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?We Hold These Truths?, 2002.
Summarizes Mortimer Adler's book on the ideas and ideals that the United States of America was founded upon.
2,020 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a closer look at Dr. Mortimer Adler's "We Hold These Truths" in which he examines the fundamental principles of the Declaration of Independence, including inalienable rights, civil rights, the pursuit of happiness, human equality and the ability to consent or dissent when it comes to the government. The paper shows how Adler conveys the belief that these principles represent the core ideas that were used to create the ideals that are found in the Preamble to the constitution?freedom and justice for all, the general welfare of all, common defense and liberty. The author of the paper also gives his personal opinion on the book, concluding that Adler was a thought leader of his day and his writings were a great catalyst to his goals to educate.
From the Paper
"He also spends time examining the issue of truth, which he describes as one of the fundamental values of a trans-cultural community. He refers back to our ideal of the "pursuit of happiness" and the role that truth plays in achieving that. Although he alludes to many variations of truth, he believes that the pursuit of truth is a matter of the reasoning mind and that once an individual understands what truth is they can readily pursue it. Adler believed that what people memorize they soon forget but if a person really understood something, they would not forget it.
He also focused on the inalienable rights promised by the Constitution. Adler believed that as part of an organized society, individuals have these rights conferred upon them naturally."
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Absolute Truth and the Relativity of Truth, 2005.
Are there absolute truths or is truth relative? A review of the philosophical concept of truth and an extended discussion of the movie, "Rashomon", to see if the question is even understandable.
5,145 words (approx. 20.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 128.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates the intelligibility of the philosophical understanding of truth as appearance and reality. After reviewing the nature of the philosophical picture of what constitutes truth, there is an extended discussion of an often-cited example of truth?s relativity in the movie, "Rashomon". There is then a discussion of some other examples, which attempt to clarify the philosophical picture, only to conclude that the philosophical posing of truth and appearance is actually not yet understandable.
From the Paper
"In Theaetetus Socrates quotes Protagoras with what is possibly the first clear statement of the relativist: that ?man is the measure of all things? and that anything ?is to me such as it appears to me, and is to you such as it appears to you?? (856, 152a) On the other hand, there is Plato?s well-known allegory of the cave in the Seventh Book of the Republic, (747- 750, 514a-518b) in which he advances the notion that there is an ultimate truth that lies beyond our interpretations or appearances of that truth. But how understandable are both the notions of relativism and of an absolute truth?"
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The Truth About Truth, 2006.
A philosophical look at the meaning of truth.
1,401 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author looks at all the aspects of truth as we understand it. He identifies truth as something which could be universal and eternal and if it is, he examines whether it should be considered eternal or absolute. The author elaborates on these points and enters a deep discussion of how absolute truth can be assessed and defined. The author concludes the paper with his belief that truth is relative and therefore it cannot be absolute as absolute truth is eternal.
From the Paper
"One common mistake made by men is to allow ourselves to be led by our senses alone. I believe our senses do not always lead to truth. Senses can be deceiving, especially when relating dreams. In a dream one may feel things or see things, and when that person wakes up has to ponder for a second whether those things were real. Of course, those things experienced in a dream were not real, but for an instant that dreamer believed those things to be true. He was fooled by his senses. Although many will agree that in this case the senses do deceive us, still some will rely solely on their senses to guide them through life."
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Concepts of Relativity and Truth: Finding Your Own Truth, 2000.
A discussion of Nietzsche's belief on deconstructing truth and the concept of relativism in terms of other thinkers.
793 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 0 sources, $ 28.95
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From the Paper
"The concept of relativism makes many ideas and concepts impossible to argue. The idea that every person and group acts and is entitled to live by their own perception of the truth allows such a difference in opinions that consilience among them seems to be impossible. Friedrich Nietszche wrote that we had to ?deconstruct? truth because we can?t allow ourselves to rely on truths that we think are absolute. To rely on an absolute truth is to put your trust into something that may prove false. John Stuart Mill wrote that an individual should be able to seek happiness and liberty, as long as that search does not encroach upon the happiness and liberty of another. In a sense, he speculated that each man has to search for his own truth. In finding his own truth, Nietszche would urge us to question those truths constantly, to make sure in ourselves that what we are believing in is true. "
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Universal Truths in Math, 2005.
This paper examines some theories in order to determine if there are any universal truths in mathematics.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the theories of George Lakoff and Rafael Nunez, as well as those of Keith Devlin in order to explore if there are really any universal truths in maths. Set off by an excerpt from Robert Sawyer's novel "Computing God," the paper theorizes that there really are not any universal truths, at least none that can be defined until all forms of life are themselves defined. The paper points out that this is neither the quantification nor the metaphor and symbolism that math requires and uses.
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Mathematics and Universal Truths, 2005.
This paper discusses whether mathematical thought can lead to fundamental truths and highlights the use of metaphor in mathematical thought.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that fundamental truths cannot be arrived at by math. The paper is of the opinion that this is insofar as the questions we ask, the processes we use and the assumptions we make are shaped by environmental, biological and contextual factors that have little - if anything - to do with "rational" and purely objective thought. The paper places great emphasis upon the place of metaphor in the construction of mathematical thought.
From the Paper
"The question of whether there are unquestionable truths in mathematics is indeed a puzzling one. This paper will examine the matter by looking a few readings from our class notes. As will soon become apparent, there is much doubt that mathematics leads irrevocably to universal truth; indeed, in the limited space available, this paper will suggest that, because so much of mathematics is metaphorical in nature, Euclidean mathematics and other "relational" branches of math may lead us into the realm of creative metaphor and no further. In fact, as Sawyer seems to suggest, mathematical "truth" - all truth - is essentially the product of cultural epistemology and ontology."
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Quine on Analytic and Synthetic Truths, 2002.
Consideration and analysis of Quine's arguments in "Two Dogmas of Empiricism" about analytic and synthetic truths.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The following is an essay and analysis on W.V. Quine's central arguments in his work titled "Two Dogmas of Empiricism". In particular, this paper will focus on the argument that maintains that there can be no analytic truths with out some consideration of synthetic variables as well. In short, it is argued that synthetic factors have a determining impact in shaping what we have traditionally regarded as 'analytic'. Thus, a consideration and analysis of what Quine regards as 'analytic' and 'synthetic' becomes a central concern.
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Pilate as the Antithesis of Truth in Bacon?s ?Of Truth?, 2002.
This paper discusses the essay "Of Truth" by Francis Bacon, looking primarily at the character of Pilate.
536 words (approx. 2.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 19.95
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Abstract
The writer argues that from the opening line of the essay Pilate reveals himself as the antithesis, or opposite, of truth. The paper discusses the moral stance of Bacon in 1625 when he wrote essays requiring readers to look more deeply into history.
From the Paper
"Considering the opening line itself, it should be no surprise that Pilate is jesting when he asks, ?what is Truth?? Having asked this question of Jesus, disregarded truth, and chosen instead ?the wickedness of falsehood and breach of faith? (6), Pilate must be facetious because his embracing a lie has resulted in the pleasure of a ?corrupt love of the lie itself? (6). More than that, however, Pilate?s fickleness in approaching the subject of truth and then leaving reflects the delight of Skeptics in intellectual fickleness. Of course Pilate does not stay for an answer; to listen to Bacon?s (or anyone?s) thoughts on truth would point out Pilate?s failing as a man of God as well as a citizen, for ?clear and round dealing is the honour of man?s nature? (7)."
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The "Truths" about War, 2002.
A descriptive insight of the short story "How To Tell a True War Story" written by Tim O'Brien.
1,281 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 1 source, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the story "How to Tell a True War Story" by Tim O'Brien. The paper focuses on the word "true" and its context within the story. It discusses why the word "true" is used throughout the story and its many different definitions. The paper shows that the greater truth cannot be defined, only the individual who experiences war knows the true meaning of "true".
From the Paper
"The word ?true? assumes many definitions throughout the story of ?How to Tell a True War Story?. By constantly changing the definition of ?true?, the narrator persuades us as readers to define our own ?truth?, or to find out what his meaning of ?truth? is. He wants us to bring in our own definition of truth just as the narrators of each story bring their own perspective and point of view. Assuming that the correct meaning of the word ?true? is ?real? or ?not false?, the narrator begins by telling us that the story he is about to tell us is true. After each of the stories, he explains to the readers why we cannot believe them and contradicts the word ?true? from his first story. The question remaining is why? Is there a deeper meaning of the word true? Is the definition of ?truth? what we ourselves separate from the story of being fact or fiction?"
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Public School Truths, 2006.
This paper reviews "The Manufactured Crisis: Myths, Fraud, and the Attack on America's Public Schools" by David C. Berliner and Bruce J. Biddle.
1,720 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 55.95
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The paper focuses on David C. Berliner's and Bruce J. Biddle's counterattack on the widespread criticism launched at American public schools. The paper describes how Berliner and Biddle systematically address issues of concern to public school critics, including standardized test scores, violence in schools and literacy and how they react to some of the propositions for public school reform, most notably the voucher system. The paper quotes the authors' opinion that the real problems with American public schools mirror the problems endemic in the United States such as poverty, prejudice, inequality and wrongly allocated funds.
From the Paper
"David C. Berliner and Bruce J. Biddle counterattack the widespread criticism launched at American public schools in "The Manufactured Crisis: Myths, Fraud, and the Attack on America's Public Schools." The book is well-researched and scholastic in scope even if the authors' tone is sometimes scathing. Their resentment and frustration is directed at a range of targets including special interest groups, political parties, individual politicians, and the media. Berliner and Biddle systematically address issues of concern to public school critics, including standardized test scores, violence in schools, literacy, and the job market. Moreover, the authors react to some of the propositions for public school reform, most notably the voucher system. Berliner and Biddle's critique is thorough, well-documented and well-composed and therefore The Manufactured Crisis emerges as one of the most important books of its kind."
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Economic and Emotional Truths, 2002.
A comparative analysis of the books ?Observations on Marxism and the Lakota Tradition? by Frank Black Elk and "Those Dead Guys for a Hundred Years" by Jimmie Durham.
1,055 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how both the books ?Observations on Marxism and the Lakota Tradition? by Frank Black Elk and "Those Dead Guys for a Hundred Years" by Jimmie Durham critically examine the historical Native American tradition in America from a contemporary Native American perspective. It examines how Frank Black Elk examines his heritage with a critical economic and political eye, as well as attempts to discuss his personal search for his identity as a Native American man today. Jimmie Durham, in contrast, is much more concerned with the social and psychological terms of historical and ethnic ?memory? of all Native Americans. It shows how Durham defines himself, not against an ideology or against European society, but in contrast to individuals whom he never know, yet he still sees as an intrinsic part of his past. It looks at how Durham attempts to reconstruct the lives of Native Americans from long past, while Elk is more concerned with reconstructing his own sense of self.
From the Paper
"In contrast, the Native American author Jimmie Durham views his past and his connection with Native American heroes in a far more unbroken fashion. He views his connection with the dead and even the defeated as a living tradition, rather than the dead Native Americans as part of the past. ?For us, history is always personal. (I remember the Trail of Tears and Sequoia?s efforts as though I had been there.) History is directly involved with our families and our generations; tied with sacred white cotton string to the sweet and intense memories of our brother or sister is the desperate and intense hope of each generation to change this history.? (Durham 171-2). Durham views his identity as a Native American, despite the currently marginal status of his people, as a viable source of identification. He portrays the supposed split between the culture of the living and the dead as simply yet another manifestation of white ideology and anathema to Native American culture."
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Concepts within the Declaration of Independence, 2002.
This paper traces some of the historical steps that led to the words in the Declaration of Independence: ?We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, ? .?
1,015 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper points out that the idea of democracy in the the Declaration of Independence wasn?t new; ancient Greece had been ruled by a modified form of democracy that gave the right to vote to the upper echelons of male citizens. The paper explains that the ideas upon which the Declaration of Independence began with discoveries in science that revealed that our physical world was governed by predictable rules, by cause and effect. The author believes that John Locke had the most profound effect on the thinking of the men who would eventually shape the Constitution of the United States.
From the Paper
"In reports of the events leading up to the American Revolution, the King of England is often depicted as a dictator who pronounced law as he saw fit based on his absolute power. However, the notion of a monarch with absolute power was not the standard for most of European history. The agreement signed after the Norman victory in 1066 required that the King share some of his power with representatives from the nobility. The idea that kings ruled by divine right was put forth by Jean Bodin in 1576 and embraced by James I of England. Oliver Cromwell embraced the idea and dissolved the Parliament, which although not a true democracy, provided some checks and balances for the ruler."
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What Is Truth?, 2002.
Questions the meaning of truth, using Felipe Fernandez-Armesto's book "Truth: a History and a Guide for the Perplexed".
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 1 source, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper reports on the book "Truth; a History and a Guide for the Perplexed" by Felipe Fernandez-Armesto (1999). Taking into account a primary question of "What is truth?" this essay relies upon Fernandez-Armesto's text as the source for considering the questions of truth. These refer to the implications of universal Truth and relative truths; that is, singular Truth that can be applied for every human being and a multitude of truths that can be considered in relation to every human being's difference in culture, language, history and social structures.
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Economics and the Quest for Truth, 2008.
An inquiry into the search for truth and its relevance in the science of economics.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the question of whether one should focus on the idea of ultimate truth in a science like economics or whether one should merely try to understand and investigate truth as a revelation about how the world works. The paper also addresses the ontological issue of what reality actually is. It holds that the science of economics involves trying to solve problems as rationally and logically consistent as possible, while being aware of the possibility of being wrong. The paper concludes that, in order to understand how the world works, one has to find a practical hermeneutical approach to get as close to ultimate truth as feasible.
Outline:
Introduction
Truth and the Role of Epistemology
Truth and Its Recognizability
The Truth Alone
Truth and the Study of Economics
From the Paper
"One may argue that truth is what is observable, as favoured by the philosopher Bacon (Klamer, 2006). At first hand this approach sounds logically consistent. It relies on induction. According to the positivist approach, what is empirically proven and thus observable is true (Klamer, 2006). As already Socrates figured out there is no direct knowledge of reality and we can only observe indirectly. Thus, what we see is biased and represents only a slice of reality (Klamer, 2006). Hence, induction alone is troublesome as no scientist is omniscient. Consequently, the claim to have seen and thus observed everything is illusory."
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Truth, 2006.
A discussion about truth and whether it remains constant or whether it is changeable.
1,667 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The writer states that truth is not obscured by language, but by what truth or truths actually are. The paper discusses whether there can be partial truths, or whether there are only actual truths. The writer then brings different definitions of truth as defined by various philosophers. In summation, the writer states that truth is that which is moral and correct and which does not harm or hinder anyone.
From the Paper
"Maybe the best place to start in an investigation of "Truth" is with the ancient Greek philosophers who struggled with the idea, and, in the case of Socrates, had to drink hemlock for it. Plato provides debates and arguments about what he refers to as "unchanging truth". Truth is what you see. "Mere opinions are bad." To go further into Plato's concept of truth, he says "...visible objects can be seen only when the sun shines on them, and truth can be known only when illuminated..." This unchanging truth comes, according to Plato and others like him, from living moral and virtuous lives and having the education to know how to act and how to respond when the Good and the Truth are somehow challenged. This sort of Good and Truth comes, so I read, "within such a society (where) each individual has his or her own naturally established role or function, serving to maintain the stability and unity of the community as a whole." Now, just a minute! Where does this idea of "naturally established" come from? What does it have to do with Truth? Who is the establisher? And, what is "natural" about the Good of the forms that supposedly make it happen? It seems, from reading Plato, that truth is something that just IS. It EXISTS, and no one really has any power over it, except to defy it and tell and live untruths. If what the eye can see is Truth, and opinions are bad, then Truth is a physical, rather than a mental or intellectual phenomenon."
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