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Human Cloning, 2002.
This paper discusses the need for a moral and ethical system to govern reproductive biotechnologies with emphasis on human cloning.
3,910 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 106.95
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Abstract
The paper evaluates both sides of the arguments around human cloning and an ethical and moral system that effectively deals with the various implications involved. The author feels that, because of the uncertainties involved with the technique of human cloning, the potential risk is more significant than any perceived benefits. This paper presents extensive background material to help understand reproductive biotechnologies and human cloning including a glossary of terms.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Introduction to Reproductive Technologies
History of Cloning
First Mammal Cloning
Syllogistic Argument
Moral and Ethical System for Human Cloning
Glossary of Terms
From the Paper
"A final claim about the negative impact of human cloning is its adverse affect on the human gene pool. If human cloning were to progress to a wide enough scale, it might cause a reduction in human diversity. While the consideration of human cloning en masse is currently not a foreseeable scenario, nevertheless, the government should ensure the protection of the human race by establishing laws that prohibit human cloning."
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Human Cloning, 2000.
An exploration of the ethical dimensions of the human cloning issue.
2,505 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at various arguments against human cloning including how human reproduction needs a connection between males and females; how it is 'playing God'; the affects on identity; and the dangers of 'designer babies'. The writer concludes that cloning is just like any other innovation ans should be taken forward, all be it carefully.
From the Paper
"The arguments against human cloning that this paper will look at fall into the two categories. 1) That the negative consequences of cloning humans outweigh the benefits and/or 2) That human cloning is somehow inherently wrong. This essay will look at various arguments against human cloning including: the idea that human reproduction needs a connection between male and female' the cloning of humans is 'playing God', cloning humans will affect our identity as humans, (particularly any cloned humans) and lastly that it introduces the dangers of 'designer babies' and a grand Eugenic design. My response attempts to be from a Christian perspective informed by arguments derived from current science."
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The Immorality of Human Cloning, 2005.
Argues that human cloning is morally wrong.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
Many people would argue that if science can accomplish the task of human cloning we have an obligation to use it. Leon Kass, a modern philosopher, says that human cloning for reproductive purposes is wrong. After summarizing his position and that of Raanan Gillon, this paper argues in support of Kass' position, indicating why cloning is not just wrong, but why it is immoral.
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Human Cloning, 2004.
This paper discusses the sociological aspects of human cloning.
1,315 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, even though the cloning of Dolly, the sheep, strongly hinted that human beings could and would be cloned next in another madman?s attempt to realize Hitler?s dream, the market for human clones appears attractive, especially for human parts. The author points out that, even though there will be abusers, control freaks, and narcissists who will misuse cloning, the promise of medical miracles stands stronger against these portents, and society?s reproductive policies are in a continuous process of guarding against these abuses and excesses. The paper suggests that a cloned child?s self-perception can be developed from its cloning parent; it can learn about its family?s medical history and, from there, fashion its own future quite the same way its natural siblings would.
From the Paper
"Cloning is most tempting in the field of body transplants, although many people may still feel some objection to it for moral reasons. But defects, accidents and disease continue to point in that clear direction and modern research sustains it. When a particular body organ is transplanted a new body or environment, the cells in the cloned part would begin to recognize their new environment and become more specialized (Dixon). Parents with a history of kidney defects or ailments could decide to submit the mother?s fertilized egg for treatment in a laboratory and have it develop into a perfect, kidney disease-free body. One way is to collect aborted fetuses in a container and to surgically take from them organs and tissues for transplanting to those who need them. Hospitals and clinics, especially abortion clinics, can be contacted or tied-in for these fetuses, for a worthy cause."
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Human Cloning from a Medical Standpoint, 2001.
This paper describes why human cloning is more like an attempt to improve life than destroy it.
680 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 24.95
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Abstract
The following paper discusses the benefits of human cloning. The writer claims that the cloning of human cells is less complex and not as risky as the reproduction of sheep or cows.
From the Paper
?Biotechnology company Advanced Cell Technology Inc. (ACT), based in Worcester, Massachusetts, said the human cloning breakthrough was aimed not at creating a human being but at mining the embryo for stem cells to treat diseases ranging from Parkinson's to juvenile diabetes. Michael West, chief executive officer of ACT hopes to further treatment of ailments such as diabetes, cancer, AIDS, Parkinson' s and Alzheimer's disease (Gallagher, 2001). Sounds more like an attempt to improve life than destroy it. ACT's cloning of a human embryo is the next great step in science.?
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Human Stem Cell Research and Therapy, 2005.
A discussion on the ethical issues related to human stem cell research and therapy.
3,022 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper offers an overview on the scientific background of stem cell research and therapy. It also discusses the ethical issues involved, which include informed consent and ownership and the destruction of embryos when stem cells are harvested. The author explores the slippery slope towards human cloning if therapeutic cloning is not restricted and the commodification of human cells, tissues and embryos.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Stem Cells: What?
Use of Stem Cell in Research and Therapy
Ethical Issues
Informed Consent and Ownership
Destruction of Embryos
Slippery Slopes towards Reproductive Cloning
Commodification
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The discoveries of methods of deriving and culturing human stem cells with nuclear replacement technique have enabled researchers to find out the previously unidentified therapeutic potential of human stem cells. This has stirred up much excitement and hope, and at the meantime, it has also elicited immense controversies and debates. Today, few have doubts about the potential of stem cell research in reducing the suffering of those afflicted with severely debilitating diseases such as Alzheimer's diseases, and the possibility of curing them might not be far-off. However, some are alarmed by the rapid development of this area of study. They insisted that such research is to be regulated and restricted, even though its results are beneficial for human's well being. Between the pro- and anti-stem cell research groups, no consensus has been reached, and the debate continues."
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Reproduction of the Canadian Labor Force, 2008.
An analysis of the meaning and effect of the reproduction of the Canadian labor force.
1,026 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the question of what it means to say that the Canadian population is reproduced from the perspective of labor force reproduction. It discusses the effects of the intersection of fertility and immigration over labor force reproduction. It then discusses how this reproduction has shaped the economic structures of society in the interest of big business.
From the Paper
"Thus, the labor force of Canada was not biologically reproducing itself on a generational basis by the last decades of the twentieth century. In order to meet this shortfall, the Government of Canada resorted to immigration to supply a labor force to meet the demands of the Canadian economy. These demands are complex, for the Labor Force Reproduction model indicates that the economy needs a labor supply not only in terms of production but also to consume the goods produced. As a result, in the years in which the Canadian fertility rates were declining (after 1956) the Canadian immigration levels were increasing. From 1954 to 1992 Canada accepted 5.7 million immigrants. These immigrants fulfilled a wide number of economic roles in Canadian society, from contributing as business class immigrants and supplying entrepreneurial investment funds, to those who work in the commercial and corporate sectors. In addition, we must not forget the significant numbers of immigrants who worked as unpaid labor - often women - and so subsidized the paid labor force in Canada."
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Labour Reproduction Force, 2008.
This paper looks at the changes in the Canadian population from a labour force reproduction perspective.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that a labour force reproduction (LFR) perspective allows insights into how populations reproduce themselves in the context of economic change, with fertility and immigration being contributory factors over time. As this essay argues, in discussing how the Canadian population is (re)produced from a LFR perspective, the use of this perspective allows us to understand critical issues of power and, in particular, who gains from such a reproduction process. In this analysis, one can see how a labour force reproduction perspective allows us to understand how fertility rates and immigration factor into postwar Canadian economic growth. The writer concludes that changes in the LFR model reflect broader economic changes under globalization that reveal how corporate interests profit significantly from this reproduction process.
From the Paper
"However, the LFR model extended far beyond the shop floor, and can be understood as part of a larger vision of social organization whereby the single-wage earning family was promoted as the primary model for both the reproduction of labour - in the form of children - as well as of consumption. Thus, industrialists such as Ford recognized that it was in the self-interests of industry that they create well-paying jobs, as these well-paid workers were also prosperous consumers of the products assembly line mass production was creating across North America. Thus, the Fordist LFR model can be seen as a cycle by which the industrial economy reproduces itself over time."
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The Ethical Implications of Human Cloning, 2004.
A consideration of the ethical implications of human cloning and the legal steps, if any, which should be taken to regulate this area of scientific development.
4,538 words (approx. 18.2 pages), 28 sources, APA, $ 118.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the ethical implications surrounding reproductive and therapeutic cloning, including issues such as the right to an open future, commodification of children, the risk of psychological harm to the clone, the right to indiviudality and the "Kantian Ends and Means Dictum". It shows that although many moral objections to cloning can be theoretically rebutted, by adopting an approach which views the welfare of the resultant clone as the paramount consideration in the cloning debate, it is concluded that such a practice should never be allowed. It also considers the current legal regulation of cloning and concludes that the status quo should be maintained.
Outline
Introduction
Reproductive Cloning
Current Situation
Procreative Autonomy
Safety Implications
Intrinsic Sense of Immorality
Individuality
The Right to an Open Future
Commodification
Psychological Harm
Human Dignity and the Kantian ?Ends and Means? Dictum
Fear of Eugenics
Therapeutic Cloning
The Moral Status of the Embryo
The ?Slippery Slope? Argument
Should Therapeutic Cloning be Permissible?
Legal Regulation of Cloning
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One of the central tenets of the cloning debate is whether a person has the right, as articulated by Dworkin, to ?procreative autonomy?. He defines this as a right to control one?s own role in procreation unless the state has a compelling reason for denying them that control. Following from this, Harris contends that ?genetic imperative? is a fundamental aspect of the right to procreative autonomy and since society grants the legitimacy of genetic aspirations in so many cases and indeed the use of advanced technology to meet such desires, only compelling and serious reasons could deny people such wishes in the case of cloning. Although Dworkin and Harris assert that there is insufficient evidence of harm to justify interfering with this freedom of an individual, a consideration of the following ethical issues will demonstrate that what is at stake if cloning is permitted outweighs the right of an individual to procreative freedom."
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Women's Health and Human Life Protection, 2006.
Presents a memorandum on HB 1215 - Women's Health and Human Life Protection Act - and includes a voting recommendation.
809 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that HB 1215, or the Women's Health and Human Life Protection Act, bans all abortions in the state of South Dakota, except if necessary to save the mother's life. The writer notes that sponsors and supporters of this bill believe that abortion is wrong because unborn children are the most vulnerable members of society. The writer then points out that such supporters designed this bill to challenge the Supreme Court's ruling in "Roe v. Wade", which defines the current U.S. law on abortion. The writer then points out that many Americans believe it is immoral for the government to interfere with their fellow citizens' private reproductive decisions, and that passing HB 1215 might result in extensive political conflicts. The writer therefore proposes to vote against HB 1215.
Outline:
Introduction
Key Points
Argument for Voting against HB 1215
Recommendation
From the Paper
"In fact, existing law mandates a 24-hour waiting period and counseling prior to the procedure. Girls under the age of 16 must also notify a parent. No South Dakota doctor will perform the procedure therefore the Sioux Falls Planned Parenthood Clinic is the sole clinic that agrees to do so once a week, flying in doctors from Minnesota. Consequently, only 0.2%, or approximately 800 out of a total 390,000 South Dakota women will opt for an abortion annually."
"Should HB 1215 be signed into law, abortion opponents are confident Roe v. Wade could be overturned. So far, 14 states have considered bills that would ban abortion in all or most cases, according to NARAL Pro-Choice America. This ban may set a precedent and swing the vote in those states, including nearly every state in the South and some of the states across the industrial Rust Belt, states that have already enacted most of the abortion restrictions now allowed."
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Ethics of Reproduction, 2002.
This paper focuses on the ethics of the various aspects of reproduction and their effects on our one ecosystem.
1,305 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the growing human population is having a devastating effect on the earth's resources. The author presents many different scenarios that support the argument that human population growth must be curbed in order to prevent the earth's destruction. Some of the materials presented include the relationship between humans and the ecosystem and how over the years, human insensitivities have progressively damaged this ecosystem. Some of the topics discussed also include how the ecosystem is affected by pollution, water shortages, global warming, increased meat and fish consumption and excessive stripping of the forests, which according to the research presented by this author, are all a result of over-population.
From the Paper
"When this occurs naturally, such as the conversion of forest to grassland due to fires by lightning, it is called ?ecosystem development or ecological succession? (Ecosystem pg). Carrying capacity refers to the number or organisms that a particular environment can support. ?If the carrying capacity of an ecosystem is exceeded by overpopulation, there will be insufficient resources and one or more species will decline? until balance is restored (Ecosystem pg). And if the population is less than the carrying capacity of an environment, then the number of a species will increase until it balances the available resources (Ecosystem pg). Humans all too often disrupt the carrying capacity of an area by over-grazing on grasslands, over-culling a species, or introducing a non-indigenous species into an area (Ecosystem pg). However, other forms of human activity are having consequential effects on the ecosystem of the planet."
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Mechanical Reproduction of Images, 2002.
Explores the way in which the mechanical reproduction of images e.g., television, distorts our vision of reality.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This essay discusses how mechanical reproduction has resulted in the retreat from reality. The techno-formulation of reality, which is the mechanical reproduction of images, has served to change human perception. The problem of prime time television serves as an example of this reality, since it fosters graphic incoherence.
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Theory of Reproduction, 2005.
Examines Aristotle's Metaphysical Notion and theory of reproduction.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
Many scholars of today tend to view and analyze Aristotle's theory of reproduction and especially of the place of the female in society with sympathy. In this essay, the author argues that the purpose of Aristotle's theory of reproduction was to establish the inferiority of women to man and that he methodically deduced the conclusion that the female is an incomplete or mutilated male.
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Reproduction in Art, 2005.
A review of the impact art reproductions had on media development in the 20th century.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 0 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper considers the influence new forms of reproduction beginning in the nineteenth century had on the development of media in the twentieth century, noting how images could be more widely disseminated. This was certainly a change over earlier times, but also the possibility of reproduction and the actual reproduction itself, influenced media in other ways as well.
From the Paper
"The ability to make reproductions of images and of works of art has had a major influence on how media developed in the twentieth century. This change has been similar on one level to the massive change brought about when the reproduction of written works became possible with the printing press. Prior to that, books had to be made by hand, one at a time, often with elaborate illustrations and decorations called illumination. Such books were expensive and rare, and few people had access to them. The same was long true of works of art - only those able to travel to where the artwork was kept could view it."
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Human Reproduction, 2002.
A philosophical discussion on the right to human reproduction.
3,260 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper explores technological reproductive reform and if it causes greater harm to women if they engage in these technologies or if they do not? The paper continues to discuss if reproduction is a right or a privilege. The author also considers whether the answer to this question changes when considering gender.
From the Paper
"In light of the devastating effects that being infertile has on women, through no fault of their own, at least no more fault than a person who has a heart attack, it could be argued that they have the right to reproduce or at the very least the right to choose. If a person has a fundamental right to reproduce, then society through governments, policy and legislation, has an obligation to ensure that effective reproductive technologies are affordable, safe and readily available to all individuals. Further, feminists have an obligation to lobby for the necessary changes needed to make reproductive technologies safe and beneficial and not criticize those who choose to use them."
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