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HIV/AIDS in America, 2002.
An investigative study on American HIV prevention in an era of false security.
9,314 words (approx. 37.3 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 192.95
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Abstract
AIDS awareness is best-funded and best-taught in the United States of America. This realization is especially apparent when HIV rates are examined in African countries and some Asian countries such as India. Education levels about sexually transmitted diseases in general ? and funding for prevention and treatment programs ? are very low in many foreign countries. However, recently, for the first time in several years, the incidence of HIV infections has grown in America. Many doctors and health promotion professionals attribute this recent growth to a lifestyle shift in which Americans have grown lax in their concern about AIDS. This paper examines the changes that need to be made, and their relative effects and side effects, from a health promotion perspective to increase awareness of AIDS and HIV in an era when people are once again lowering their guard against the disease. Also, this paper makes recommendations that will contribute to fundamental health promotion ideals in reducing the incidents of the AIDS virus in America. The recommendations are made in the Data Analysis Chapter, and then summarized and listed in the Summary Chapter as well.
Table Of Contents
Chapter 1, Introduction
State The Problem
Importance of the Study
Scope of the Study
Rationale of the Study
Definition of Terms
Overview of the Study
Chapter 2, Methodology
Identify the Data Gathering Method
Database of Study
Comment on Validity of Data
Comment on Originality and Limitation of Data
Summary of Methodology
Chapter 3, Review of Related Literature
Chapter 4, Data Analysis
Chapter 5, Summary, Conclusions And Recommendations
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Of equal concern to this paper?s research will be the fact that so many Americans have HIV but do not know it. These Americans are arguably the most dangerous for the spread of the disease, as they may continue to pursue certain lifestyles that will increase the numbers of HIV patients in America. For instance, as CNN reports, ?According to the CDC, some 900,000 Americans are infected with HIV, and one-third of them -- almost 300,000 -- don't even know it.? And truly, that is where HIV is most dangerous. The symptoms are often negligible (fatigue, fever, sore throat) and attributable to a common cold or other ailment, so HIV positive patients continue to lead there lives in such a manner that they spread the disease because they simply do not know they have it until they develop full-blown AIDS."
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HIV/AIDS Mitigation, 2008.
This paper examines good governance in the prevention and mitigation of HIV/AIDS, specifically as evidenced in the HIV/AIDS program of Zamboanga City, a highly-urbanized city in the Philippines.
6,910 words (approx. 27.6 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 156.95
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Abstract
This paper stresses that stopping the spread of HIV/AIDS has to be made integral to any development endeavor aimed at improving the lives and well-being of citizens of the world. The author points out that the United Nations acknowledges that good governance has to be integrated into the creation and management of institutions, processes and programs aimed at beating the targets set forth in the "Millennium Declaration of 2000". The paper reviews and analyzes the present and future scenario of HIV/AIDS prevention and mitigation in the Philippines and identifies some elements of intervention needed to operationalize a strategy for good governance. The author underscores that the HIV/AIDS program of Zamboanga city is built around improved capacities for public administration and civil service, decentralization in delivery of services, transparency and accountability, expanded role of civil-society, and the centrality of participation grounded on the rule of law and human rights.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Conceptual Framework
Related Literature
Pro-Poor Policy Framework
Public Administration and Civil Services
Decentralization and Delivery of Services
Accountability and Transparency Situations and Context of HIV/AIDS in the Philippines
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Socio-Economic Impact of HIV Aids
Participatory Approach
Cultural and Moral Dimensions
Grounding Development
Mobilizing the Cultural Resources
Key Lessons in Good Governance from the United Nations
Case in Point: Zamboanga City HIV/AIDS Program
Public-Civil Society Partnership
Organization and Management
Community-Oriented/ Community Based
Innovative Optimized Use of Infrastructure Support
Livelihood Assistance
Financial Resources
Lessons from HIV/Program Implementation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to the United Nations, a critical requisite for achieving the MDG's is a conducive and coherent policy framework. This involves first, the contextualization of the goals by each country, and down to identifying sectoral concerns and on to effective local responses. Responses and interventions to HIVAIDS entails a national policy framework that provides for effective decentralization of action and one that effectively coordinate implementation and resource mobilization as well as achieve a critical mass of support from the public in a much cost effective way. The policy framework to be pro-poor means, that it recognizes the social and economic implications of HIV/AIDS and seeks to integrate social and economic interventions to mitigate the spread of the infection and disease."
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Health Care for HIV/AIDS Patients, 2002.
A review of the literature relevant to access to care, quality of care and funding for HIV and AIDS patients.
9,674 words (approx. 38.7 pages), 51 sources, MLA, $ 197.95
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Abstract
The difficulty of HIV/AIDS patients in acquiring adequate and equitable health care coverage is examined. The specific problem that is investigated concerns variations between HIV/AIDS patients and non HIV/AIDS patients in relation to denial of coverage, premium levels and experimental drug approval. A thorough review of published literature from different fields is conducted in support of this study. This literature is categorized, analyzed and collected as a unified body. Conclusions about the meaning of the various reviewed studies are presented. The primary conclusions of this study are the needs for portability and true universality in health care for all, as well as guarantees that expensive and experimental treatments will be covered. The writer explains that such changes would benefit not only HIV/AIDS patients, but all Americans as well.
Abstract
The Problem
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose to the Study
Importance of the Study
Scope of the Study
Review of the Literature
Access to Care for HIV/AIDS Patients
Bioethical Issues
Social Psychological Influences
Effects of Managed Care on Health Care Access for HIV/AIDS Patients
Quality of Care Received by HIV/AIDS Patients
HIV/AIDS Funding
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"A critical factor affecting access to necessary health care for HIV/AIDS patients is health care insurance coverage. Approximately 60-percent of the American population is covered by private health care insurance programs (Congressional Budget Office, 1999). Most of these programs?the very great majority?are either fully or partly funded by employers, while the remainder of such programs is funded fully by the covered individuals and families. For the remaining 40 percent of the population, the delivery of health care services is dealt with in a variety of ways, as follows: (1) for approximately 25 percent of the population, health care services are funded by the federal government, primarily through the Medicaid and Medicare programs; (2) approximately five-percent of the population, both individuals and families, who for whatever reason do not choose to contract for health care insurance, are in the financial position to pay for health care services at the time of delivery; and (3) approximately 10 percent of the population defer health care services to the point where they can non longer be deferred, at which time they typically enter the health care system as emergency patients (Congressional Budget Office, 1999). As emergency patients, their care is more expensive than it would have been if treated earlier, and the care is either (1) paid by government or charity or (2) results in charges to the patients and their families that they seldom have any hope of ever paying. In the latter case, caregivers, typically public hospitals, must absorb the losses. "
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HIV-AIDS Patients and the Health Care System, 2002.
An assessment of minority access to the American health
care system focusing on the HIV-AIDS community.
5,926 words (approx. 23.7 pages), 36 sources, APA, $ 141.95
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Abstract
Approximately 12 percent of the American population is without any formal health care insurance coverage. The research problem investigated in this paper concerns minority access to health care. The central issue is the determination of the best approach to improve such access, especially in relation to HIV-AIDS patients.
Outline:
Introduction
Problem
Minorities and HIV-AIDS
Interaction with Health Care System
Racial and Ethnic Orientation
Structure and Method of Investigation
Structure
Method [Focus on Outcomes]
Minorities: Health Care Delivery Problems in the Community and Health Care System
Bioethical Issues
Failure to Address Racial Differences
Failure to Address Insurance Status Differences
Health Care Delivery and Accessibility
Delivery
Accessibility
HMOs and Fee-for-Service Providers
Social Psychological Influences
Distrust of the Health Care System
Health Beliefs of Minorities
Social Identity Influences
Minority Status and HIV-AIDS
HIV-AIDS and Minority Population Groups
Origins
Ethical Issues
HIV-AIDS Health Care for Minorities
Initiatives to Improve Minority Access to Health Care
Proposed Initiative
Conclusions and Recommendations
Restatement of Problem
Summary of Findings
Conclusions
Potential Solutions
Assessment
Recommendations
References
From the Paper
"Decisions made by health care professionals in the conduct of practice typically are reached within the context of an ethical framework (Marty, 1992). Clinical ethics is defined as the systematic identification, analysis, and resolution of ethical problems associated with the care of particular patients (Zuckerman, 1994). The goals of clinical ethics include protecting the rights and interests of patients, assisting clinicians in ethical decision-making, and encouraging cooperative relationships among patients and those close to patients, clinicians, and health care institutions. Important in the definition of clinical ethics is an emphasis on clinicians, not only physicians, thus underscoring the fact that clinical ethics needs to be a multi-disciplinary endeavor that encompasses the range of clinician expertise involved in patient care."
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HIV/AIDS and Complementary Nutritional Therapies, 2007.
A dissertation on the implications and recommendations for using complementary natural therapies in the treatment of HIV/AIDS.
20,383 words (approx. 81.5 pages), 39 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the problem of HIV/AIDS and the issue of complementary nutritional therapies that can be used to slow its progression and boost the immune system of HIV/AIDS patients. The paper also discusses the implications of utilizing these therapies and gives recommendations how to implement complementary nutritional therapies for HIV/AIDS. The paper discusses these treatments and also looks at how HIV/AIDS symptoms can be affected by proper nutrition and nutritional therapies and what kind of prevalence is noted with reduction of symptoms of HIV/AIDS when proper nutrition and nutritional therapies are employed.
Table of Contents:
Chapter 1 - Introduction to the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Background
Research Question
Hypothesis
Significance of the Study
Definition of Terms
Summary
Chapter 2 -- Review of Related Literature and Research
Introduction
Literature Review
Summary
Chapter 3 -- Results and Findings
Introduction
Analysis of Data
Findings
Summary
Chapter 4 -- Conclusions, Implications, and Recommendations for Further Research
Conclusions and Implications
Summary
From the Paper
"Although it would appear that the government in general is doing little to help communities from being completely decimated by the HIV/AIDS virus, there are some HIV/AIDS prevention measures that are being undertaken by some areas of the government that may apply to many individuals. In general, however, most of the information given is not culture specific and therefore will not apply well to some individuals and their cultural beliefs and feelings. The government is also lacking in getting the message out regarding what should be done once the virus is contracted and there has been almost nothing from the government regarding complementary nutritional therapies. Some of this information is important here, however, because it indicates what makes an HIV/AIDS program successful and may be helpful to educators in the future as they work toward finding various ways to get the treatment information out there to more people."
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HIV-AIDS and Africa, 2005.
An analysis of HIV/AIDS in Africa and treatment and prevention strategies that are under development.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses HIV/AIDS both in general terms and in relation to the dynamic HIV/AIDS has created across the African continent. The paper examines, in depth, the cause, symptoms, treatment, and prevention of HIV/AIDS. It gives emphasis to testing, treatment, and prevention strategies currently employed and under development; primarily adjusting antiretroviral treatment strategies. Finally, it briefly examines how HIV/AIDS has changed and is changing the demographic structure across Africa and some reasons why HIV/AIDS is so prevalent in that region.
From the Paper
"AIDS/HIV and Africa HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS Overview HIV or human immunodeficiency virus is a virus in a group of viruses called retroviruses and destroys cells in the body called CD4 T-cells. CD4 T-cells are a type of a white blood cell or a lymphocyte which are part of the body's immune system. These cells are vital to protect the body against various bacteria, viruses and other forms of infecting agents (Freiberg). AIDS or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a term which covers the range of infections and illnesses resulting from a weakened auto immune system caused by HIV. This distinction is important; one can be HIV positive and not to be suffering from AIDS (Freiberg). Most often there exists a lengthy period of time, usually several years, from first being infected with HIV, and the development of infections and other AIDS related issues."
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HIV/AIDS Orphans, 2002.
A look at the vertical transmission of the HIV/AIDS virus from mother to child in Africa.
1,941 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 25 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a brief introduction to the HIV/AIDS increase in the African region and, together with comparative statistics, it provides an overview of the socioeconomic impact of HIV/AIDS on women and children who are orphaned. Following the overview, the impact of the vertical transmission of HIV/AIDS virus from mother to child is discussed, as well as an analysis of how an orphaned child suffers after his/her parent(s) have succumbed to the deadly disease. It concludes with a look at the initiatives taken up by the government, NGOs, or communities to help these orphans.
Outline
Introduction
Thesis Statement
Outline
Overview
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Orphaned Children
Government, NGOs', Communities' Initiatives for Orphaned Children
Conclusion
From the Paper
"While, UNAIDS has estimated that approximately six million HIV/AIDS infections occur each year, most of them in South Africa. Among which ten percent of these occur in children, due to mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) of HIV. This is the tangible indication of the epidemic's impact on South African and other sub-Saharan African countries with the increase number of "AIDS orphans" who have lost and still losing both parents to the disease (UN Integrated Regional Information Networks). Thus, due to the vertical transmission of HIV/AIDS from the mother to child, one third of Africa's children would be orphan and which already has orphaned around 1.2 million children in South Africa (Terreblanche. 2001). This growing number of AIDS orphans and the phenomenon of bringing up orphaned children have raised the need for urgent responses, involvement and research. In 1999, Rose Smart therefore, conducted a prompt evaluation of children suffering from HIV/AIDS in South Africa, under the aegis of Save the Children."
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HIV/AIDS in India and the United States, 2002.
A comparative analysis of the HIV/AIDS situation in India and the United States.
2,742 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the HIV (human immuno virus) and AIDS (acquired immunity deficiency syndrome) epidemic in India and the United States.
It examines the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in both countries in turn and then follows with a discussion of the public health response for dealing with it. It evaluates how as a wealthy country, the United States has the resources to commit to an attack on HIV/AIDS that is far beyond the capacity of India and how as a consequence, a true HIV/AIDS disaster in likely to strike India before 2010.
From the Paper
"Most cases of AIDS and most deaths from AIDS in the United States have occurred among persons 30 to 39 years old, with second most stricken group being 40 to 49 year olds, and the third most stricken group being 20 to 29 year olds. Men comprise almost 90 percent of AIDS victims in the United States. While whites account for the most AIDS victims in the United States, African-Americans and Hispanics are represented among AIDS victims at levels disproportionately high in relation to their proportional representation in the general population (Economics and Statistics Administration, 1997). With respect to formal education, higher levels of AIDS victimization appear to be associated with lower levels of formal education attainment; however, such relationships have not been established conclusively with precision (Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, 1998)."
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The Impact of Depression on HIV/AIDS Progression, 2006.
A look at the correlation between depression and the progression of HIV/AIDS in patients suffering from the disease.
2,504 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at depression in patients suffering with HIV/AIDS. According to the paper, depression is not caused by HIV directly, but it has been found that those who have HIV/AIDS often also suffer from depression. The paper goes on to say that it is important to understand how depression impacts HIV/AIDS with regard to the disease progression so that depression treatment can be effectively handled to reduce the advance of the disease in those who suffer from it.
Outline:
Background of the Problem
Conclusion
From the Paper
" One of the weaknesses that this study had, was the instrument used to determine depression. While it is a marker for depressive illness it does not determine the rate or severity of the depression in the individual patient, which may have been helpful in separating the results into more definable categories(McDermott, 1999)."
"The study concluded that depression does not speed the progress of HIV but admits because of some of the inconsistent issues, such as the failure to divide the degrees of depression within the participants that the study should be repeated using different instruments to determine its validity(McDermott, 1999)."
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HIV/AIDS among Indian Sex Trade Workers, 2008.
Investigates causes for the growing epidemic of HIV/AIDS among sex trade workers in India.
3,145 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 17 sources, APA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
In investigating the causes for the growing epidemic of HIV/AIDS among sex trade workers in India, this paper attempts to link the growth to socio-economic factors. In addition, the paper attempts to see whether India is simply a typical Third World country in this respect, or if there are special circumstances rendering Indian sex trade workers even more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS.
Table of Contents:
Background/Rationale
Objectives
Findings
Epidemiology
General Economic Factors
Socio-Economic Factors that Directly Impact Sex Trade Workers
Discrimination Against AIDS Patients
Political Issues
HIV/AIDS and Sex Trade Workers
Conclusions
From the Paper
"In India, the two main routes of infection are heterosexual contact and drug use. AIDS infections began spreading rapidly in India in the late 1980s and early 1990s. However, the response was slow. Officials were reluctant to admit AIDS was in India. For example, by 1991 only 1,254 AIDS cases were formally reported to WHO for the whole of Asia. However, the true figures were likely ten times as high. In the early 1990s, it began to seem that India and Thailand were the two Asian countries with the highest infection rates."
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HIV/Aids in Kenya, 2007.
This paper discusses the plight of children orphaned by HIV/Aids in Kenya.
4,747 words (approx. 19.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 121.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Kenya has one of the best HIV/AIDS surveillance systems in Africa, with many programs put in place to mitigate the disease. The writer points out that very few programs, however, address the needs of HIV/AIDS orphans. The writer explains that therefore, a gap exists in meeting the special needs of affected and infected orphans, especially their education and psychosocial needs. The writer concludes that in spite of the ravages of the pandemic and its socioeconomic impact on society, communities in Kenya, both international and local, have undertaken the invaluable task of responding to the special needs of HIV/AIDS orphans.
Outline:
Introduction
Determinants of Health
Epidemiology
Impact of Health Issue
Solution
Participation
From the Paper
"There are a number of definitions of HIV/AIDS orphans. According to UNAIDS, an HIV/AIDS orphan is a child who has lost his or her mother to the disease. However, a more inclusive definition refers to a child who has lost one or both parents to HIV/AIDS. Other definitions expand the term to include children abandoned by parents and children beading households. These children may be infected by HIV or have AIDS, they may be affected by HIV/AIDS through the loss of one or both parents or siblings, or they may be at risk of infection."
"These orphans may be vulnerable, isolated, depressed, stigmatized, discriminated against, and uneducated; some live in the streets. These orphans may be resented by wealthier relatives with whom they are sometimes placed. Orphaned children in Kenya usually have only four choices of where to live."
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HIV/AIDS Center for Black Males, 2002.
Proposes an HIV/AIDS Center for black males in Baltimore's Park Heights community.
5,842 words (approx. 23.4 pages), 24 sources, APA, $ 139.95
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Abstract
This research presents a proposal for the development of an HIV/AIDS Center in the Park Heights community of the City of Baltimore. The proposed HIV/AIDS Center focuses on providing service and outreach for African American males. The proposal is developed in three parts (1) a needs assessment (2) current funding/organizational context and (3) program rationale and components.
Outline
Introduction
Purpose
Focus
Presentation Plan
Needs Assessment
Focus
HIV/AIDS
Frequency
At-Risk Populations
Risk Behaviors
Baltimore-Specific Risks
Park Heights-Specific Needs
Current Funding/Organizational Context
Links Between Funds Sources and Proposed Clinic
Links Between Organization and Proposed Clinic
Program Rationale and Components
Model Programs
Educational Roles
Specific Activities
Evaluation
Stakeholder Interviews
References
From the Paper
"It would be comforting to assume that in this fourteenth year of the HIV/AIDS crisis that everyone by now is not only aware of the virus, the syndrome, and the disease, but that they also are aware of how the virus is transmitted, what happens to one?s physical and emotional systems as AIDS develops, and how to obtain care for oneself or others who are either HIV-positive or are suffering from AIDS. Unfortunately, even at this late date, such is not the case. Thus, this needs assessment begins with a consideration of the knowledge necessary to understand the HIV/AIDS crisis and proceeds to the specific needs of African American males in the Park Heights community."
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HIV/AIDS, 2004.
A review of three articles dealing with HIV/AIDs.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews three articles on HIV/AIDS, all dealing with the challenge of delivering effective services to HIV/AIDS clients in a wide variety of settings. The articles focus on correctional drug treatment programs, inmates in correctional settings, and job satisfaction of those working in community-based HIV/AIDS organizations.
From the Paper
"In spite of the progress being made by the medical community to treat HIV/ AIDS, professionals and policy makers continue to face the formidable challenge of delivering effective services to HIV/AIDS clients in a wide variety of settings. This literature review..."
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HIV/AIDS in Lubbock, Texas, 2005.
A discussion on HIV/AIDS among the African-American population of Lubbock, Texas.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the incidence of HIV/AIDS in Lubbock Texas. The paper analyzes the significance of HIV/AIDS in Lubbock by focusing on the demographics of the high risk population, as well as the cultural concerns that affect this population. The paper provides statistical information on the instances of HIV/AIDS in Lubbock and compares those findings with national figures.
From the Paper
"Lubbock, Texas is located in a southern area of the state known as the "panhandle" of Texas. Compared to national figures the total population of the area is small, with a variety of cultural presences in the area; yet, it is racially predominantly white. The number of HIV/AIDS cases in the area, however, is significant to the population because the disease is currently affecting a large segment of the people, with most of the reported cases being evidenced within the African American culture that comprises only 8% of the total citizenry ("Population", 2003). This rise in the number of African Americans with HIV/AIDS in Lubbock, however, is related to a segment of the population that is poor, involved in drug use, and without significant health or knowledge to combat or prevent the disease from spreading."
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HIV and AIDS Infection, 2007.
This paper examines the HIV/AIDS issue as one of the world's most significant transboundary issues.
2,764 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
The paper explores existing literature to demonstrate the transnational nature of HIV/AIDS, a health issue that affects the entire world and not just distant African nations. The paper illustrates how if left unchecked, the disease can decimate populations, destabilize nations and undermine the strength of the global economy. The paper maintains that researchers and policy makers must recognize the transnational nature of HIV/AIDS and plan their response accordingly in order to mount the most effective and lasting response to this issue.
Outline:
Introduction
HIV/AIDS in a Transboundary Context
Designing Appropriate Institutions
Conclusion: The Way Forward
From the Paper
"The matter of HIV/AIDS is one of the world's most significant transboundary issues, largely because it affects such a large swath of the world. Current estimates, always out-of-date thanks to under-reporting and an increasing infection rate, are not entirely certain. In 2004, the World Health Organization that there was anywhere between 34 million and 46 million people infected worldwide. Of those infected, two-thirds lived in Africa and one-fifth lived in Asia (Beaglehole, Irwin & Prentice 2004, p. 1). Beyond the fact that HIV/AIDS is a major health issue that adversely affects the quality of life of those infected and their families, there are other associated problems. For instance, Haacker (2004) reported that HIV/AIDS has a significantly adverse effect on economic development through the prevailing social fabric (p. 42)."
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