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Human Behavior, Physiology and Freedom, 2002.
This paper is a personal essay which argues that human behavior is the result of physiology and the physical environment.
2,005 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that it is difficult to ascertain whether behavioral changes are the result of purely environmental or worldly changes or more probably a combination of the worldly happenings and subsequent physiological changes that follow. The author believes that even if a perfect human being were to be formed, there is no guarantee that this individual will act ?appropriately? as designated by society. The author conjectures that the science of freedom would likely define freedom as the ability to decide mentally what is right and wrong, what is best and what is unworthy for any individual in particular.
From the Paper
"For example, take an average individual, with characteristically ?normal? behavior. A disaster occurs, a worldly event such as 9/11 where the person in question loses a loved one. The person, suffering a great loss and concern loses interest in every day activities, including working, taking care of the children and eating. The subsequent lack of nutrition that follows and the build up of stress hormones in the body results in physiological changes, which ultimately may lead to the person becoming depressed. Once depressed, further physiological changes may occur as medications may or may not be introduced that disrupt the chemistry of the body and result in variant behavior."
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Human Physiology in Space, 2004.
An examination of the human body's reaction to a space environment.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the physiological changes to the human body during space travel. Early predictions of the response of humans to spaceflight assumed that space adaptation would be analogous to human disease processes rather than to normal physiology. Through studies of bed-rested healthy adults and medical examinations of crews returning from space, we now recognize the adaptive nature of the responses to spaceflight or its ground-based models. e are also aware of the necessity to minimize the flight-induced changes so that crews maintain their Earth-readiness and avoid injury on landing. Lack of gravitational loading affects multiple physiological systems, especially support structures that are particularly vulnerable to injury during reentry and renewed exposure to gravitational forces. Thus, most crew members exercise extensively during flight. Although many physiological systems appear to be affected by spaceflight, only the cardiovascular, neurovestibular, and musculoskeletal systems are covered in this paper.
The paper includes illustrations.
Table of Contents
Table of Illustrations
Introduction
The Cardiovascular System
The Neurovestibular System
The Musculoskeletal System
Summary
Bibliography
From the Paper
"As soon as they switch to an internal alignment and use the feet to signal down, they are able to function normally. Upon return to Earth, the brain is confused once again as gravity is now available for orientation. This confusion creates postural instability that is compounded with the cardiovascular difficulty in standing. Also, reflexes associated with posture are slowed even on short-duration missions. With long-duration flights, changes in reflexes may become a major issue."
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Adolescent Television Behavior and Actual Behavior, 2002.
Examination of adolescent behavior as depicted on television; compared with actual adolescent behavioral patterns.
4,838 words (approx. 19.4 pages), 20 sources, APA, $ 123.95
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Abstract
This study uses content analysis to examine adolescent television drama program behavior as compared to actual adolescent behavioral statistics from the National Center for Health Statistics. Issues of sexual behavior, alcohol usage and drug usage were analyzed. This work contributes to cultivation theory; the culmination of similar messages on fictional adolescent television drama programs re-enforces impressions that are not based on reality.
From the Paper
"Media can be described in many ways and forms. It is the dissemination of news, events, and information as well as a portrayal of America. It contains movies, sitcoms, dramas, comedies, news, and world events that all shape our reality of what the world is. Television more specifically is so popular because its function is to be a mirrored image of what America is, its beliefs, and ideas. Because it performs this function, it is considered entertainment. This industry is a multi-billion dollar industry that centers around two words: money and people. It does not necessarily have to be accurate for people to believe it. People will believe what they find to be interesting whether it is true or not, based upon no actual proof. This is why the media can get away with straying from the truth, because people do not care whether what they absorb is true. Truth is a very powerful concept that most people take too lightly. Most people will not admit that what they watch on television, hear on the radio, or read in the newspaper affects them. However, it has been proven through the cultivation theory that this effect is present, it does occur, and it subsequently affects the way a country perceives itself. This is how the media ultimately controls the power of thought."
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"Human Sexual Response" ( William Masters and Virginia Johnson ), 1999.
Examines methods, techniques and findings of this study of anatomy and the physiology of sexual response.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 39.95
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Abstract
Masters' and Johnson's Human Sexual Response is a report on the authors' long-term study of the anatomy and physiology of human sexual response conducted during the years 1954-66. The authors' preface briefly addresses the climate of fear and suspicion that had surrounded all previous attempts at such investigation and deplores the lack of a supportive response from the biological or psychological science communities for projects of this type.
From the Paper
"Masters' and Johnson's Human Sexual Response is a report on the authors' long-term study of the anatomy and physiology of human sexual response conducted during the years 1954-66. The authors' preface briefly addresses the climate of fear and suspicion that had surrounded all previous attempts at such investigation and deplores the lack of a supportive response from the biological or psychological science communities for projects of this type. Their study, limited in this volume to the clinical examination of the nature of sexual response, is presented as "a first step toward an open-door policy" and future research based in "investigative objectivity" (vii). It follows from the initial investigations of sexual behavior conducted by Kinsey from 1938 to 1952 which, as the authors note, did include questions of physiology and anatomy. In order to achieve ..."
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Human Sexuality, 2007.
This paper discusses the philosophy of human sexuality.
2,253 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the study of human sexuality and gender roles is a discipline complicated by a vast range of biases and prejudices. The writer notes that it may be arguable, with some justification, that it is impossible to approach this study from an unbiased perspective given our common humanity that the degree to which each of us is implicated in social relationships and influenced by our hormonal and physiological conditions. Within this context, this essay explores the questions of how sexuality and gender roles are constructed and the issues associated with medical interventions with regard to determining sexuality and gender roles. This essay argues the thesis that while sex is generally biologically determined, sexual orientation and gender roles are often - though not necessarily exclusively - socially constructed. Given this perspective, it is argued that medical interventions in these areas become highly problematic given the likelihood that they will be based upon not necessarily the patient's best interests, but the social preoccupations and biases of the medical intervenor.
From the Paper
"Thus, the numbers of truly inter-sexed infants may be assumed to be so small as to be statistically insignificant. While Kessler argues convincingly that physicians' socially constructed biases with respect to sexual orientation influence their interventions in inter-sexed infants, the fact remains that the numbers of such cases are so small as to not affect the overall conclusion that humanity is - in the vast majority - determined biologically by sex into male and female."
"Beyond this, however, evidence suggests that sexual orientation and gender roles may be significantly influenced by social construction to the point that the latter may often be the dominant factor in determining these roles."
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Exercise Physiology--An Article Review, 2007.
This paper summarizes and critiques an article about exercise physiology entitled "Effects of Moderate Exercise on Metabolic Responses and Respiratory Exchange Ration (RER)" by Toda, et. al.
1,098 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews an article that describes a study on exercise physiology and its relation to insulin resistance. The review presents the aim and hypothesis of the article in Part I. Part II of the paper consists of a critique and evaluation of the scientific merit of the study. The review concludes that the rationale for designing a study to probe the question of how much exercise and at what level is required in order to facilitate fatty acid utilization, was well founded.
Outline
Part I: Summary
Part II: Critique
From the Paper
"The hypothesis of the study is that fatty acids are available for energy even following short-term exercise (109). In other words, the authors designed this study to test the notion that fatty acid utilization could be increased even following lower levels of physical exertion and exercise. If this proved to be the case, then it would open up an incredible wealth of exercise methods and regiments for counteracting insulin resistance."
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Reproductive Physiology, 2002.
This paper deals with the culture of reproduction and reproductive physiology.
3,900 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 15 sources, $ 142.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses premenstrual syndrome, post-partum depression and the practice of female circumcision or clitirodectomy. The author concludes that women's bodies and experiences, particularly in the realm of reproductive physiology have been appropriated by medical paradigms.
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G-force and Pilot Physiology, 2005.
A look at the effects of G-force on pilot physiology.
1,521 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the need to understand the relationship between G-forces and human physiology is greater now than at any previous time in the history of powered flight, since the phenomenon of G-force-induced pilot incapacitation was initially identified by the very first generation of military combat pilots during the First World War.
From the Paper
"Einstein demonstrated that linear acceleration and gravity are precisely equivalent forces. As a direct consequence of this principle, a 150-pound pilot with an eight-pound skull pulling 4 G's weighs (literally) 600 pounds and experiences his own head as weighing thirty-two pounds (Talleur, 2003). When one considers the importance of instantaneous 360-degree visibility, rapidly changing flight paths of multiple adversaries
in aerial combat maneuvers, and the necessity of quick hand and foot movements in the cockpit, the implications of G-force buildup are rather obvious. For the same reason,aircraft capable of producing high G-forces in departure from controlled flight have been equipped with explosive powered ejection seats, virtually since the dawn of the jet age
(Talleur, 2003)."
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Music, Physiology and Performance, 2004.
A research paper on the relationship between music and human physiology.
5,336 words (approx. 21.3 pages), 29 sources, MLA, $ 131.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that temporally, music?s structure has many determining characteristics, which shape affective properties (such as tempo and tonality). Throughout this paper these structural characteristics are explored, accompanied by an exploration of the ability of music to elicit emotions, the link between performance (both visual and manual) and emotions and the relationship between music and physiological response. Conclusions of this review involve general methodological considerations for future research and potential hypotheses to be explored.
From the Paper
"Music is a key element of everyday life; its role within society is divergent, and temporally, music takes on many forms. Such variation in temporal structure allows for diverse utilisation, thus permitting music to pervade all cultures and play a significant role in the majority of social and religious rituals, such as birthdays, weddings and funerals. The affective properties of musical stimuli upon behaviour appear as the source of much research throughout psychology with theories regarding its effects and emotive properties being recruited, and adapted, from non-musical literature (Ritossa and Rickard, 2004). With such apparent impact upon individuals throughout society, the profound effects of music deserve further exploration. This paper shall conduct such an exploration with the primary focus concerning the impact of musical exposure upon affective states, arousal, performance (both visual and manual), and physiological reactions."
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Environmental Physiology, 1994.
This paper discusses environmental physiology: Negative effects of high altitude, diving and extreme temperatures, oxygen deprivation, acclimatization, endurance, shock, decompression and precautions.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 11 sources, $ 87.95
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From the Paper
"Normal physiologic function depends on the maintenance of a uniform internal environment. This is achieved through a variety of adaptive mechanisms which enable the body to respond to changes in the external environment. Adaptive phenomena become most evident in environmental extremes. Three such situations include high altitude, diving, and extremes of temperature. These adverse conditions test the body's ability to maintain its independence from continuous changes in the external world.
At high elevations, barometric pressure is markedly decreased (5:462). This is due to the fact that the weight of the atmosphere is considerably less than at sea level. One result of the decreased barometric pressure is fewer oxygen molecules per unit volume. This lower oxygen partial pressure (PO2) is the primary factor ... "
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Physiology Of Pressure/Altitude, 2004.
An overview of the physiological changes that take place in the body when exposed to high altitudes.
1,356 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the physiological changes that occur in the body at high altitude, particularly in respect to the heart. The paper examines what happens to the body during short-term exposure and long-term exposure to high altitude, and exposure to extremely high altitudes.
From the Paper
"Several circulatory changes mediated by stimulation of the carotid body which causes activation of the sympathetic nervous system are stimulated by short-term altitude exposure less than three or four days. These changes occur within a few minutes of altitude exposure and are related to a transient epinephrine secretion combined with a more sustained secretion of norepinephrine. These cause immediate changes which include an increase in ventilation, increased heart rate, increased cardiac output and an elevation of blood pressure. There is also an increase in coronary blood flow."
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Introduction to the Human Body, 2004.
Examines the basic anatomical features of the body.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and explains some basic anatomical features of the body such as the anatomical position, planes and sections through the human body, and homeostasis. Relation of anatomy to physiology.
From the Paper
"The principle of complementarity was developed by Nils Bohr while working in the field of atomic physics, but can be applied to any science. It is an epistemological principle that essentially means that nothing can be studied in isolation, different aspects of the same organ can help us understand its true function in life. An organ's structure cannot be studied without understanding how it functions in the living system. Anatomy relates to physiology in that..."
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Anatomy and Physiology, 2008.
This paper studies hepatic portal circulation and fetal circulation.
1,534 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the hepatic portal system in terms of clinically relevant anatomy. The fetal circulation, in conjunction with the portal system as well as the important anatomic shunts, are also discussed along with changes to this special type of circulation after birth. The writer also looks at the relevant physiology in relation to these circulation circuits as well as pathological disorders associated with each. The writer concludes that the fetal circulation bears many differences from adult circulation, particularly the presence of two distinct circulation systems, shunts that divert blood from less metabolically-demanding organs, a relatively high right heart blood pressure and relatively high tolerance of fetal circulation towards low oxygen tension.
Outline:
Anatomy
Main Pathological Disorders
Summary
Physiology
From the Paper
"The hepatic portal system is a significant part of the circulation of the upper gut. It is an unusual system in that it drains blood from the small and large intestines and shunts it elsewhere. The blood, instead of returning to the heart, is diverted to the liver where a variety of metabolic processes are accomplished. This blood, while partially oxygen-depleted as it leaves the intestinal tissue, supplies the liver cells with oxygen and is also nutrient-rich, providing them with the necessary substrates to produce energy and synthesize the different building blocks for the rest of the body."
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Terrorists or Freedom Fighters - A Decision of Perception. Terrorists or Freedom Fighters?, 2002.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This is a question of perspective and of side. Depending upon the side you find yourself upon, your ideology, and your religion, determining who is fighting for the greater good and who is simply a terrorist is an impossibility of perception. Culturally, there is a great deal of support for freedom fighters. They are associated with the development of anti-oppression movements that we most closely associate with the American Revolution. To the British, the Boston Massacre was the suppression of terrorists, to the Americans, it was the massacre of innocents seeking nothing more than personal and communal freedom. This is how the world perceives Afghanis, members of Al Qaeda, and the combatants in Chechnya - as either terrorists or freedom fighters. It is the purpose of this paper to examine differences in perspectives on terrorism and how each group is perceived.
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Sports Physiology: Women vs. Men, 2000.
An examination of the biological differences between men and women when they exercise.
1,287 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how it is an evolutionary fact that neither men nor women are born equally and how the genomes of males and females are designed to be different so that physiologically males generally have higher levels of muscular mass, maximal aerobic and anaerobic power. It concentrates on these processes and attempts to explain why there are differences in these between men and women.
From the Paper
"A women?s maximal strength in either isometric or dynamic contractions of the leg muscles is on average sixty-five to seventy five percent of a mans maximum value. For trunk muscles women have only sixty to seventy percent of their male counter parts maximal values. The major disadvantage in maximal strength is in elbow flexion and extension. Females can only attain fifty percent of the male?s maximum. Women have a smaller muscle mass than men so their maximal muscle strength will be different. There is no evidence for sex differences in the quality of skeletal muscle so it is concluded that muscle mass determines the potential for developing strength."
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