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Homelessness From the Colonial Period, 1999.
A history of the homeless and the evolution of public attitudes and social policy. Discusses poverty, mental illness, charity and housing.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 9 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
Early Americans had little sympathy for the homeless. When not ignored, homeless people were regarded with fear and contempt. Animosity was especially strong toward the homeless mentally ill. The homeless were generally shunted from one community to another due to the prevailing attitude that a community's social responsibility extended only to their resident poor.
From the Paper
"Early Americans had little sympathy for the homeless. When not ignored, homeless people were regarded with fear and contempt. Animosity was especially strong toward the homeless mentally ill. The homeless were generally shunted from one community to another due to the prevailing attitude that a community's social responsibility extended only to their resident poor. Homelessness was considered a temporary condition brought on either by unforeseen tragedy or lack of personal diligence. Therefore, homelessness did not become an official concern of public policymakers until after 1930.
Sociologists agree that homelessness involves more than merely not having a roof over one's head. Albeit the lack of a stable residence is an important component of this definition. For people in extreme poverty, the lack of a domicile is a ..."
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Homelessness, 2005.
This paper discusses homelessness, which has been a problem in the U.S. since colonial times.
1,555 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that homelessness is generally viewed as the consequence of the shortage of affordable housing and an increase in the volume of poor people. The author points out that the 1996 Welfare Reform Bill aimed at moving homeless people from welfare dependency into employment but employment did not guarantee affordable residence because of the cost of housing; according to a survey of 29 cities, one in five homeless persons was a full or part-time employee. The paper relates that homelessness can exact a high price on society in terms of hospitalization and medical treatment, through prisons and jail costs, emergency shelter and lost opportunity.
From the Paper
"NAEH addressed homelessness in four steps, namely, by planning for outcomes, closing the front door, opening the back door and building the infrastructure (2003). It was projected that in the course of a single year, 2.5 to 3.5 million people would experience homelessness in the US. Ending the phenomenon required an understanding of the needs and characteristics of the sub-populations of homeless people. Most of these families become homeless usually because of a housing crisis. Their other needs are linked with their housing need. Abut 38% of those who become homeless within the course of a year are children. In addition, about half of all of those people in the course of a year are single adults, who leave the system rather quickly, live within one or a combination of shelters, hospitals, the streets or prisons. "
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Homelessness in the United States, 2008.
This paper examines and discusses the issue of homelessness in the U.S.
5,977 words (approx. 23.9 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 142.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that within the United States, homelessness is defined as the lack of a dwelling or structure in which to reside. People who are homeless are also often unemployed, and many of them are disabled and/or have problems and struggles with drugs and alcohol. This paper explores the issue of homeless in the United States and, in particular, in the state of Massachusetts. Various issues that surround homelessness or that relate to it are also addressed so that a complete picture of the issue, how important it is, and who it affects may be seen. The writer maintains that the issue of homelessness is not one that will go away without help from the government and concerned citizens alike. The writer concludes that with effort, however, the issue can be lessened so that fewer and fewer people must spend their days and nights on the streets or in shelters, with nothing to call their own.
Outline:
The Definition of Homelessness
Historical Background of Homelessness
The Causes of Homelessness
The Emotional Implications of Homelessness
Help for Homelessness
From the Paper
"There is a long list of concerns over homelessness. It is important to touch on the main concerns here. The first one is the fiscal burden created by the high homelessness rate. When people are unemployed, there is a tremendous waste of productive power. The potential national output is not realized in a country where many of the people who could work are not working. It also hurts others, since the homeless and their families often live off of the state and/or off of the handouts of other people. This takes valuable resources away from others, and away from the national output.
"Another concern is the loss of freedom that homelessness creates. Some of the homeless are also socially excluded from many activities because they do not have the money or the status to participate. People who lack employment are often ridiculed or seen as being lazy, and this helps push them farther away from the rest of society. It causes a loss of freedom not just for them but for their families as well."
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Colonial America, 2004.
This paper discusses key issues of the economy of colonial America.
4,275 words (approx. 17.1 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 113.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, prior to 1750, capitalistic practices and values were not central to the lives of North American colonists, who primarily were farmers. Most of the output from farmers was not for sale in the market, but, rather, was for family or local consumption. The author points out that there were two distinct growth spurts during the colonial period. The first and more rapid economic spurt occurred in each colonial region during the time of settlement, and the second spurt was during the 1740s and lasted to the Revolution. The paper relates that the American colonists issued the first paper money of any government in the Western world; the Massachusetts Bay Colony issued paper money in 1690, which were called ?bills of public credit? and ?bills of credit? and, by 1712, seven more colonies followed suit.
Table of Contents
Introduction
A Short Chronology of Early / Initial Colonial Economic Development
The Literature on America?s Colonial Economy
What was the Rate of Economic Growth in the Colonies?
Legislation Promoting Manufacturing; Natural Resources Available to Colonies
Indentured Servitude as Part of the Colonial Economy
Slavery in the Colonial Period
Taxation in the Colonies
Taxation of Maritime Business
The Sugar Act ? a New Kind of ?Tax? ? and its Ramifications
How Businessman Thomas Hancock Coped with Chaos in Colonial Currencies
From the Paper
"In May, 1607, colonists land at Jamestown, Virginia, but starvation and disease reduce the original 105 settlers to only 32, according to "The Almanac of American History". However, in 1608, new provisions arrive and a self-supporting project of raising corn is instituted ? likely the first economic development in the colonies. Those same early Jamestown settlers brought skills at glassmaking with them and produce crafts, including beads, which are used in trade with Native Americans. Also in 1608, the London Company sends glass experts to Jamestown to build glass furnaces for future production (32). Jamestown?s Captain John Smith learns how to cultivate corn from the Indians; he plants 40 acres of corn, which helps avoid continuing starvation problems, and leads to an industry of agriculture."
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The Reality of Homelessness in Boston, 1999.
A discussion of history and policy issues of homelessness along with interviews of homeless individuals.
3,750 words (approx. 15.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 103.95
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Abstract
A review of public policy issues surrounding homelessness, including history, Internet research and interviews with homeless people in a shelter in Cambridge, MA. It also discusses the lessons that can be learned from the moderately successful Massachusetts programs of the early eighties, and the lack of public interest in this issue, especially elite public interest.
From the Paper
"Homelessness was first addressed in the early 1980?s in reaction to the visibly increased homeless population, but interest has steadily decreased since government action was initially taken over a decade ago. In reevaluating public policy options, it is important to examine the causes of the problem and delegate authority to those best suited to solving it. Lessons can be learned from the moderately successful Massachusetts programs of the early eighties, but in order for that pluralistic model to work, public interest must be created by an elite source."
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Global and Local Homelessness, 2004.
Describes global homelessness and how it is also tied to the issue of local homelessness.
2,857 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 38 sources, APA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
The paper begins by describing global/worldwide homelessness. It provides refugee data and statistics. The paper also covers issues, such as globalization, rent control and affordable housing, gentrification, and hidden homelessness. It also looks at what people are doing to help homelessness. The paper includes statistics and supporting information.
From the Paper
"We constantly see and hear about homelessness, even in our own communities. Homelessness is a growing problem throughout the world, but many of us do not understand how huge the issue is. Homelessness is defined as a condition of people who lack regular legal access to adequate housing (MSN Encarta). In 1999 there was up to 100 million homeless people in the world and in 2000 there was about 3.5 million homeless people in the United States (How Many People Experience Homelessness?, 2002). At least 600 million people live in shelters in developing world cities that are life threatening or health threatening (100 Million Homeless in World). About 50,000 people die everyday as a result of poor shelter, polluted water and inadequate sanitation. The things that cause homelessness throughout the world help bring it into our own communities."
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?Race and Family in the Colonial South?, 2004.
This paper discusses ?Race and Family in the Colonial South?, a volume of papers from a 1986 University of Mississippi conference on colonial American.
835 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that ?Race and Family in the Colonial South?, a collection of six essays, is mainly concerned with asking questions and offering theories about what was distinctly ?Southern? about the colonial South in the 17th and 18th centuries. The author points out that each essay provides a distinct view of the colonial South, while staying true to the books overall goal to explore the nature of race and family and the way they interacted prior to the Revolution. The paper states that ?Race and Family ?does not seek to criticize this era of America history"; instead, its goal is to provide a fuller explanation of the region and its agricultural, political, racial, and economic diversity.
From the Paper
"In an analysis of family in the 17th century, Daniel Blake Smith highlights some of the unique characteristics of southern family life. His essay, ?In Search of the Family in the Colonial South,? discusses the fact that families were often transitory and short-lived during this era. He also stresses the importance of family life in the colonial South in terms of politics and asks historians to delve deeper into the real differences between northern and southern families of the time instead of relying on simple generalizations."
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Virginia and Maryland in Colonial Times, 2006.
Examines Gloria L. Main's "Tobacco Colony: Life in Early Maryland, 1650-1720" and Edmund S. Morgan's "American Slavery American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia".
2,957 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
There are numerous books available for researching the colonial period of American history. Each takes a different aspect or view of early life in the colonies and is supported by vast numbers and types of sources. The two books that are the focus of this paper attempt to illustrate the life and the development of Colonial Virginia and Maryland. The paper shows that both authors use a topical organizational pattern to frame their thoughts. The two writers diverge however when it comes to sources. Main ("Tobacco Colony: Life in Early Maryland, 1650-1720") makes extensive use of inventory and probate records, court proceedings, statutes, governmental documents and previously published works. She also uses an abundance of statistics. The paper shows that Morgan ("American Slavery American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia") relies more on journal articles and books to support his statements. Any statistical evidence he uses is isolated in the appendix where it is less distracting to the reader. Main's focus is toward "human interest" subjects (i.e. clothing styles, house furnishings); Morgan deals with issues and ideas. The paper argues that both books are excellent and present a wealth of information about the colonial era.
From the Paper
"During the depression years, both colonies made attempts to limit tobacco production and stabilize prices. Virginia's assembly proposed several methods to achieve its goals, but without cooperation from the neighboring colonies, success was elusive. Although Morgan recounts limited cooperation between the colonies that resulted in a prohibition on tobacco planting, Main's story is different. She relates that the two colonies never succeeded through cooperation to suppress tobacco production. Main tells of this problem in one short paragraph ; Morgan spends pages detailing the various actions taken by the Virginia Assembly. It appears that Main did not see inter-colonial dealing as important, but Morgan researched the point thoroughly."
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Homelessness in Toronto, 2007.
This paper examines homelessness in Toronto within the context of the different definitions for the term "community" and proposes ways to reduce homelessness in this city.
1,725 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the homeless community can be seen as a community because they are people trapped in a common cycle from which they would like to escape, with common interests in finding shelter and adequate food, which often compels them to act in unison performing petty crime as a means of survival. The author points out that, if the burgeoning homeless problem in Toronto is not addressed, then the community of Toronto will start to see an increase in crime and movement out of the areas populated by homeless people thus creating impoverished pockets within the city. The paper recommends that funds, which have been earmarked for homeless shelters and other programs should be spent rather than be languishing somewhere because of bureaucratic red-tape. The author suggest that this money should be invested in re-training programs and the conversion of brown fields areas into affordable housing condominiums for the working poor.
From the Paper
"Toronto's homeless situation can also be looked at by looking at Marxist definitions of what a community is - or, more precisely, what it is not. For instance, those academics who subscribe to Marxist theory maintain that communities are manifestations of the class dialectic; in other words, communities are organized in such a way as to ensure the exploitation of some by others at the same time as they reveal the inequalities present in a capitalist society. While this assessment of the community can be dismissed as unduly cynical and extreme, there is little doubt that Toronto is a city of extremes."
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Homelessness, 2007.
A discussion on the causes of homelessness and possible solutions to alleviate the problem.
1,099 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how, for the many countries around the globe, problems on population and poverty persist. The paper examines how problems of homelessness are increased when issues of overpopulation and scarcity exist. The paper further discusses how various non-government and government organizations were established to analyze the profundity of the situation, and at the same time to provide assistance to the homeless population. The paper concludes that the most obvious solution to the homeless problem is to increase the availability of affordable housing and the number of living wage jobs.
Outline:
Definition
Statistics Related to Homelessness
Reasons for Homelessness
Proposal to Enhance Homelessness
References
From the Paper
"Based on the report submitted by Cuomo, upon receiving assistance from authorized agencies, such as health care assistance, treatment from substance and drug abuse, education and job training and even services for mental health problems, a big part of those living in families (76%) and of those living alone (60%) tend to put a stop their homeless status and gradually move to an improved living situation. Another point to ponder is the fact that the cost of homeless assistance is considerably lower than the cost of putting homeless people in jail to get them off the streets. For example, the Supportive Housing Network estimates that in New York City in 1998 it cost $40,000 per year to jail someone, compared with just $12,500 to provide affordable housing and a variety of supportive services."
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Homelessness in France and the United States, 2002.
Examines and compares the issue and treatment of homelessness in France and America.
1,355 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
Precise numbers of the homeless in the United States and France are impossible to collect. Firstly, because researchers define homelessness in different ways and also because the homeless are, by definition, a difficult group to identify due to their transitory way of life. This paper examines the issue of homelessness in the United States and France. It looks at the differences in terms of what types of shelters are provided for the homeless in these two nations. The paper looks at the difficulties faced by both those running the homeless shelters and those living in them.
From the Paper
"Nationwide in the United States, about three-quarters of help for the homeless comes from the private sector, principally from churches that run soup kitchens, operate shelters, and distribute free clothing. The main U.S. federal programs for the homeless are those established by the 1987 Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act. The McKinney Act established a nationwide network of health clinics for the homeless. Among other things, the act also established adult education programs for the homeless, provided emergency homelessness prevention funds, and created a number of transitional housing programs. These programs have made the lives of many homeless people more tolerable, but they do not address the low-income housing crisis (Lazaroff, 1998, p. 3). Homeless shelters in France are also run by a combination of the public and private sectors."
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Homelessness, 2006.
A discussion of research on the pandemic of homelessness, its pervasiveness and causes.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 10 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
Homelessness has been described as a chronic illness affecting all societies regardless of the degree of economic development and overall wealth of the nation. It is pandemic and epidemic in some societies. Various researchers have attributed the cause of homelessness to a series of factors that work to create homelessness from three dimensions. This paper discusses the problem of homelessness, noting that it has reached pandemic and epidemic proportions in societies throughout the world. The paper also examines the conclusions research has drawn about the factors causing homelessness.
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Homelessness: A Strategic Solution, 2008.
This paper looks at the problem of homelessness in Canada and discusses the issue of government policy in this regard.
1,278 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a proposal for a strategic solution to the problem of homelessness in Canadian society. This strategic solution builds upon earlier positive and normative analyses of the issue of homelessness and, as such, is informed by these analyses in certain respects. The paper asserts that homelessness in Canada is primarily the result of economic factors in the housing marketplace. As such, a strategic solution to this problem would necessarily require a social-economic approach rather than an institutional/authoritarian one as has been traditionally the case. The paper relates that an ethical analysis of this problem has shown that, from the perspective of a Kantian rights model, there exists a clear and present necessity for the Canadian state to take action in this regard; action in which the rights of the homeless necessarily takes precedence over the cost of the solution. This ethical element is to be important to a strategic solution given that the most likely solution will require state intervention in the housing markets with a significant political cost to politicians. This being said, the paper argues the thesis that the scale of the homelessness problem necessitates a revision of government planning practices in the marketplace that would be so politically costly that only an assertion of the fundamental rights of the homeless to housing would be sufficient to raise political capital to deal with the problem.
From the Paper
"Given that Toronto politicians clearly possess the authority to deal with the problem of homeless through planning but have not, a strategic solution must address the reasons for this lack of action. Some critics have argued, with reference to Toronto, that there exists a widespread view among municipal officials that Toronto planning should not support the economically marginalized who represent a financial drain on the city's resources. Other studies have noted that while affordable housing may be a politically sensitive issue, the real priority of Canadian municipalities lies in increasing their economic competitiveness and growth, even when this may be at the expense of affordable housing for their poorer citizens.
"In this analysis, we can understand the significance of the Kantian ethical argument to this strategic solution, for clearly the major obstacle to dealing with homelessness is a lack of political will. Developers are, after all, major financial contributors to municipal officials. Also, there seems to be an ideological resistance among officials, as noted by Parnaby, to employ planning tools to help marginal populations."
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Homelessness in Canada, 2008.
An analysis of homelessness as a social issue in Canada.
1,247 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how homelessness has been described as a chronic illness affecting all societies regardless of the degree of economic development and overall wealth of the nation. It contends that homelessness seems to be a social ill that, short of mandating public housing facilities for every citizen, cannot be completely eradicated. It also examines how the various research projects that have been tasked with studying this difficult social conundrum have typically approached the issue with strong academic objectives and usually combined with a sincere desire to affect positive change.
Outline
Overview
Homelessness
Dimensions of Homelessness
From the Paper
"Burt has pointed out the causality of homelessness by identifying its three primary causes: structural, individual and governmental (Burt). Yet, all of these various causes are nuanced and tend to manifest themselves either in unique fashions from one society to another or in a complexity of several of them together. As one homeless individual describes his homelessness, the direct impact that governmental policies, local or national, can have on homelessness, is readily apparent (Kerr par.23). Clearly the impact of urban revitalization can be a real stimulant to homelessness because by removing all the low-income housing in an area without supplying new low income housing elsewhere is guaranteeing an increase in the local homelessness rates. "
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Colonial Powers and How They Break the Spirit, 2004.
A look at the issue of colonial powers in "Discourse on Colonialism" by Aime Cesaire and "Lost Names: Scenes from a Korean Boyhood" by Richard Kim.
789 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the writings describe different methods used by foreign or colonial powers to break the spirit of colonized peoples. It examines what these methods are and also looks at their effects. It tells how colonizers have often attempted to control and subjugate their colonies, but in the end, their dominance usually backfires, and the subjugated rise up to fight for their freedom and their own culture.
From the Paper
"Colonialism is an antiquated idea that has nearly disappeared, but not so long ago it was still an accepted and even celebrated way for strong countries to vanquish the weak. Author Aime Cesaire called the practice "a receptacle into which there flow all the dirty waters of history" (Cesaire 45), and his description is quite apt, considering the sufferings most colonized subjects discuss after they have gained their freedom, and their sufferings were certainly not centered only on violence. The colonization of unwilling subjects, such as Japan's colonization of Korea certainly entails violence, but there are much more subtle ways to bend the colonials to the whims of the aggressors, as Kim's book poignantly illustrates. For example, the Japanese begin indoctrinating the young Koreans early by hanging the Japanese flag and propaganda slogans in their elementary school classrooms (Kim 31). Later, the Japanese break the spirit of the Koreans by taking what is theirs, and leaving them with little."
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