavior is adjustment to the surroundings and that the ego is powerfully concerned; and that the ego prevails from birth. Based on Freud's early works, a number of famous ego psychologists have done their works, but with a better and diverse prominence on ego. These ego psychologists can all be categorized as Neo-analysts. Examples are: Adler; Erikson; Freud; Hartmann; Loevinger and White. (Major Neoanalytic Theories & Theorists)"
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Psychology in the Media, 2005.
A discussion about the way media has turned the practice of psychology in pop-psychology.
1,284 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper offers an examination and criticism of the trend to air people's psychology problems on the media. Focusing on shows like "Dr. Phil" and radio talk shows, the paper argues that psychology has gone public. It states that the success of these types of shows is not about psychology itself, but about the viewer or listener coming out feeling good about themselves.
From the Paper
"The television and radio waves are clogged with programming devoted to helping viewers and listeners sort through their personal and emotional problems before an audience of millions. Log online and a whole world of "help" becomes available for anyone who feels the need to chat about a problem. Bookstores now have entire sections devoted to emotional health and well-being. And even the most mainstream magazines devote space to solving personal problems, whether relationships, phobias, or self-improvement."
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Christopher Peterson's "Primer for Positive Psychology", 2007.
This paper reviews the textbook "Primer for Positive Psychology" by positive psychologist Christopher Peterson, one of the founders of the discipline of positive psychology.
1,375 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 0 sources, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Christopher Peterson in "Primer for Positive Psychology" not only attempts to define positive psychology but also shows how it can be applied to a person's daily life and how it is instrumental in the understanding of happiness. The author points out that the initial purpose of Peterson's narrative is to explain how positive psychology evolved from the primary study of social and cognitive psychology. The paper relates that Peterson makes clear that, while traditional psychology has focused on illness, positive psychology takes a "longitudinal" approach to the examination of happiness and well-being.
From the Paper
"Within Peterson's analysis he attempts to adopt a mediation and unity between the new field of positive psychology and social psychology. He specifically identifies several theories and relationships found in both fields. One of these fields is the understanding that "close social relationships are essential to well-being". Research into the field of human interactions and social dissonance has shown that social relationships are one of the strongest correlates to positive emotions. This is one of the primary mechanisms by which individuals can achieve a positive state of mind."
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