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Historical Objectivity in "Apocalypto", 2008.
An analysis of the historical objectivity in Mel Gibson's epic film "Apocalypto".
775 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of historical objectivity in Mel Gibson's film "Apocalypto". The paper holds that the film juxtaposes beauty and violence in a world saturated, graphically, in human tragedy. More specifically, the paper addresses a question raised by many reviewers: even if graphic violence serves a cinematic purpose, was "Apocalypto" guilty of portraying Mayan people as excessively violent, depraved, and even subhuman? The paper maintains that this question illuminates not only the film at hand, but also illustrates the expectations that audiences bring to films, and suggests the extent to which Hollywood caters to, manipulates, or disregards these expectations. The paper posits that perhaps fault lies less with Gibson's misunderstanding of history than it does with the critics' refusal to view the film as an unbound work of art. The paper concludes that, to a veteran filmmaker like Gibson, accuracy and fairness may simply be tools like any other, as malleable as lighting, acting, or props, just as easily manipulated to create the emotional thrust for which Hollywood has remained renowned.
From the Paper
"Of the two issues, the more straightforward is accuracy. Critical reviewers merrily pointed out Gibson's liberties with the historical record. On its most basic level, "Apocalypto" loosely combines elements of Mayan culture spanning nearly a thousand years. As David Hansen, an archaeologist working for the Global Heritage Fund and the technical advisor for the film, freely points out, "There was nothing in the post-classic period that would match the size and majesty of that pyramid in the film" (Hansen). The arrival of the Spaniards at the conclusion of the film stands out as particularly disjointed since, as many reviewers noted, all of the great Mayan cities had fallen into disarray by the time of the Spanish conquests (Arden)."
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Journalism Objectivity, 2005.
A discussion on integrity and objectivity in journalism.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses integrity and objectivity in journalism, using an example from each of three newspapers: The New York Times, The Washington Post and USA Today to make its point. The coverage of each of these papers is examined and compared for integrity and objectivity.
From the Paper
"Journalism can shape a nation. Many people vote based on what the media conveys to them about candidates, they decide crucial ethical issues from information they read about in newspapers and live their lives according to what ..."
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Objectivity in the Media, 2006.
An examination of the lack of objectivity in the media.
1,030 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the problems of objectivity and bias in the media. It claims that the media cannot live up to the journalistic ideal of objectivity, for every news story is influenced by the attitudes and background of its interviewers, writers, photographers and editors. The paper contends that major newspapers and television networks are biased according to their political affiliations and attempt to influence their audiences to subscribe to their views. The paper concludes that the media is no more than a form of propaganda and a cancer inside of the public.
From the Paper
"The media most clearly acts on their political party "affiliation." The main contenders for this are Fox News and the New York Times. The most recent evidence of this is concerning a website release of Iraqi nuclear documents. In an article published by the New York Times on November 3, Journalist William Broad writes, "American government shuts down Web site that weapons experts say offer basic guide to building atom bomb, pending review; site gives detailed accounts of Iraq's secret nuclear research before 1991 Persian Gulf war... hoping to leverage the Internet to find new evidence of prewar dangers posed to Saddam Hussein" (Broad)."
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Aristotle vs. Plato on the Objectivity of Morality, 2002.
This paper discusses and compares and contrasts Aristotelian teliology and perspective on the objectivity of morality with the Platonic idea of ethical rationalism and the Forms.
1,938 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
The paper shows how Plato essentially believes in the relativity of morality whereas as Aristotle does not, but instead believes that human beings, like nature, have an inherent purpose that we are designed to aspire to. Plato, on the other hand, believes that there are undefinable Forms, like moral goals, that can be seen, appreciated and reached for in many different ways, thus making hm an ethical relativist, rather than a believer in moral objectivity.
From the Paper
"Both Plato (B.C.E. 428 ? 347/8) and Aristotle (384 - 322 B.C) are known for their ageless philosophy and revolutionary views. Some contemporary philosophers go so far as to suggest that these men are ?without equal in the history of human thought? (Cohen, Curd, and Reeve). Although neither man set out to transform the perspectives of the known world with regards to ethics and morality, both succeeded in doing so infinitely beyond what they lived to witness. To a great extent, their views actually differ; yet compliment one another in defining morality. Combined; their works identified and explained morality, shaping the understanding of much of the western world for centuries."
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Objectivity in History, 2005.
A discussion on whether history can be studied objectively.
1,033 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that the study of the past has to be selective in what is analyzed or nothing would be achieved and that the question rests on the individual historian and his or her impartiality in treating the past in a balanced way. It examines how there is a distinction between whether the historian is acting impartially and whether the subject matter can ever be true, and it argues that both are false assumptions. An historian may apply the finest scientific method to any enquiry, but is still applying 'truth' to the past and is limited by the sources and evidence available at the time.
From the Paper
"Elite history and subsequently 'hero-worship' are two broad themes that survive the test of time to form the 'objective' history of what Keith Jenkins in Re-thinking History referred to as the establishments claim to truth. The truest aspect of history is that which survives from the past and heritage sites such as stately homes and artistic works provide historians with a rich field of investigation, yet narrow in that it is the past of the few. The history of the multitude is invariably harder to access due to the lack of surviving records. The disproportionate representation of great figures from the past, the amount we know about them in comparison to other features of their time is reflective of the imbalance of source material."
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Historical Objectivity, 2005.
This paper examines the impact of revisionist history on the Jewish Holocaust.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper explains how both Lipstadt and Cohen offer poignant views of revisionist history and the subjectivity of historical evaluation that makes their arguments more politically based, rather than accurate. By the objective facts and witnesses that were part of the Holocaust, Stiles defines their experience as invaluable to historical accuracy when he states: "The last victim of a genocide is truth." In this manner, the victims become the ultimate historical objectivity that records and holds sacred the tenants of memory, which prevent history from repeating itself.
From the Paper
"This Holocaust study will analyze the premise of revisionist history through the varying aspects of the Jewish Holocaust, but more importantly through the larger premise of genocide. By analyzing the negative aspects of revisionist theory that deny the Holocaust, one can argue the invalidity of politics that become unraveled behind the truth of genocide. In this manner, historical revision can be warped through political subjectivity and power, rather than observing the very policy that define a genocide under the Geneva Convention. The modern claim that "The last victim of genocide is truth," written by Richard Cohen in the article: "Killing Truth," portray the last, but only reason that the Holocaust was a real historical event."
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Object Relations Therapy, 2004.
An examination of applying object relations therapy in family therapy sessions.
2,151 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that many clinical skills using object relations therapy, which previously were only employed with one-on-one individual sessions, or couples in session, can in fact transfer to family work. The paper states that the training that professionals receive through their work with individuals is the single greatest asset for family work. The paper shows several approaches to - and philosophies toward - object relations therapy, all of which can seamlessly, logically be applied to family object relations therapy as well.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Object Relations - A Model for Solving Human Conflict
What is Object Relations Therapy and Why does it Work for Families?
Ronald Fairbairn's Explanation of Object Relations
The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant: Symbiosis and Individuation
One Therapist's 8-Step Model for Employing Object Relations Theory
A Therapeutic Object Relations Technique for Histrionic-Obsessive Family Partners
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The general framework of object relations theory provides researchers and therapists "with the means for understanding the earliest developmental phases of childhood," according to Samuel Slipp (Object Relations: A Dynamic Bridge Between Individual and Family Treatment). And further, object relations "studies the attachment and differentiation from others," which is of value not merely for the individual, but for the family, and the social interaction that is part of individuals in families, Slipp continues (3-4). Slipp's book takes the point of view that until recently, object relations theory has only been applied on individuals, but that now there is a "broadening" of focus to apply its concepts to "family studies." These family studies using object relations seek "pathogenic factors in the family" that influence the patient. Slipp notes that "object relations" is "an unfortunate choice" of terms (41), because the word "object" sounds too mechanical and "dehumanized.""
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Objective vs. Interpretive Communication, 2008.
This paper critically examines the objective and interpretive communication methods.
1,227 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that the objective approach to communication uses a scientific rational approach to communicate a message while the interpretive communication perspective presumes that all communications have multiple meanings with varying interpretations. The paper looks at the strengths and criticisms of objective communication and at the strengths of interpretive communication and concludes that the objective communication theory is the most effective.
Outline:
Introduction
Objective Communication and Its Assumptions
Objections to Objective Communication
Strengths of the Interpretive Communication Perspective
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The objective approach to communication uses a scientific rational approach to communicate a message. A theory regarding a message or a communication may appear plausible, however, it cannot be completely validated until it has been thoroughly tested (Griffin, 2005, p. 8). Therefore, those who use objective communication adopt a theory and then test it to see if everyone is covered by the communication (p. 14). A hypothesis is then formed to assert a specific prediction, which further testing will either validate or invalidate as a result. If repeated studies determine the outcome to be as expected, a more confident prediction can be made regarding which communications will be effective, and why, with recommendations as to how the communication should be implemented (p. 14)."
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Object and Relational Databases, 2003.
This paper compares relational and object databases.
2,800 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the differences between relational and object databases and the issues in storing objects in relational databases systems.
Preface
1. Introduction
2. Relational Databases
3. Object-Orientated Databases
4. Development and Design Issues
5. Security
6. Performance
7. Storing Objects in Relational Databases
8. Summary
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Since their inception, relational database management systems have been the most widely used database management systems today. Relational databases are favored in manipulating large amounts of data. The strong development of object-orientated programming languages has led to the emergence of object-oriented databases. Relational database models currently fail to satisfy the need of storing complex data types such as multimedia and CAD/CAM. Object oriented databases were designed to support these new trends in application development."
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Object-Oriented Programming, 2001.
A look at the preference of "object-oriented" approach to programming over the "structured" approach.
680 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the reasons behind the current growing popularity of the "object-oriented approach" in programming and as a result the lessening of popularity of the "structured" approach. The advantages of both forms of programming are examined. The ?software crisis? that prompted this changeover is also examined. A number of case studies are presented, illustrating the use of object-oriented languages and programs with attention to what it is about object-oriented design that makes it so attractive currently for use in developing information systems.
From the Paper
"In the past two decades, and now occurring at an ever-faster rate, a vast collection of computer software has been designed to help people organize different kinds of information in the most efficient way possible. This paper examines one of the most important developments to have come out of this push for increasingly sophisticated information systems: The shift from structured approach to an object-oriented approach."
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Management By Objectives, 2008.
This paper describes the management by objectives (MBO) managerial theory and its application.
1,795 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the managerial philosophy and system known as management by objectives or MBO. The paper looks at the principles and guiding elements of the MBO system and its application in a case study. The paper explains that MBO ensures that each employee in an enterprise receives personalized performance objectives that are directly derived from the organization's strategy.
Outline:
Abstract
Management by Objectives-Theory
Chavez's Management Style
Application
From the Paper
"Management by objectives (MBO) is a managerial technique in which objectives for each employee are identified and then utilized to establish performance levels. MBO is designed to increase employee and even managerial performance as well as that of the overall organization because employee objectives are ideally derived from, or aligned with, the goals of the organization (Barley & Kunda, 1992). MBO is implemented with a view of providing constant or at least periodic feedback and input which allows them to determine if they are effectively moving forward towards completion of their objectives as well as adhering to the time constraints which have been set vis-a-vis their objectives."
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Object-Oriented Development, 2004.
An explanation of the process of object-oriented development and the advantages over component-based development.
1,845 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the similarities and differences between object-oriented (OO) and component-based development. It begins by describing the evolution of the abstraction process and the emergence of OO programming. Next, the limitations of OO programming are discussed, along with an explanation of how component-based development was born to serve as a complimentary extension to OO to overcome its primary disadvantages. Given the differences between objects and components, this paper makes recommendations for developing systems using both constructs. Finally, the future of objects and components is discussed.
From the Paper
"Assembly languages started the abstraction process by coding the binary-based machine code, or pulse train of successive 0s and 1s, into assemblies representing particular machine code sequences (Hoagland). Next, higher level languages made coding closer to human readable. The language and its compilers were coordinated such that the output would give a computational valid result. OO programming raised the level of abstraction in programming even further. OO programming is a programming language model organized around "objects" rather than "actions" and data rather than logic."
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Kudler Fine Foods' Marketing Objectives, 2005.
A discussion of the strategic and tactical marketing objectives of Kudler Fine Foods.
1,040 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Kudler Fine Foods' marketing goals. The paper outlines the four major initiatives of its strategic goals, which include programs focused at new customers, better information management, building targeted awareness, and increased efficiency. The paper also addresses the company's tactical goals, which involve existing and new offers, pricing and promotions, expansion to other locations, and customer relationship management. These goals share one factor, the need for marketing research to further their development. Ultimately, the paper concludes that Kudler Fine Foods appears to have formulated an excellent set of strategic and tactical marketing objectives, yet in order to be successful, they require a significant amount of research.
Outline:
Importance of Marketing Research - Strategic Objectives
Importance of Marketing Research - Tactical Objectives
Customer Relationship Management
Competitive Intelligence and Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Another strategic objective of the firm is better information management, manifested in the newly created frequency shopper program. This program aims to track purchase behavior by individuals and provide high-value incentives. Price discounts are not expected to be a deciding factor in the minds of consumers due to the discerning nature and tastes of Kudler's target market. To this end, the company has researched implementation of the program and the overall payoff in terms of revenue is expected to total 4.75%. Starting at .25% in Q1, and increasing substantially throughout the year as consumers are made more aware of the program through promotional activities."
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Object Oriented Programming, 2002.
An analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of object oriented programming.
785 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper suggests that one needs to be aware of the dogma of object-oriented programming. Just as many problems have ?natural? object-oriented solutions, equally many are best solved in a functional way. The author suggests that the best programs and projects are mostly a mixture of both.
From the Paper
?Data fields and methods are transmitted to the subclasses by their parent and ancestor classes, but the subclasses have the authority to override these with more specific versions. A virtual method is thus defined when it is able to override another, which means that the version chosen will determined at run-time. A wrong version might be used when, for example, one method is called from within another.?
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Management By Objectives, 2002.
A literature review of the concept of management by objectives.
1,328 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at management by objectives, a part of the body of participative management theory. It provides a brief history of the theory and shows how developments in participative management techniques have lead to a greater emphasis on a relationships-orientation for managers, as opposed to the more traditional task orientation. It shows how the essence of any form of participative management is that the decision making process is not authoritarian and how management by objectives is primarily, a system of management that is designed to bring about the participation of all, or almost all, of the managers of an organization in the major decision processes of the organization. It also analyzes the advantages and disadvantages associated with group decision-making.
From the Paper
"Brady (1973) said that, within a system of management-by-objectives, there is an explicit attempt to state publicly the basic goals and quantifiable objectives of the organization. Priorities are then established for these goals and objectives, which are used as guides for allocating the organization?s resources during the time for which the organizational goals apply. These goals and objectives also give the organization a yardstick against which the success of the year?s activities may be measured. Thus, management-by-objectives involves the joint setting of organizational objectives by superior and subordinate, the monitoring of these objectives during the time period for which they are established, and a performance appraisal within the framework of the established objectives (Davis, 1999)."
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