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Herodotus in Egypt, 2005.
A look at this ancient account of Egyptian life by the Greek traveler, Herodotus.
1,116 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper considers the problematic nature of a traveler's view of a foreign culture and society and, in particular, the ancient Greek traveler, Herodotus's, view of ancient Egypt. The paper looks at the reliability of Herodotus's sources, how his recordings of Egyptian history and culture differ from what has been written in other texts, and what cultural biases Herodotus might hold as an observer.
From the Paper
"Travelogues as sources of accurate history are problematic. By definition, they are written by outsiders rather than insiders to a particular land, culture and time. Travel writing even in our historical present, has a notorious unreliability as sources of data. They are filtered through the point of view of someone who, even if he or she is conversant in the language of the region, is not always equally fluent in the culture, and must rely upon the point of view of those selected by the ruling regime. For instance, the voices of the "Work Songs from Ancient Egypt: Voices of Ordinary Men and Women," as chronicled in Chapter 12 of Bailkey are entirely absent, as these voices of the hands, backs, and sweat that the great pyramids were constructed by were not part of the exposure of the historian. Perhaps they might not have been as interesting, to Herodotus, as the great visions of the pyramids themselves, given that the Greek Herodotus himself was part of a culture that accepted slavery as a necessity."
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Egypt, 2004.
A comprehensive discussion on civil society in Egypt.
10,844 words (approx. 43.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 215.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of civil society in Egypt. Firstly, a brief historical overview of civil society in Egypt is presented and an analytical overview of the political situation in Egypt is provided, illustrating the authoritarian nature of the regime and assessing the influence of the regime on the growth and nature of civil society. Next, an analytical overview of the economic situation in Egypt is presented, assessing the influence of the economic malaise on the growth of civil society. Next, a sectoral overview of civil society organizations in Egypt is presented, by dividing the civil organizations in to categories (service provision, charity and welfare, guilds and unions, development civil society organizations, political parties, human rights/citizenship rights, research organizations, cultural groups, and finally sports clubs) and within this section, several organizations within each category are discussed, in terms of their activities. This section includes information on the total number of CSOs in Egypt. This section also highlights the fact that a culturally specific approach is necessary when discussing CSOs in Egypt, as a large quantity of Islamic groups are spread throughout the sectors. Next, an in-depth analysis of three groups and their activities is presented: one Islamic, one political party (maybe the Muslim brotherhood) and one an International NGO.
From the Paper
"Researchers have identified that several elements have shaped the profile of Egypt's civic sector: government policies shifted over time from laissez faire to increased government control under different regimes, yet religion has always been an element of associational life in Egypt (Kandil, 1999). In a 1993 survey, it was found that about 31% of associations were Islamic and about 7% were Christian: most of these organizations provided health services, social assistance, and religious services (Kandil, 1999). Further influences on civil society have been identified (by Ibrahim et al., 1998) as the state, traditional forces (via the Communities of Virtue), and external Western forces: it is argued that the current status of civil society in Egypt has come about due to a complex historical - and current - relationship between these three factors (Ibrahim et al., 1998)."
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The Histories of Herodotus, 2005.
A review and analysis of Herodotus' "Histories".
1,110 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes Herodotus' work which chronicles the historical aspects of ancient Greece, Egypt and other regions of Asia Minor. The paper discusses the myths Herodotus chose to focus on, which were viewed as a historical truth in his time. It also looks at the leaders, the cultures and the wars that Herodotus detailed and explains why the work still has value today.
From the Paper
"Following this, Herodotus examines the activities and consequences of more recent historical myths associated with the cultures of the Lydians, the Egyptians, the Scythians and the Persians, all of which are interspersed with so-called dialogue spoken by the leading figures of these cultures. However, Herodotus' ability to separate fact from fiction was hampered to a great degree by not having access to any major primary sources, thus making it difficult to determine which narrative was based on actual events and which was pure mythology. "
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Herodotus as a Historian, 2005.
A discussion on whether Herodotus's "Histories" can be considered an accurate historical account.
1,826 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper examines to what extent is it necessary to qualify the description of Herodotus as a historian. It looks at how Herodotus's perception of history is far removed from the critical eye of a modern historian, and this paper considers where the discrepancies lie and appreciates Herodotus's "Histories".
From the Paper
"Herodotus' attempts to draw moral lessons from the study of great events formed the basis of Greek and Roman historical tradition upheld by later historians such as Livy. He intended to arouse political awareness and responsibility by recalling examples from the events of the past. The Persian Wars, between Eastern and Western powers, brings to mind the Peloponnesian war; in the same way that Croesus did not have to attack Persia, nor did Athens have to attack Sicily. Like Aristophanes in his comedies, Herodotus is unable to entirely divorce his own political sympathies from his work. At 3.80-2 three figures give conflicting speeches on the virtues of democracy, oligarchy and monarchy."
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Economic Development in Egypt, 2001.
Examines effects of 1978 Camp David Accord (peace agreement betw. Egypt & Israel). Its impact on Egyptian economy. Policies of Sadat & Mubarak. Egypt's position in Mideast & its economic future. 10 Tables. 1 Chart.
1,035 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 15 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"Introduction:
Egypt has had a long, troubled road to economic development. From the first attempts at industrialization in the early 1800's to the country's present-day struggle, Egypt has faced social and political hurdles as well as troubles in the world economy throughout its attempt to become an industrialized nation. This paper will examine that struggle with special emphasis on the impact of the Camp David Peace Accord on economic development in Egypt.
The economic history of Egypt, beginning in the mid-1800's, will first be explored in order to put post-Camp David development.."
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Mesopotamia and Egypt, 2005.
This paper discusses the development of the great civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt.
905 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the major event marking the beginning of civilization was the development of agriculture, which was made possible by the presence of three important rivers--the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia, the "Cradle of Civilization", and the great Nile River in Egypt. The author points out that, only after the development of village/farming life, the civilized societies of the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Hittites and the Sumerians in Mesopotamia and the Egyptians in the Nile River valley originated or further developed concepts such as government, law, formal religions, writing, monumental architecture, measurement and calculation. The paper relates that, in the days of the Pharaohs, the land of Egypt was dotted with marshes and island ridges and what is now arid desert valley was grassy meadows well suited for grazing cattle and hunting --the fertility of Egypt was proverbial.
From the Paper
"In contrast to the civilizations that arose and perished in the "Cradle of Civilization," the Nile River defined the culture that lived by virtue of its presence--ancient Egypt. Originating deep in Africa, the Nile River descends through many cataracts to sea level at the delta in Egypt, where in its annual flooding, rich soil is deposited. Hemmed in by its narrow valleys, the Nile flows through regions that may not have a single drop of rainfall in a decade. Yet crops grow luxuriantly from the fertilized silt, just as they did in ancient times. Thus, the great Nile made life possible and allowed the peoples of Egypt to build one of the greatest civilizations of all time."
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Economic Development of Egypt, 2002.
An analysis of the 1978 Egyptian-Israeli Peace agreement on Egypt's economic development.
10,125 words (approx. 40.5 pages), 15 sources, $ 135.95
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Abstract
Analysis of the 1978 Egyptian-Israeli Peace Agreement on Egypt's economic development. History of Egypt's social, political and economic struggles under different leaders in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Government control of the economy. The Camp David Peace Accord and economic progress in Egypt since its signing. High military spending. 11 Tables.
From the Paper
"The Effects of the Egyptian-Israeli Peace Agreement on the Economic Development of Egypt
Introduction:
Egypt has had a long, troubled road to economic development. From the first attempts at industrialization in the early 1800's to the country's present-day struggle, Egypt has faced social and political hurdles as well as troubles in the world economy throughout its attempt to become an industrialized nation. This paper will examine that struggle with special emphasis on the impact of the Camp David Peace Accord on economic development in Egypt.
The economic history of Egypt, beginning in the mid-1800's, will first be explored in order to put post-Camp David..."
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Free Trade Agreement in Egypt, 2005.
Discusses the impact of free trade and its potential benefits on the Egyptian economy.
2,633 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
Examines how free trade agreements may aid developing nations such as Egypt. The paper argues that Egypt is not ready to enter an era when it can apply a free trade agreement without being harmed. It discusses that, by applying Arab and African economic cooperation, eliminating the phenomenon of illegal economic activity, encouraging open investment in the economy, benefiting from the principle of comparative advantage, and permitting foreign investment in Egypt, Egypt will be able to improve its economic status and will be apply the free trade agreement without facing economic loss.
From the Paper
"Ever since the Free Officers' revolution of 1952, Egypt has had an unstable economy, moving from one economic system to another and hardly ever allowing serious reforms. Before 1952, Egypt was a capitalist country but following that, it became a socialist country while, under Sadat, it supposedly began to reform its economy and adopt liberalism. Under Mubarak, the liberal reforms continued but were not stable and did not bring in the results that the government had expected. Instead of decreasing debt and achieving economic growth and development, the economist, Paul Sullivan explains that debt increased and economic growth was not reached. Many economist have argued that the Egyptian economy has not achieved the growth rates that were expected following reforms because they came too late and were not correctly implemented. Over and above, economists additionally argue that Egypt can not realistically expect positive economic results any time soon because it has only recently taken economic reform seriously and had earlier ignored and missed numerous economic development opportunities. Although Egypt missed several opportunities for industrialization and development over the past ten years and currently fears that it will not be able to survive the effects of free trade and economic globalization, through economic reforms, Egypt can overcome the short term negative consequences of globalization and be in a position where it can benefit from globalization, through comparative advantage and foreign investment."
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Bahrain and Egypt, 2002.
A review of the countries Bahrain and Egypt.
2,366 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the two nations of Egypt and Bahrain. The paper looks at both countries in terms of history, politics in general and political developments since World War Two, religion, geography and international relations. While there are some similarities between the two, such as their close proximity to each other, their connection to Islam, the paper points out the differences as well.
Contents:
History and Politics
Political Development and Modernization
Bahrain and Egypt in the Latter 20th Century
Foreign Policy for Bahrain and Egypt
References
From the Paper
"Geographical position played a critical role in the political development of both nations. In ancient times, Bahrain lay across the main ocean trading routes between the Romans and Greeks to the West, the Indian subcontinent, and sea trade among nations along the Persian or Arabic Gulf. Nakhleh said that for centuries Bahrain has prided itself "on the urbanity and middle-class pragmatism of its people," the result of its long history as a trading entrepot (96). Like Egypt, Bahrain encountered many alien rulers, but most of them came before the 15th century A.D. from the Middle East, Babylonians, Persians, and in 940 A.D."
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Globalization, Gender and Islam: The Case of Egypt, 2002.
A focus on Egypt--historically and today and how globalization has affected its traditions and society.
3,300 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
An examination of the the new era of globalization, focusing on Egypt, and its many effects on a distinctive Islamic society. The paper looks at Egypt during the 19th century, the era of colonialism, the cold war, and nowadays -- the age of U.S. dominated globalization. A major theme of the paper is the effect of the interaction of 'East' and 'West' on the development of radical Islam, as well as on the growth of feminism in Egypt.
From the Paper
"The processes of globalization can viewed as a process, in which "the world is rapidly being moulded into a shared social space by economic and technological forces…" (Held, McGrew, Goldblatt & Perraton) As the economies and cultures of the world become integrated into the whole of the global information age, the concept and reality of globalization becomes more complex and far-reaching. The consequences of this increased sense of interconnectedness is that events in one community will inevitably affect all societies. And due to imbalance of power, the most forceful, dynamic and potent culture is likely to dominate others, thereby inducing much resentment in many indigenous cultures. Thus many argue that globalization, in this sense, is similar to colonialism. Encapsulating this sentiment about interaction with the dominant Western culture, indigenous leaders recently held a convention in which they argued that tension is created since "people have to defend themselves against that kind of attack". (Lucas) Globalization is therefore challenging existing social identities across the planet in many important ways. Many have forgotten the positive aspects of globalization because they are more concerned about preservation of their own distinctive identity. Ever-increasing cultural interactions, it is said, "break down human-scale structures, destroy bonds of reciprocity and mutual dependence, and pressure the young to substitute their own culture and values with the artificial values of advertising and the media." Like many others, Helena Norberg-Hodge goes on to argue that much of the discontents and conflicts that exist in various parts of the world is a result of increasing exposure to foreign cultures. Both domestic and international conflicts nowadays, it is therefore argued, are to a large extent a result of this interaction of cultures."
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Egypt: Corruption and Underdevelopment, 2005.
An analysis of the effect of globalization and political corruption on Egypt.
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how understanding the extent of corruption, as it has been exposed by globalization, is important because it allows us to better understand consistent underdevelopment in Third World nations, such as Egypt. It shows how an analysis of financial corruption in Egypt and the country's resistance to change versus the efforts toward the political and economic reform of the country by external powers, underscores that the country's problem is not economic poverty, but corruption and misuse of foreign aid funds and national resources. After establishing the connection between globalization and corruption, the main argument is that the high level of corruption in a country like Egypt proves the necessity of enforcing international anti-corruption laws, thus, removing a significant obstacle to development.
From the Paper
"In "Politics of Corruption," Patrick Fitzsimons discusses corruption within the framework of globalization. He begins his article by referring to the characteristics and concerns of the new global economic and political system, from the concern with multiculturalism, to terrorism, to economic liberalism, and notes the meaning and importance of these new concepts and concerns. According to Fitzsimmons' argument, their importance lies in the fact that they effectively define the thoughts and ideologies of the current political and economic environment."
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Herodotus and History, 2002.
Argues that ancient historian, Herodotus, wrote in a style which is completely opposite to contemporary journalistic styles.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 1 source, $ 62.95
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Abstract
As this review will demonstrate, Herodotus' approach to the writing of history is absolutely antithetical to the "journalistic" style of modern times: instead of being concise, he is exhaustive; in place of a "linear" argument, Herodotus' work is characterized by "circular" storytelling and digression.
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Egypt and Monumental Architecture, 2007.
An analysis of the centrality of Egyptian monuments and architecture to the religion of ancient Egypt.
819 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the monumental architecture in Egypt that was associated with worship of the gods and with funeral customs. The paper discusses the building and development of the pyramids and the purposes that they served. It then shows how the cycle of birth and rebirth is expressed in much Egyptian art and is central to the religion of ancient Egypt.
From the Paper
"The pyramids, of course, are massive tombs for high-born rulers, while smaller tombs or burial sites have been found for people of lesser rank, including massive underground structures housing hundreds of mummies in some cases. The huge statues in the Valley of the Kings were also dedicated to rulers who had died and were carved in stone so they would be remembered. The polytheistic religion of the Egyptians supported their ideas about the after-life and about how their rulers would join the gods after death, just as they represented the gods in this world."
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Herodotus and the Use of Gods, 2000.
This is a study of Herodotus' use of the Gods, the importance he gives them, and the extent to which he uses them as a literary aid.
1,833 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This essay examines Herodotus' use of the gods in his "The Histories", and questions the extent to which he believes in their influence. It weighs up the importance of the competing powers, fate and chance, and looks at whether Herodotus uses these themes as literary tools.
From the Paper
"Although frequently mentioned and certainly key figures in Herodotus' text, the gods do not have the influence one might expect. They are neither all-powerful nor flawless, and are often susceptible to human emotions such as anger and jealousy. More importantly, they are not responsible for the actions of humans. Through oracles and dreams certain courses of action are recommended or advised against, and it is up to the human to interpret. However, humans bring misfortune upon themselves; the gods merely ensure that the 'rules' are obeyed. Herodotus indicates the nature of these rules; his narrative is largely based on 'reciprocal action'."
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Herodotus: "The Father of History", 2007.
A critique of "The Histories" by Herodotus.
841 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that Herodotus is deserving of the title of "the Father of History and that his "The Histories" pays tremendous attention to accuracy as well as detail. It looks at how "The Histories" sheds a degree of bias that taints most writings of that era and how the topics chosen by Herodotus are vital to the recording of history.
From the Paper
"The wide array of detailed subjects which The Histories of Herodotus cover is reason alone to earn him the title of "the Father of History." While other historians of his time focused purely on war epics and politics, the content of the work of Herodotus proves to be a rare treasure. Indeed, much of his book discussed the wars and politics of the period, but also included is much more. The descriptive geographies of the regions, particularly of Egypt and the Nile, are extraordinary. He included numerous cultural details of society and religion. Intriguing, are the "full and accurate" descriptions of the customs of the Indian tribes which otherwise may have been blotted out of history. ".
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