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Integration of Hong Kong and China's Economies, 2006.
This paper examines the shift in Hong Kong's economy from one of manufacturing goods to one of providing services and explores the integration of this economy with the economy of mainland China.
2,499 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
The economy of Hong Kong has, over the past few decades, made significant changes toward becoming a service-oriented one as opposed to being focused on manufacturing. This shift has resulted in greater integration with the mainland of China due to the large number of manufacturing jobs being exported to the mainland as a result of the cheaper labor available there as well as due to the Chinese demand for the services provided by Hong Kong. This paper explores Hong Kong's evolution from a primarily goods-based economy to one heavily tilted towards services, and the effects of these shifts as documented in other economies as well as the duplication of these changes in Hong Kong. It also explains the factors which encourage greater integration with mainland China as a result of this shift. This has resulted in a beneficial relationship for the two nations' economic situations.
From the Paper
"In 1997, control of the British colony of Hong Kong was officially transferred to the People's Republic of China, politically and otherwise officially integrating two entities which had, for years, been enmeshed with one another in many ways. In accordance with the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong, administrative and certain other controls shifted to mainland China, and many of the vestiges of colonial British rule were removed."
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Hong Kong and the Lapse to China., 2005.
A review of three works discussing Hong Kong's uniqueness and its 1997 lapse to China.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 3 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper is a review of three works by foreign correspondents long stationed in Hong Kong. It discusses the uniqueness of Hong Kong and the machinations producing the 1984 Anglo-Sino Agreement and changes through to 1997 and beyond. The paper describes the way in which the correspondents criticize the British diplomatic performance, the Hong Kong business elite and the terms of the Agreement.
From the Paper
"Three Studies of Hong Kong and the 1997 Lapse to Mainland China. Through the 1990s, much that was published on Hong Kong centered on the impending Communist Chinese takeover of the colony with the end of its British jurisdiction. The three works discussed, here, present accounts of events leading up to the 1997 transfer of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China (PRC), all of them by foreign correspondents of long exposure to Hong Kong, in efforts to explain a unique city and its possible future, as part of the PRC. Kevin Rafferty's volume, City on the Rocks - Hong Kong's Uncertain Future, is the most readable and detailed account."
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Hong Kong, China, 1998.
A look at the new challenges facing Hong Kong as one of the world's premiere trade ports and economically free markets.
1,503 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the history of Hong Kong through the modern era and its place among the economic powerhouses of the world. Its focus is placed primarily on trade export and labor statistics, along with the new governmental reforms imposed after the nation's return to Chinese rule. It looks at how the the overall outlook for the economy of Hong Kong, China, looks good and how, of all the Asian economies, its is by far the most resilient.
From the Paper
"Hong Kong was established as a separate territorial unit in 1842, as part of settlement between Britain and China following the First Opium War (1841-42). The original reason for the occupation of Hong Kong was the need for a base for trade with China. Under the Treaty of Nanjing (1842), China ceded the Hong Kong Island to Britain ?in perpetuity,? opened up its ports to foreign trade, and conceded the right of extraterritoriality to British consuls. In 1860, following the Second Opium War (1858-60), China ceded the Kowloon peninsula to Britain. Finally, following the Japan-China war of 1894-95, Britain demanded the lease of the area north of Kowloon in order to secure control of the northern shore of the harbor and a wide area of land beyond for defense purposes. China leased this territory to Britain for 99 years under the Convention of Peking beginning July 1, 1898 (Dodsworth/Mihajek, 1997)."
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China and Hong Kong, 2004.
An exploration of the impact that China has had upon Hong Kong since 1997.
1,973 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how things have proceeded very well for Hong Kong in the change of rule from Great Britain to China, with the exception of issues concerning the prostitution and abduction of women. It looks at how it appears that China and Hong Kong have found core principles in common and will be productive in the new stance of governance.
Outline
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
History of Hong Kong
What Are They Doing to the Women?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Those of the 66 percentile in adherence to the Chinese folk religion hold beliefs that are a combination of Buddhism, Animism, Confucianism, Taoism, and other beliefs. The main language is Cantonese with English as the second language and third being that of Mandarin. There are three regions in Hong Kong, that of the Island, the mainland Kowloon Peninsula and the New Territories or Lantau Island. A mere 28 percent of the land is rural with much of the land being either hilly or nearby the sea. The climate is one of subtropical moistness with warm equator winds. The average temperature annually is 72 percent. The economy is struggling after having been in recession."
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Hong Kong, 2004.
This paper discusses the lost identity of Hong Kong after the 1997 return to China.
3,570 words (approx. 14.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, with the handover of Hong Kong to China, the identity of Hong Kong is undergoing a changing reality as witnessed by the changing identity of Hong Kong?s culture seen through its media and press. The author points out that many Hong Kong residents are now convinced that the culture and identity of Hong Kong rests not upon its citizens but on the government of China, thus challenging the future of human rights and democracy in Hong Kong. The paper states that many people believe that China has no interest whatsoever in the media and press freedom of Hong Kong as long as the economy of the country is resonant.
From the Paper
"Hence, China can do or undo any rules and promises it previously made to the Hong Kongers. China can very easily use its legal documents and texts to justify its actions. Leaders worldwide have now begun to show their concern over the media change in Hong Kong. It is highly essential for Hong Kong to maintain its media identity since it greatly relies on it. Despite China?s promise to the mass population of Hong Kong regarding their freedom of press and expression, Hong Kong today is an entirely different place than it was before the hand over. According to Lin Neumann, ?The climate of free expression in Hong Kong has shifted in subtle but distinct ways: In the vibrant Hong Kong press, self-censorship has become a fact of life."
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Hong Kong's Economy, 2002.
A look at the history of the success of Hong Kong's economy.
2,914 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Hong Kong, once a vibrant manufacturing center of Asia, is fast becoming the financial hub of the continent. It shows how with its immense human resource in the financial sector and its expertise in handling export services, it is fast becoming the main business gateway of China. It analyzes the various economic reasons that have redefined Hong Kong?s role from being a largely production centric economy towards a service oriented economy.
Outline
Thesis
Introduction
Economic Growth
Hong Kong - China Industrial Relocation
Effects of Investments in China
Manufacturing Hub (A Declining Trend)
Reasons for the Shift
Hong Kong (Growing Entrepot Trade)
Tax Policies
Offshore Income (Tax Exemption)
Low Tax (Capital Income)
History of Hong Kong Currency
Aftermath of Reversion to China
China?s Entry into WTO (Implications for Hong Kong)
The Growing Financial Market
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In December 2000 the monetary authority of Hong Kong introduced the US dollar settlement system. It is widely perceived that the introduction the US dollar payment system within Hong Kong was initiated with a view to further boosting Hong Kong?s potential as a financial service sector. The new US dollar payment system is in tune with Hong Kong?s export oriented economy. Joseph Yam, chief secretary of Hong Kong?s monetary Authority said the new system, "is part of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority's continuing program of building financial infrastructure under its strategy for developing Hong Kong as the financial hub of Asia,?. He further adds, ?Because the exchange rate link suits an externally oriented, Entrepot economy, it will continue to serve Hong Kong well in its expanding role as a regional and international hub, as China enters the WTO.""
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The 'Handover' of Hong Kong, 2002.
An analysis of the 'hand over' of Hong Kong in 1997 and the three sides involved, the British and Chinese governments and the people of Hong Kong.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 17 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the various groups involved in the 'hand over' of Hong Kong on July 1, 1997. There were three groups of stakeholders involved: the governments in London and Beijing, and the population of Hong Kong both its elite, 'tycoon' leadership and popular forces. This paper identifies each group's interests and objectives, and their success in achieving them in the past decade of extensive political and socio-economic change.
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Democracy in Hong Kong, 2002.
Looks at the history of Hong Kong's political and economic culture and how it relates to the future of democracy in Hong Kong.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 25 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
The following discussion proposes to assess the history of Hong Kong in terms of political culture and democracy. Initially, the country's famed role as an Asian Tiger in the period from 1960 to 1990 is explored. The anti-democratic bias of the national economic strategy is outlined. Then events surrounding the handover itself and subsequent political events are assessed. Next, this summer's election of the 'election committee' is examined. Finally, Hong Kong's culture of dynamism, dialectic and diversity will be examined.
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Hong Kong Students in Toronto, 2008.
A discussion of the challenges facing Hong Kong students studying in Toronto.
1,695 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the challenges facing Hong Kong students studying in Toronto. The paper explains that these students face social and cultural problems because Chinese people have experienced a great deal of discrimination in Canada and this has resulted in a high degree of isolation from mainstream Canadian culture for many of these students.
The paper further points out that in order to examine the experiences of international students from Hong Kong in Toronto it is necessary to look at these experiences from a social and cultural perspective, as well as an educational perspective. The paper shows that differences between Hong Kong and Canada cause challenges for Hong Kong students studying in Toronto because they come from a very mixed system and then have to learn a totally new way of doing things that is very different from either of the systems with which they are familiar.
Outline:
Introduction
Hong Kong: A Special Case In China
Hong Kong Students In Toronto Universities
Social and Cultural Challenges
Educational Difficulties
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The number of students from Hong Kong in Toronto Universities is extremely difficult to determine. This is mainly due to the fact that statistics are largely deal with the national level. There are very few statistics available for individual cities. However, universities obtain data on how many students they obtain for given countries. York University had approximately 115 students from Hong Kong in 2002. The University of Toronto had approximately 280 students from Hong Kong is 2007. There are also approximately 80 students from Hong Kong at Ryerson. These figures indicate that there are approximately 475 students from Hong Kong studying in Toronto.
"Chinese people in Canada seem to experience a wide range of social and cultural challenges. Probably one of the largest challenges faced by most Chinese students in Toronto is the difficulty that many English speaking Canadians have with certain aspects of Chinese culture. Many Chinese students use English names so that English speaking Canadians will not struggle with their Chinese names. "
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Hong Kong and World War II, 2007.
A comparative analysis of three different articles relating to the 1941 attack of the Japanese army on Hong Kong and Japanese occupation till the end of the War in 1945.
3,226 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses, from different perspectives, the 1941 attack of the Japanese Imperial Army on Hong Kong and the brutal Japanese occupation there till the end of the War in 1945. It examines three scholarly articles that are seen to relate to the same broad topic of how events during World War II in Asia continue to shape thinking on Japan, more than 50 years later, in matters of power and strategy involving China, Japan, the U.S. and other influences. June Teufel Dreyer is introduced as an American follower of East Asian affairs and the author of an article on Japan and China that seems more American in scope than Asian. Richard J. Aldrich's study of British secret intelligence in Asia during World War II is then discussed in relation to Hong Kong. The third paper is by Kent Fedorowich on a British diplomat's view of Hong Kong before the colony fell to the Japanese.
Outline:
Introduction
On Sino-Japanese Rivalry
Allied Intelligence in World War II - Hong Kong
Hong Kong on the Eve of its Occupation
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
" When Hong Kong fell to the Japanese, civilians were interned and thousands of Indian, British and Canadian soldiers that had tried to defend the colony became prisoners of war, many of them dying of disease, starvation and general abuse. (CBC 1972) Consulting Greenhous's summary of the 2,000 Canadians defeated at Hong Kong's struggle against the Japanese showed the takeover as something that people in Hong Kong would remember for many years. (1997) The soldiers fought from December 8 to 18, 1941, the Imperial Japanese Army often killing the wounded just as they viciously attacked civilians. When the Japanese took control of the colony the people lived on tiny rations, the actual takeover as brutal as anywhere in Asia the Japanese conquered. The people of Hong Kong till the lapse of 1997 were used to seeing Communist China as a place of oppression and perhaps unwanted designs on the future of Hong Kong, but Japan stayed in mind as the greater enemy, and a potential new threat. "
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Hong Kong and Human Rights, 2005.
This paper explores the response of Hong Kong business networks to China's effort to push Article 23 there, including forming networks everywhere.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 0 sources, $ 178.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the response of Hong Kong business networks to China's effort to push Article 23, among other changes affecting human rights, in Hong Kong. The paper includes thematic sections on the separate Hong Kong identity that prevails. The paper discusses forming new networks across the world, whose unitary feature can be anti-Communist sentiment, or general mistrust of Beijing.
From the Paper
"This paper tells of a perhaps little recognized role that is played by Hong Kong's business networks, in their usual family connections, across two or more countries. Manuel Castells has referred to the traditional Chinese business organization of family firms or jiazuqiye and other in-group networks that are cross-sectoral (jiutanqiye) that may be controlled by one family. (2004:193) This paper addresses the role of Hong Kong's business networks, mentioned as an unitary force, as they can be little recognized contributors to the human rights movement in Hong Kong, and all matters of law to affect Hong Kong's future."
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Japan's Occupation of Hong Kong, 2008.
A discussion of Japan's occupation of Hong Kong in the 1940s.
3,010 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a critical look at the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong in December of 1941. The paper points out that the occupation lasted till the early autumn of 1945, and the brutality of the experience is still a topic of resentment. It asserts that the occupation of World War II is part of Hong Kong's history and local memory for it harshly affected every family then living there. The paper adds that Japan's unknowable agenda caused some people in Hong Kong to rather welcome the 1997 lapse to the PRC, aware that their territory would be defended by the Red Army should their worst fears come to pass. The paper concludes that the fall of Hong Kong and the Japanese occupation were shattering events that have shaped Hong Kong's culture and consciousness.
Outline:
Introduction
Taking Hong Kong
A Fighting People
The 21st Century
A Changed Identity?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One is unsurprised by comments of older people from Hong Kong on a 'Japanese mentality' or condemnation of recent Japanese elections favouring right-wing candidates. Stories still abound of Hong Kong civilians forced to dig hideouts for Japanese boats on Lamma Island, the diggers killed to keep the boats' locations secret. Part of the trouble involves how such horrid events contrasted with a colony of which many Chinese were most proud for Hong Kong had grown from nothing after the 1840s, the work of ordinary immigrants from the Mainland, the British administration working in their favour in years when the Mainland was hopelessly turbulent or just inefficient. In fact, after World War II, people wanted a return to stable government, eschewing decolonization in favour of colonial rule that lasted till 1997. The Japanese occupation had a deep impact, in this sense, as in 1952 proposed liberal reforms were not of interest to the public. Authoritative, stable rule was wanted instead, for the IJA occupation had destroyed Hong Kong's pre-War trading economy based on entrepot shipping and services linking the Chinese treaty ports that were most profitable. Hong Kong was a place of employment, education and hope, different from other European colonies in the region, its atmosphere said to be happier and more harmonious than in British Malaya or Singapore. Its people were often the children or the grandchildren of 19th century migrants, many from Canton, the whole social order differing from that of China, the well to do proud to descend from some ordinary soul to head for Hong Kong to make his fortune, away from the rigid class system of Mainland China, Qing instability and corruption."
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Housing Policy in Hong Kong from the 1940s to the 1960s, 2008.
A look at the housing policy in Hong Kong between 1940 to 1960.
2,115 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the housing policy in colonial Hong Kong from the 1940s to the 1960s, and notes that these decades were characterized by a radical transformation in the role of the state in the colony's housing markets, moving from a laissez-faire model to a highly interventionist approach. The author argues that while the increasingly interventionist housing policies of Hong Kong's colonial government over this period were flawed in many respects, the policies serve as an example of how housing policy can serve to successfully support economic growth and industrialization in developing world contexts.
Outline:
Introduction
The Challenges of the Hong Kong Setting
The Significance of Colonial Hong Kong's Housing Policy
Hong Kong Colonial Housing Policy: The Critical Juncture
1953: A Watershed in Housing Development
Implications of Hong Kong's Public Housing Policy
From the Paper
"The topic of housing policy in colonial Hong Kong has been the focus of considerable study by scholars from around the world. This is due, in large part, to the fact that Hong Kong represents an ideal social laboratory within which the complexities of housing policy implementation in a development context can be closely examined. Its narrow geographic area, well-understood variables, together with the existence of accurate and generally accurate state documentation, has allowed scholars to analyze in depth housing policy in the colony, and extrapolate learnings with respect to other contexts in Asia and the developing world. From this perspective, this essay will examine housing policy in Hong Kong from the 1940s to the 1960s, as these decades were characterized by a radical transformation in the role of the state in the colony's housing markets, moving from a laissez-faire model to a highly interventionist approach. As will be argued, while the increasingly interventionist housing policies of Hong Kong's colonial government over this period were flawed in many respects, the policies serve as example of how housing policy can serve to successfully support economic growth and industrialization in developing world contexts."
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Hong Kong's Economic History, 2008.
A discussion of the economic history of Hong Kong from the mid-19th century to today.
4,300 words (approx. 17.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 113.95
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Abstract
This paper recounts Hong Kong's economic history from the time it became a British colony in the mid-19th century until the present. Hong Kong has prevailed as a remarkably prosperous territory since then, surviving various calamities, and has maintained its success even under the rule of the People's Republic of China. The paper concludes that Hong Kong's economic history has produced a distinctive culture that seems permanent, different from what is found in newly industrialized and advancing areas of Mainland China.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The 19th Century
World War II and Beyond
The 1960s and 1970s
The End of British Hong Kong
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the 1930s, the Global Depression affected all Chinese ports including Hong Kong. Small scale manufacturing engaged many Chinese by this time whereas outsiders tend to think that most people were employed in the port of Hong Kong or its support trades and industries. The completion of the Canton-Kowloon railway was a boon because goods could be moved quickly from the Mainland, undercutting steamers and junks that once took goods to Hong Kong for onward shipping. (Chui, 1973, 55) Also, Chinese business experience allowed many to tough out years of lower demand finding new niche markets in simple goods required elsewhere in East and Southeast Asia. Clan and family networks allowed small profits from goods said to be needed in the Netherlands East Indies or Rangoon or Malaya, the general 'survivability' of the business community seen. In December of 1941, the invasion of the Imperial Japanese Army destroyed nearly built up in a hundred years of activity. No one knows how many local Chinese were murdered, foreigners interned, as Allied soldiers and local reservists tried to defend the colony, many of whom were killed or taken as prisoners of the Japanese. This time is remembered by Hong Kong people as an era of suffering and destruction. (See Banham, 2003)"
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History of Hong Kong, 1993.
Hong Kong's history examined through 1992, with speculation of its status after 1997, presenting major events and players both within Hong Kong & externally.
4,950 words (approx. 19.8 pages), 15 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"INTRODUCTION
In 1997, the status of Hong Kong will change. Hong Kong has been one of two Chinese areas - the other being Macao - under the control of foreign powers. The Chinese see these as "problems left over from history," and they were the result of imperialist aggression and incompetence on the part of Chinese rulers in the nineteenth century. Hong Kong has been under British control as the result of three treaties with the Chinese from the last century, but in the mid-1980s China concluded formal agreements with Britain for the return of Hong Kong in 1997. The Hong Kong area, fearful of being returned to Red Chinese dominion, has been given a high degree of autonomy in the agreement with Britain, and it will be considered a "special administrative region" of China."
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