| Papers [1-15] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMS": |
|
|
Heat Transfer Mechanisms, 2002.
An introduction to heat transfer, including a description of convection, conduction and radiation.
1,560 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper briefly describes the different forms of heat transfer. Heat transfer is a process that occurs on the molecular level. The basics of the process are defined, with three heat transfer mechanisms identified-- conduction, convection and radiation.
From the Paper
"In metals, thermal energy is transported by conduction band electrons. This is based on understanding molecular orbital bands. This refers to solids that form a lattice, including metals. These lattice metals are understood by looking at the lattice itself as one large molecule rather than looking at it as individual atoms. The electron orbitals of the atoms overlap, creating a continuous band covering a range of energies that extends throughout the lattice (Shriver, D.F., Atkins, P.W., & Langford, C.H. Inorganic Chemistry. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994, p. 91)."
| |
|
Heat Transfer and the Space Shuttle, 2002.
This paper was written to explain the Thermal Protective Systems (TPS) of the space shuttle to a non-scientific audience.
3,270 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper talks about the ways in which the shuttle is designed to overcome basic heat transfer problems during launch, orbit and re-entry. The main points in this paper are the active and passive systems in the TPS and the history of the shuttle design.
From the Paper
"10...9...8...Patiently the Space Shuttle waits on the launch pad...7...6... everything is in place...5...4... all functions are working properly...3... the conditions are comfortable on the coast of Florida, and the temperature is nice and warm...2...1... IGNITION! (Figure #1) The sudden burn of the rockets jolts the humongous craft to life. As streams of flame shoot out its lower portion, the craft begins to inch skyward. In no time its speed has increased, and it begins hurtling through the air towards its mission. While still inside Earth's atmosphere, the airflow over the Shuttle begins to warm the craft's surface, until it becomes "white hot." Then, the craft breaks free of the atmosphere's restraints, plunging into the freezing void of outer space. The Space Shuttle must be able to withstand these temperature extremes and still accomplish its mission objectives. After the mission, as the craft returns to Earth, it again encounters tremendously high temperatures as it re-enters Earth's atmosphere. The Shuttle encounters a lot of atmospheric resistance and slows itself down through this phase, then finally glides to a comfortable rest at Edwards Air Force Base in sunny Southern California, where the astronauts and craft must prepare to begin the process all over again. These intense hot and cold extremes drive scientists and design engineers as they work to control the internal temperature of the space shuttle throughout the various phases of its journey. They do this by using many creative systems such as specially designed tiles and radiator systems, to both reflect and radiate heat that would otherwise be dangerous to the craft and crew."
| |
|
Defense Mechanisms, 2008.
An analysis of the Freudian theory concerning defense mechanisms.
1,463 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper describes and critically evaluates the evidence for psychological defense mechanisms by examining Freudian theory in works such as "Civilization and its Discontents" and responsive works such as "Individual Differences" by Colin Cooper. The paper debates the issue of whether the evidence Freud provided on defense mechanisms is controversial, as are his theories about the id, ego, and superego. The paper contends that one's belief in the existence of defense mechanisms is dependent to a significant extent upon one's belief in Freud's theory of the mind as a whole, and upon one's view of the impact individual differences may have on human psychology.
From the Paper
"Freud (1989) theorized that through projection, when a person's unacceptable, forbidden urges intensify and break into consciousness, they are attributed to others. Likewise, unconscious rationalization eliminates anxiety or guilt by formulating perfectly reasonable reasons for the unacceptable behavior; displacement occurs when a natural urge cannot be vented and is then repressed and often displaced to another, disguised means of venting; and reaction formation occurs in order to fend off an anxiety-inducing and unacceptable impulse by replacing it with its over-emphasized, diametrically opposite impulse. "
| |
|
Coping Mechanisms to Survive, 2004.
An analysis of the theme of coping mechanisms in Tim O' Brien's, "The Things They Carried".
1,521 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 0 sources, $ 50.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines how, during the Vietnam War, soldiers were not exposed to the traditional coping mechanisms of our American society, as illustrated in Tim O?Brien?s "The Things They Carried". It looks at how these men were forced to discover and invent new ways to deal with the pressures of war, using only the resources they had in the Vietnamese jungle. It was not possible for any soldier to carry many items or burdens with them, but if something was a necessity, a way was found to carry it, and coping mechanisms were a necessity to survive the war.
From the Paper
"The conditions of war can be enough to drive a person to the edge of insanity, causing him or her to need something personal to bring them back to reality. They were in the war twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, and the securities that each soldier had were the only things that kept them sane. Lt. Jimmy Cross repeatedly had thoughts and visions of Martha, left at home. He would read the letters she sent him and wonder about her as a tactic to keep him connected with the real world and the life he had left."
| |
|
Counter Trade Mechanisms, 2005.
This paper discusses counter trade mechanisms, which are a part of the exchange of currency for countries that do not allow free conversion of currency.
1,030 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 36.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explains that counter trade mechanisms come in many different forms; the most common form, used especially among lesser-developed countries, involves businesses exchanging commodities without using money, with a bank managing the exchanges. The author describes other forms of counter trade, including buy-back, getting partial cash and partial goods payment for services or good offered; offset, selling a high-dollar contract of equipment to a company in another country, which, in return, agrees to purchase a high-dollar contract of goods back from the country; and bilateral trading agreements between foreign governments. The paper relates that, although there are benefits, there are risks with this form of exchange mechanisms; therefore, it is important to have an agreement in place that meets the legal requirements of both countries involved.
From the Paper
"When a country has freely convertible currency it means that people, both residents and nonresidents of the country, are able to buy an unlimited supply of currency. Conversely, a country is considered to have nonconvertible currency when people, whether residents or nonresidents of the country, are unable to convert foreign currency. In between being a nonconvertible and a convertible country regarding foreign currency is externally convertible. Externally convertible means that nonresidents of the country can freely convert their foreign currency in unlimited amounts."
| |
|
Plant Defense Mechanisms, 2002.
An overview of the many plant defense mechanisms from structural and metabolic defenses to biotechnology.
2,456 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
Plants have developed their own unique methods to protect themselves from threats and without these defenses would perish. These defenses range from natural defenses that plants have developed over time such as thorns or waxy leaves to bio-engineered defenses where the plants have molecularly altered defenses. This paper highlights the key plant defense mechanisms including structural, metabolic, defenses against insects, defenses against pathogens and disease resistant genes. It also examines biotechnology including case studies and discusses its future.
From the Paper
"When an insect attacks a plant, the attack signals the plant to produce insect toxins. These toxins may have varying effects on insects. The effects may range from simply repelling inspects to inhibiting the insects development. The compound within plants that signals them to release the toxins is called systemin. Systemin activates two genes that in turn produce proteinase inhibitors. Insects use proteinase to digest proteins. When the plant releases the proteinase inhibitors, it prevents the insect?s ability to digest the plant?s proteins."
| |
|
Mechanisms of Speciation in Plants and Animals, 2001.
This paper provides background on the basic mechanisms of speciation and then compares the three different ways that species can form in plants and animals.
3,360 words (approx. 13.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 95.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines the three basic steps required before speciation: geographic or genetic isolation of individuals, either through a physical barrier (as in allopatric speciation) through differential habitat preferences (as in parapatric and sympatric speciation) and genetic divergence.
From the Paper
"The Earth is home to an estimated 13 million species. The roots of this remarkable biodiversity can be found in the process of speciation, the slow accumulation of genetic differences that eventually prevents the exchange of genes between two populations of plants or animals. Speciation results when genetically diverse groups of individuals become reproductively isolated from one another. This isolation can be caused by extrinsic factors, such as geographical or temporal separation, or intrinsic factors, such as differences in courtship signals or dispersal ability. For both plants and animals, speciation can be allopatric if populations become separated due to geographic isolation, parapatric if hybrid zones are formed in areas of habitat overlap, or sympatric if niche specialization and reinforcement of reproductive isolating mechanisms takes place."
| |
|
Epigenetic Mechanisms in Genetically Modified Mice, 2008.
A look at the effect of epigenetic mechanisms in geneticaly modified mice.
892 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 31.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
After a general introduction into various methods of genetic engineering and the effects it can have on plants and animals, this paper describes a particular research into whey acidic protein promoters in mice as they can be used to study the RAS oncogenes in human tumors.
From the Paper
"Genetic engineering can involve different ways of manipulating genetic material in plants or animals, intending to produce different kinds of plants or animals. Among the reasons for doing so are to control for disease, alter certain characteristics, add completely new characteristics, and generally change the strain of the plant or the animal. Such experiments can be uncertain, since it is never certain what effects the manipulation of genetic material may have. Some genetic engineering has long taken place through the breeding of animals and plants for specific traits, but more recently it has been possible to make such changes at the genetic level and to produce new species virtually overnight and on a much wider basis, leading, for instance, to new crops with different characteristics from older crops of the same sort, such as higher yield, resistance to disease, the ability to repel insects, and so on. On the one hand, there have been concerns about making such changes, as if they might lead to new species that would destroy older crops, create new diseases, and so threaten the production of food or threaten human life more directly, a science fiction scenario that has not yet come to pass. Another concern, and one more difficult to refute, is these new foodstuffs may harm human life in the long run in ways not yet foreseen. Wright (2002) cites a report by a National Research Council committee that Athe most significant risk associated with animal biotechnology is the potential effect on the environment. In particular, the committee said that if engineered animals escaped into the wild, they could endanger native species@ (Wright, 2002, p. 4). No human risks were identified by this report, but it was noted that this might not prove there were none given that animal biotechnology is a new and changing field."
| |
|
Memory Mechanisms for Visualization of Different Environmental Phenomena, 2002.
Illustration of effects of different factors on subjective aspects of memory.
4,411 words (approx. 17.6 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 115.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
Our ability to remember sets of verbal and visual landmarks and to conceive their relationship with us, depends on our orientation and spatial cognition. This paper deals with memory mechanisms for representing visualizations of different phenomena from our external environment. This paper illustrates how subjective aspects are represented in memory and how characteristics of these affect response quality. This experiment also checks memory performance for the questioning in Urdu.
From the Paper
"Memory is divided into semantic, episodic and procedural memory. The questionnaire tests the major aspects relating to episodic and semantic memory. When testing for these, one must also be testing whether memory is reconstructive or reproductive. Reconstructive memory is recalled based on stimuli that have post event encoding and storage. This questionnaire has tested exactly this.
Perception is an active process. It is carried out through the provision of data through stimuli and the organization of stimuli through one?s experience. One?s perception is guided through expectation of events."
| |
|
Defense & Escape Mechanisms, 1996.
Psychological means of adapting to stress & trauma. Definitions, role of ego, positive & negative uses & effects.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, $ 47.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
From the Paper
"In attempting to adapt to the demands of everyday life, psychoanalytic theories has for decades suggested that individuals rely upon mechanisms of adjustment. The two dominant forms of mechanisms of adjustment are the defense mechanism and the escape mechanism. These two forms of adjustment account for a majority of the ways in which individuals modify their behavior as triggered by the stress and trauma which they daily encounter in their environments. According to the American Psychiatric Association's latest updates as issued in the Diagnosis Statistical Manual IV Sourcebook, mechanisms of adjustment enable individuals to cope with modern life's high degrees of unusual stress (Strain, 1996, p. 1039). This brief overview will..."
| |
|
Price Mechanisms and North Sea Oil, 2006.
An in-depth discussion regarding the factors influencing the price of North Sea oil.
9,443 words (approx. 37.8 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 194.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper takes an in-depth look at the history and factors that influence and impact the price of North Sea oil. The paper examines how taxation, new technology and extraction costs effect prices of North Sea crude. It also explores the global situation and the impact of dwindling North Sea supplies on global oil prices.
Outline:
General
Global Historical Price Trends
How Oil is Sold
Taxes and North Sea Oil
Tax Situation and New legislation in the UK
Technology Innovations and Tax Incentives
Extraction Costs
Global Competition and North Sea Oil
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The European market will not be able to achieve stability as long as there are no mechanisms in place to control supply and price. Many experts feel that the current situation means the end to low prices for consumers (Appert, 2005). The Brent price started at $40 a barrel in the beginning of 2005, but had risen to $70 a barrel after Hurricane Katrina took out many refineries along the Gulf Coast (Appert, 2005). Oil production has changed since the 1970s. During the 1970s companies worked on building a surplus. However, demand rose quicker than their ability to produce. Now companies work on a just-in-time basis (Appert, 2005). There is no reserve to level supply when it is needed. Changes due to shocks are seen rapidly on the consumer end. Consumers got used to stability in pricing during the 1970s. If supply was low companies had enough in reserve to meet the demand. "
| |
|
School Funding Mechanisms, 2002.
An analysis of the differences between private and public school funding.
2,340 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
Education finance as the foundation that enables schools to exist and teaching and learning to occur is discussed. The author is of the opinion that in order for desired outcomes to be fully realized, school finance must be viewed as an essential part of any major reform plan.
From the Paper
"In the debate of the value of public education versus private education, a great deal of attention has been devoted to funding. Fundraising activities not only shape the structure of the school, but also influence the content of the curriculum, and determine whether students have access to a variety of technologies The primary difference between funding for public and private schools seems obvious; public schools rely primarily on government funding while private schools depend mostly on private donations. However in recent times, only a small percentage of private schools are able to exist solely on donations. According to Burnett (2000):
Today, there are over 27,000 private schools; that's about 25 percent of all schools in the nation. Of these, a relative few -- 2,000 or so -- are independent, as commonly defined. These schools are independently governed nonprofit institutions. They rely on tuition and charitable donations for financial support and not on federal or state funding (Burnett, 2000). "
| |
|
Cultural Mechanisms For Reproducing Inequality, 2002.
Argues that purposeful inequality in employment and education produce a more compliant labor market in future generations.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 53.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper uses the work of two popular sociologies of the American lower classes to explain how work and school reproduce structures of social inequality in new generations and restrict opportunities in order to ensure a compliant labor market.
| |
|
Exploring the DNA Repair Mechanism, 2002.
A summary, review and critique of cutting edge research into the mechanisms behind DNA repair in eukaryotes.
1,170 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 40.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The importance of DNA repair mechanisms and the fascinating enzymes involved within them have been underestimated. Without these repair proteins, our DNA would be fatally mutated at such a frequency to extinguish life as we know it. This paper reviews a piece of current research on the proteins that allow repair to occur. Some novel details about the flexibility and dynamics of several proteins are revealed through 3-D imaging of the proteins. The regulation of these proteins is also postulated in light of the data collected.
From the Paper
"Replication protein A (RPA) is a nuclear single stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein in eukaryotes and is essential to DNA replication, recombination and repair. With all the cell division going on in a developing embryo, the chance of deleterious mutation goes up for certain and thus there is a greater need for a functioning DNA repair mechanism. There is definitely a lot of replication and transcription of DNA going on during early post-fertilization growth and mitotic divisions that need to be conserved. Also important is the all-important preservation of gametogenesis during the first week of development. Without means to repair all the statistically inevitable mistakes during mitosis and meiosis, none of us would have the functional gametes to pass on viable DNA to future generations. The repair protein mechanisms and the role RPA plays to lower the activation energy of the reactions makes sense to be selected for in order for our ?selfish genes? to continue to thrive. RPA was known prior to this study and so was something about it?s role in excision repair, but what was not known was the specific tertiary and quaternary structure of the subunits and active sites in the enzyme that allowed for the observed activity."
| |
|
The Origins of The Mechanical Clock, 2006.
A discussion and exploration of the origins of the mechanical clock.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 53.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The mechanical clock is one of the most common technologies in the Western world. The fact that the mechanical clock is so common means that many people have a difficult time believing that there have been periods of time in which the mechanical clock did not exist. In this bibliographic essay the origins of the mechanical clock are examined. The paper demonstrates that the mechanical clock did not simply spring into existence as a result of a single innovation. Instead the mechanical clock resulted from a number of technological and social developments.
|
|
|
