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Historical Objectivity in "Apocalypto", 2008.
An analysis of the historical objectivity in Mel Gibson's epic film "Apocalypto".
775 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of historical objectivity in Mel Gibson's film "Apocalypto". The paper holds that the film juxtaposes beauty and violence in a world saturated, graphically, in human tragedy. More specifically, the paper addresses a question raised by many reviewers: even if graphic violence serves a cinematic purpose, was "Apocalypto" guilty of portraying Mayan people as excessively violent, depraved, and even subhuman? The paper maintains that this question illuminates not only the film at hand, but also illustrates the expectations that audiences bring to films, and suggests the extent to which Hollywood caters to, manipulates, or disregards these expectations. The paper posits that perhaps fault lies less with Gibson's misunderstanding of history than it does with the critics' refusal to view the film as an unbound work of art. The paper concludes that, to a veteran filmmaker like Gibson, accuracy and fairness may simply be tools like any other, as malleable as lighting, acting, or props, just as easily manipulated to create the emotional thrust for which Hollywood has remained renowned.
From the Paper
"Of the two issues, the more straightforward is accuracy. Critical reviewers merrily pointed out Gibson's liberties with the historical record. On its most basic level, "Apocalypto" loosely combines elements of Mayan culture spanning nearly a thousand years. As David Hansen, an archaeologist working for the Global Heritage Fund and the technical advisor for the film, freely points out, "There was nothing in the post-classic period that would match the size and majesty of that pyramid in the film" (Hansen). The arrival of the Spaniards at the conclusion of the film stands out as particularly disjointed since, as many reviewers noted, all of the great Mayan cities had fallen into disarray by the time of the Spanish conquests (Arden)."
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Historical Objectivity, 2005.
This paper examines the impact of revisionist history on the Jewish Holocaust.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper explains how both Lipstadt and Cohen offer poignant views of revisionist history and the subjectivity of historical evaluation that makes their arguments more politically based, rather than accurate. By the objective facts and witnesses that were part of the Holocaust, Stiles defines their experience as invaluable to historical accuracy when he states: "The last victim of a genocide is truth." In this manner, the victims become the ultimate historical objectivity that records and holds sacred the tenants of memory, which prevent history from repeating itself.
From the Paper
"This Holocaust study will analyze the premise of revisionist history through the varying aspects of the Jewish Holocaust, but more importantly through the larger premise of genocide. By analyzing the negative aspects of revisionist theory that deny the Holocaust, one can argue the invalidity of politics that become unraveled behind the truth of genocide. In this manner, historical revision can be warped through political subjectivity and power, rather than observing the very policy that define a genocide under the Geneva Convention. The modern claim that "The last victim of genocide is truth," written by Richard Cohen in the article: "Killing Truth," portray the last, but only reason that the Holocaust was a real historical event."
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Historical Writings, 2004.
An examination of whether the writing of history can be objective or not.
2,741 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
An analysis of some of the writers of history and a discussion about their objectivity or lack thereof. It discusses articles by several scholars who explored this question and concludes that historical writers were not able to be objective due to a lack of communication resources.
From the Paper
"The writings of ancient historians, Michael Grant?s research reveals, were continually offering future readers their interpretation of history, allowing their prejudices and personal feelings to enter into their chronicles ? all of which flies in the face of pure objectivity, as defined by Merriam-Webster. Indeed, they did not consider it obligatory to acknowledge all sources, but rather they often followed a path of ?ignoring or rejecting? (p. 37) what data they did not wish to include, Grant informs us. Ancient historians also did not make ?judicious? use of which sources should be followed. Xenophon, the Greek historian, for example, admitted that he omitted actions if they were ?not worth mentioning? (p. 38), Grant observed. But this is not to say all ancient historians are to be discredited, just because they did not follow the path of pure objectivity, or AP style journalism, or Chicago Style, or Harvard style citations. Quite the contrary. The great body of ancient historical records is illuminating and highly informative ? notwithstanding ?flaws? by today?s modern standards ? in its presentation."
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Historical Facts and Social facts, 2004.
Summary and review of E. H. Carr's book about the accuracy of historical facts, entitled "The Historian and His Facts".
986 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines the E. H. Carr's theory in his book, "The Historian and His Facts", which argues that that a historical fact can never be a hard fact that can be taken at face value because it is really just a reflection of the historian?s thought process. The paper summarizes Carr's arguments, which support his theory, and cites the examples used by Carr, which add credibility to his views. The paper also reviews Carr's belief that hard historical facts can not exist independently and objectively of the historian because the view of the past is always colored by the present. Finally, the paper looks at how Durkheim's definition of social facts can both relate to and refute Carr's theory.
From the Paper
"Carr presents several logical and highly persuasive arguments in support of his argument. For instance, he submits that our picture of Greece in the fifth century B.C. is largely based by the documentation and picture left behind by a select group of people in Athens and to that extent is not truly representative since very little was recorded of the history of the Spartan or Corinthian civilizations. Similarly, he questions the current day picture of the medieval man as deeply concerned with religion since the facts of medieval history have almost all been selected by people who were professionally occupied in the theory and practice of religion and who, therefore, may have focused on recording all facts relating to it."
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A Historical Perspective of Affirmative Action, 2004.
Discusses affirmative action from a historical, economic, and social perspective.
4,816 words (approx. 19.3 pages), 18 sources, APA, $ 123.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an extensive study of affirmative action programs. It begins with a definition and explanation of the objectives of affirmative action policies and then goes on to look at the many societal areas the policies impact. The paper also looks at the primary focus of affirmative action policies, some of the arguments supporting and opposing affirmative action, and rulings on affirmative action programs that will affect their implementation in the future.
A Historical Perspective of Affirmative Action
Worldview
Roles in Affirmative Action
Education
Ethnic View
An Economic Perspective
A Sociological Perspective
From the Paper
"The American government justifies affirmative-action programs as ?the principal of compensatory justice (Giraldo, p. 45)?. Basically, this means that just compensation must be awarded to an injured party if an injustice has occurred. Affirmative action requires employees to hire members of groups that were wronged in the past in an effort to undo or compensate for historical injustices."
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Journalism Objectivity, 2005.
A discussion on integrity and objectivity in journalism.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses integrity and objectivity in journalism, using an example from each of three newspapers: The New York Times, The Washington Post and USA Today to make its point. The coverage of each of these papers is examined and compared for integrity and objectivity.
From the Paper
"Journalism can shape a nation. Many people vote based on what the media conveys to them about candidates, they decide crucial ethical issues from information they read about in newspapers and live their lives according to what ..."
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Objectivity in the Media, 2006.
An examination of the lack of objectivity in the media.
1,030 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the problems of objectivity and bias in the media. It claims that the media cannot live up to the journalistic ideal of objectivity, for every news story is influenced by the attitudes and background of its interviewers, writers, photographers and editors. The paper contends that major newspapers and television networks are biased according to their political affiliations and attempt to influence their audiences to subscribe to their views. The paper concludes that the media is no more than a form of propaganda and a cancer inside of the public.
From the Paper
"The media most clearly acts on their political party "affiliation." The main contenders for this are Fox News and the New York Times. The most recent evidence of this is concerning a website release of Iraqi nuclear documents. In an article published by the New York Times on November 3, Journalist William Broad writes, "American government shuts down Web site that weapons experts say offer basic guide to building atom bomb, pending review; site gives detailed accounts of Iraq's secret nuclear research before 1991 Persian Gulf war... hoping to leverage the Internet to find new evidence of prewar dangers posed to Saddam Hussein" (Broad)."
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Aristotle vs. Plato on the Objectivity of Morality, 2002.
This paper discusses and compares and contrasts Aristotelian teliology and perspective on the objectivity of morality with the Platonic idea of ethical rationalism and the Forms.
1,938 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
The paper shows how Plato essentially believes in the relativity of morality whereas as Aristotle does not, but instead believes that human beings, like nature, have an inherent purpose that we are designed to aspire to. Plato, on the other hand, believes that there are undefinable Forms, like moral goals, that can be seen, appreciated and reached for in many different ways, thus making hm an ethical relativist, rather than a believer in moral objectivity.
From the Paper
"Both Plato (B.C.E. 428 ? 347/8) and Aristotle (384 - 322 B.C) are known for their ageless philosophy and revolutionary views. Some contemporary philosophers go so far as to suggest that these men are ?without equal in the history of human thought? (Cohen, Curd, and Reeve). Although neither man set out to transform the perspectives of the known world with regards to ethics and morality, both succeeded in doing so infinitely beyond what they lived to witness. To a great extent, their views actually differ; yet compliment one another in defining morality. Combined; their works identified and explained morality, shaping the understanding of much of the western world for centuries."
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Objectivity in History, 2005.
A discussion on whether history can be studied objectively.
1,033 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that the study of the past has to be selective in what is analyzed or nothing would be achieved and that the question rests on the individual historian and his or her impartiality in treating the past in a balanced way. It examines how there is a distinction between whether the historian is acting impartially and whether the subject matter can ever be true, and it argues that both are false assumptions. An historian may apply the finest scientific method to any enquiry, but is still applying 'truth' to the past and is limited by the sources and evidence available at the time.
From the Paper
"Elite history and subsequently 'hero-worship' are two broad themes that survive the test of time to form the 'objective' history of what Keith Jenkins in Re-thinking History referred to as the establishments claim to truth. The truest aspect of history is that which survives from the past and heritage sites such as stately homes and artistic works provide historians with a rich field of investigation, yet narrow in that it is the past of the few. The history of the multitude is invariably harder to access due to the lack of surviving records. The disproportionate representation of great figures from the past, the amount we know about them in comparison to other features of their time is reflective of the imbalance of source material."
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The Study of History, 2005.
A discussion on methods of interpreting history and historical objects.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 6 sources, $ 133.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how, in the study of history, the "ways of knowing" the past of an object, a culture, or an event is a difficult and highly subjective challenge. The paper examines how the historian's methods are characterized by their own perspectives and objectives, and this quite often occurs in ways that are not consciously recognized by the historian. The paper further examines how this distortion is a highly problematic issue, for the study of history is essential to the understanding of both the past and the present, and also to shed light on many possible futures. This paper approaches the issue of multiple "ways of knowing" as applied to the study of history, with the purpose of clarifying the need for minimized personal perceptions and interpretations within the context of historical research and the teaching of social studies to the next generation.
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Valuation of Priceless Objects, 2008.
An outline of the valuation of "priceless" historical and cultural artifacts.
2,144 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
The paper states that the valuation of priceless historical and cultural artifacts is not a process guided by specific rules or regulations and in fact is an unstructured and unpredictable process based on various methods and techniques. The paper comments that this results in a comparable analysis technique, with each valuation process being somewhat different from those previously conducted. The paper discusses the valuation of historical cultural artifacts that are from cultures for which there have been no previous market sales. The paper progresses through the three traditional valuation techniques including comparable market value, asset value, and the income method.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Traditional Means Of Valuation
Means Of Valuation Of Ancient Cultural Items
Summary And Conclusion
From the Paper
"It has been clearly demonstrated in the research that valuation of antiquities has no sure and constant form due to the nature of collecting antiquities and all the questions and concerns that may arise as to the origination of the art objects. Due to the demand for such works of art, looting of archaeological sites and museums has occurred and while rules and regulations have been instituted into import and export laws, there still exists a black market for these ancient art objects. In today's world of art collection, the collector must necessarily ensure that they are not in possession of stolen art objects and should that be the case pressures from the art world and the country of origination, as well as the penalties of law regarding such objects will likely result in a return of the art object to the originating country or culture to which the art object was derived."
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Object Relations Therapy, 2004.
An examination of applying object relations therapy in family therapy sessions.
2,151 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that many clinical skills using object relations therapy, which previously were only employed with one-on-one individual sessions, or couples in session, can in fact transfer to family work. The paper states that the training that professionals receive through their work with individuals is the single greatest asset for family work. The paper shows several approaches to - and philosophies toward - object relations therapy, all of which can seamlessly, logically be applied to family object relations therapy as well.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Object Relations - A Model for Solving Human Conflict
What is Object Relations Therapy and Why does it Work for Families?
Ronald Fairbairn's Explanation of Object Relations
The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant: Symbiosis and Individuation
One Therapist's 8-Step Model for Employing Object Relations Theory
A Therapeutic Object Relations Technique for Histrionic-Obsessive Family Partners
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The general framework of object relations theory provides researchers and therapists "with the means for understanding the earliest developmental phases of childhood," according to Samuel Slipp (Object Relations: A Dynamic Bridge Between Individual and Family Treatment). And further, object relations "studies the attachment and differentiation from others," which is of value not merely for the individual, but for the family, and the social interaction that is part of individuals in families, Slipp continues (3-4). Slipp's book takes the point of view that until recently, object relations theory has only been applied on individuals, but that now there is a "broadening" of focus to apply its concepts to "family studies." These family studies using object relations seek "pathogenic factors in the family" that influence the patient. Slipp notes that "object relations" is "an unfortunate choice" of terms (41), because the word "object" sounds too mechanical and "dehumanized.""
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Objective vs. Interpretive Communication, 2008.
This paper critically examines the objective and interpretive communication methods.
1,227 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that the objective approach to communication uses a scientific rational approach to communicate a message while the interpretive communication perspective presumes that all communications have multiple meanings with varying interpretations. The paper looks at the strengths and criticisms of objective communication and at the strengths of interpretive communication and concludes that the objective communication theory is the most effective.
Outline:
Introduction
Objective Communication and Its Assumptions
Objections to Objective Communication
Strengths of the Interpretive Communication Perspective
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The objective approach to communication uses a scientific rational approach to communicate a message. A theory regarding a message or a communication may appear plausible, however, it cannot be completely validated until it has been thoroughly tested (Griffin, 2005, p. 8). Therefore, those who use objective communication adopt a theory and then test it to see if everyone is covered by the communication (p. 14). A hypothesis is then formed to assert a specific prediction, which further testing will either validate or invalidate as a result. If repeated studies determine the outcome to be as expected, a more confident prediction can be made regarding which communications will be effective, and why, with recommendations as to how the communication should be implemented (p. 14)."
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Conscientious Objection, 2008.
This paper provides a moral analysis of conscientious objection.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that, in general, conscientious objection is not, in and of itself, a violation of honesty, integrity, or ethics. Even in the case of an enlisted serviceman, conscientious objection is a valid ethical basis for refusing continued service that requires conduct to which the individual objects in principle. The writer then points out that, on the other hand, conscientious objector status is unethical, and therefore, unjustified as a basis for shirking one's responsibilities under specific circumstances, particularly where it is asserted from self-interest instead of moral conviction. The writer discusses that the intention of the United States Armed Forces is to permit genuine objections that truly reflect the individual's heart-felt personal convictions without allowing conscientious objection to function as an unjustified means of dereliction of duties. The writer concludes that toward that end, the purpose of hearings on conscientious objection is to determine whether or not the conscientious objection falls within the relatively narrow parameters recognized by law as valid criteria, as well as to distinguish truthful positions from those merely of convenience or cowardice.
Outline:
Introduction
National Guard and Reservists
Changed Beliefs
Selective Service Registration
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The first requirement of valid conscientious objection is that it be genuinely truthful rather than a technique of convenience or cowardice with respect to one's assigned duties or assignment. Operation Iraqi Freedom brought the realities of wartime deployment and hostile engagement home to thousands of National Guard and Reserve troops, many of whom had enlisted primarily for the educational benefits and without a realistic expectation of overseas wartime deployment. Availability for deployment is the primary purpose for which reservists are rewarded and compensated throughout their period of enlistment."
"Conscientious objector status is not intended as an escape mechanism for situations where unexpected service is merely inconvenient, or where actual service is required, despite its apparent improbability at the time of enlistment. The enlistment agreement is bilateral in nature, with the respective benefits and potential costs known in advance to both parties to the agreement: the enlistee hopes to benefit without ever being required to fulfill the entire range of obligations encompassed by the agreement; the armed services hope to benefit by maintaining a troop reserve available when necessary, at a known cost of fulfilling its payment and benefits packages throughout the entire term of enlistment, even if active duty is never actually required during that time period."
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Object and Relational Databases, 2003.
This paper compares relational and object databases.
2,800 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the differences between relational and object databases and the issues in storing objects in relational databases systems.
Preface
1. Introduction
2. Relational Databases
3. Object-Orientated Databases
4. Development and Design Issues
5. Security
6. Performance
7. Storing Objects in Relational Databases
8. Summary
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Since their inception, relational database management systems have been the most widely used database management systems today. Relational databases are favored in manipulating large amounts of data. The strong development of object-orientated programming languages has led to the emergence of object-oriented databases. Relational database models currently fail to satisfy the need of storing complex data types such as multimedia and CAD/CAM. Object oriented databases were designed to support these new trends in application development."
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