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The New Hampshire State Budget, 2007.
This paper discusses the budget for the state of New Hampshire.
2,038 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how a change in state spending and income has alarmed tax-payers and businessmen alike. The paper relates that the Iraq war and public services sector seem to have dominated New Hampshire's budget for the past few years. The paper notes that state government programs have decreased, which include highways and state employees, while federal funds are decreasing or have essentially become non-existent. The paper includes the category totals for the 2006 - 2007 biennial state operating budget.
From the Paper
"During the General Court's annual sessions and throughout the year, the Office of Legislative Budget Assistant (LBA) Budget Division provides technical staff assistance in the areas of finance, accounting, and budgeting to members of the Legislature and its committees. It also assists in preparing the operating and capital budgets. The LBA staff provides aid and information to special study committees and commissions. It also reviews all programs or activities of state government which are required by statute to determine discretionary and non-discretionary State spending (State p 2)."
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State Budgeting vs. Federal Budgeting, 2002.
This paper details, compares and contrasts the different processes involved in budgeting on the state level and on the federal level.
1,109 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper, using Pennsylvania as a model, demonstrates the differences between state budgeting policies and federal budgeting policies. It shows how the budgeting techniques in the federal government have some major differences, when compared to those in the Pennsylvania State government; these differences include a lack of a separate capital budget, different budget cycles and timelines, and budgetary policy differences.
From the Paper
"The federal government uses only one budget to lay out its financial obligations, whereas Pennsylvania uses two separate budgets. The single operating budget used by the federal government is required to outline federal expenditures from purchases to service contracts. Pennsylvania, however, has one budget that outlines services, entitlements and education expenses, and a different budget to make new purchases on capital improvements. The former is called the General Fund, and the latter is the Capital budget. Pennsylvania uses two budgets because the General Fund is used for purchases and contracts that will take place within that fiscal year, and the Capital budget is used to forecast capital purchases in the next five years. In this manner, Pennsylvania can keep better track of its assets and have a tighter grip on where its money is spent. The biggest advantage to having a separate budget for capital improvements is it allows the possibility of change. When funding is appropriated on the federal level, the department gets its money all at once and builds whatever it needs. For a state, though, a program may be feasible at the time of its announcement, but may have to be restricted due to extenuating circumstances (i.e. September 11th and the economic downfall.) "
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Slavery and New Hampshire, 2006.
Explores the history of slavery in the American state of New Hampshire.
2,205 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
The slave presence in the United States began shortly after the arrival of the Europeans, with most slaves brought chiefly from Africa. Indeed, the rapid growth of industry and society in this nation, as elsewhere in the New World, was largely dependent on the use and abuse of slave labor. In the United States, there is a stereotype that, while the South encouraged slavery, the North was somehow blameless and called only for humanitarian treatment. The paper argues, however, that such a belief is incorrect, as Northern cities such as Newport, Rhode Island, flourished because of the slave trade. As in all the American colonies, slavery was practiced in New Hampshire. This paper explores the history and conditions of slaves in the colony, and later the state, of New Hampshire.
From the Paper
"A crucial moment for the Negro court occurred in 1779 when they, along with other slaves, submitted a petition to the New Hampshire legislature calling for the release of slaves and the abolition of slavery. Prince Whipple, one of the few slaves remembered by name in the annals of Portsmouth, New Hampshire history, was instrumental in this valiant act. These slaves "appealed to the lawmakers' religious, moral and political sense of justice, but no legislative action was taken on the petition" The petition appeared in a local newspaper, cruelly accompanied by an editorial claiming that it was for the readers' amusement. Despite this attitude, some readers wisely believed that the petition indicated that slavery could not continue much longer, at least in New Hampshire."
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State and Federal Employment Systems, 2006.
A comparison between federal employment laws and New Hampshire state laws of employment.
1,235 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of employment law. Specifically the paper discusses how the federal and New Hampshire state systems of government may or may not differ in their application of employment laws. Federal employment laws set the standard for most state laws.
From the Paper
"New Hampshire also has a statute regarding "displaced homemakers" that covers older women who may have been absent from the workforce for many years, and are suddenly displaced due to death, divorce, or other occurrences. The state offers assistance to these women, training for new jobs, and employment assistance. This is also a statute that is not represented in the federal employment laws. It is clear this must be a problem in New Hampshire because lawmakers felt it needed to be addressed. This statue originally took effect in 1979, so it seems New Hampshire is more forward thinking than many other states who do not yet address this issue."
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Flexible Budgets, 1997.
Asseses benefits of flexible over static budgets & describes budget development process.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Introduction
The budget process is one way in which companies determine how they are performing in relation to how they expect to perform. Calculating the variances of planned (budgeted) expenses against actual expenses and the variances of planned revenue toward actual revenue can help companies decide whether cutbacks need to be made or whether expansion plans are in order. Individual managers often devote a significant amount of their effort toward the budget process, and managers may well find their own performance (and compensation) tied to how well their projections match how their organization actually performs. Because of the importance of the budget process to an organization, companies must have accurate budgets which provide them with timely and useful information. Two types of budgets, static and flexible, have.."
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Government Budgets, 2006.
This paper compares the government budgets of Clark County in Nevada, the State of Nevada and the White House's Office of Budget and Management.
1,290 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that all the budgets of governmental agencies share the goals of significantly cutting costs, reducing their scope of operations through outsourcing and improving flexibility and responsiveness through the empowerment of management. The author points out that technological advances in information technology and information systems, supported by increased user expertise and familiarity with technology, have allowed budget management to break away from its traditional constraints but have forced many governmental agencies to establish management control mechanisms. The paper details each of the budgets from Clark County in Nevada, which is the smallest in terms of revenues and expenditures, to the larger budget of the State of Nevada and to the largest budget, which is the White House's Office of Budget and Management.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Nevada's Clark County
State of Nevada
The White House's Office of Budget and Management
From the Paper
"In order to increase revenues, Clark County has instituted their Capital Improvement Program (CIP), a five year plan which is reviewed and updated annually in conjunction with the preparation of the County's operating budget. The CIP's mission is to finance infrastructure improvements, government facility construction, and equipment acquisition. The goals of CIP are to: 1) access capital needs; 2) identify funding sources for those capital projects/programs, which will provide the greatest return on investment in terms of meeting the increasing demand for infrastructure, public facilities and services; 3) establish priorities among projects to increase the utility of County resources; 4) improve financial planning through disclosure of future bond issues and assessment of fiscal impact."
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Budget Evaluation, 2006.
This paper studies the role and the process of budget estimates.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The aims of this paper are to identify the stages of the budgeting process and to evaluate their effectiveness. The article evaluates the level and validity of detailed assumptions used to create budget estimates. It discusses the role of the budget as an analytic tool that can be used to evaluate organizational performance. The writer explains how the budget can be used to find and eliminate inefficiencies in an organization's performance and explains the role of the budget in the business control cycle. The author analyzes internal and external control mechanisms that can be put in place to monitor and evaluate the budget and describes how the budget can be used in the performance accountability and reward process. The writer makes use of the example of a major business initiative in an organization that was approved last year as a result of the budget process, and explains how the budget was used in the approval process.
From the Paper
"There are four stages in most budgeting processes. The first stage is information gathering. At this stage past performance results are collected and assessment is made of the company's strategic plans. Performance results for the previous year are gathered, the company's current objectives are defined and the market in which the company operates is evaluated. Some companies also include customer feedback in their information gathering tasks. Planning is the second stage, with determinations made about how detailed the budget will be and how it will be organized, whether by department or product or other groupings."
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Budget Deficits, 2006.
An introduction to budget deficits, what they are and their pervasive nature.
2,857 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by explaining that even since biblical times budget deficits have been a part of government financial policy and that once begun,they become a pervasive and destructive force on society. The paper also looks at how the current U.S. budget deficit began, explains just why budget deficits are problematic, examines the consequences of budget deficits and discusses what can be done to help address the problem. The paper also asserts that budget deficits can be controlled, if not eliminated, if society learns to live within the government's means.
Outline
Introduction to Budget Deficits
The Beginnings of Our Current Crisis
The Problems of Budget Deficits
Consequence of Budget Deficits
Distorting the Budget Decision-Making Process
Statutory Measures Just Won't Suffice
Social Security and Budget Deficits
Medicare and Other Entitlement Programs
Conclusions about Budget Deficits
From the Paper
"The idea of government deficit spending has been with humankind since the earlier times of the history of civilizations as recorded in the Old Testament of the Holy Bible. The first recorded political leader to generate budget deficits, although they weren't so labeled, was King Solomon. As recorded in the books of the Chronicles and Kings, Solomon issued promissory commitments of various kinds to the King of Tyre, the Queen of Egypt, and the King of Lebanon to assemble the materials necessary to build the Temple."
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Budgeting, 2005.
Takes a look at the budgeting process within organizations.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the budgeting process, budgeting, and the role of budgets in organizations. The actual budget and the financial activities of an organization are explored as well as forecasting of the requirements upon which a budget is based.
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Budgeting in High Schools, 2006.
This paper explores the differences in budgeting techniques, specifically line item versus zero based budgets.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews line-item and zero-based budgeting approaches. The paper describes each approach, comments on their advantages and discusses when one might be likely to use one over the other. The paper then concludes with a recommendation based on the situation described of the school system administration and budgeting for an athletic department, where prior concerns were noted by district administrators.
From the Paper
"Proper accounting methods for a particular situation are often grounded in the use of proper budgeting techniques. As budget manager in a high school setting where administration has raised concerns about the athletic budgets, one needs to fully understand the differences in budgeting techniques; specifically line item versus zero based budgets. This paper will describe the two budget techniques, highlight their differences and then conclude with a recommendation on which technique would be most appropriate for a high school setting where athletic issues are a concern. Line item budgeting: Line item budgeting lists revenue to outlay items by class for a given year compared to the previous year to establish a budget."
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U.S. Defense Budgeting, 2008.
This paper describes the U.S. defense budgeting process and argues that it is complex and cluttered.
2,630 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the strengths of the U.S. defense budgeting process are that it has many avenues for access and accountability by interested parties, ensuring that the overall military effort is essentially transparent and responsible to society. The author points out that the process allows for much waste and influence, which adds cost rather than value; thereby, the process fails to promote efficiency. The paper relates that the system is not likely to be changed radically soon because the entrenched interests can continue to win favored positions and reforming the system takes great momentum and uncommon nerve. Sources listed are in the form of endnotes.
Table of Contents:
Budgeting Concepts
Budgeting Participants
Budgeting Process
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One of the main ways that government decides on what to spend each year is through baseline budgeting. It takes what was spent in the previous year as the jumping off point and begins its deliberations on what to spend in the upcoming years based upon that. By using this method, the government can operate according to expectations that have some recent history to support claims that more money is needed or less can be done with. It looks at how things went in the past year and decides where to beef up spending and where to cut."
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Flexible Budgeting, 2008.
This paper looks at financial terminology and discusses flexible budgeting within healthcare.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The financial term 'flexible budget' was introduced to the writer during a discussion thread conversation regarding conflict of interest and healthcare financial objectives and goals. The purpose of this paper is to define flexible budgeting, and apply the concepts of flexible budgeting by analyzing various descriptive articles. The writer notes that flexible budgeting can be applied to any industry that provides a service or product. The writer concludes that cost management is becoming a responsibility that is held to an established level of accountability for mid-level managers and a flexible budget tool can be a useful resource in managing the costs associated with providing quality health care.
Outline:
Introduction
Flexible (Variable) Budget
Research Summary
Application of Flexible Budgeting
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The articles discussed the concepts and implementation of flexible budgeting in detail. A common concept that appeared in all articles is the departmental education and training and overall acceptance of the budget plan. The planning stages of the transition from a traditional budget to a flexible budget can often take a year or more. A committee is formed of specialized staff from all departments of the medical facility. The committee is developed to form the activity measures and cost variability relationships. Determining activity measures and applying cost variability measures is not a perfect science and may take time to discover actual relationships based on the trends of the medical facility. Departmental managers will play a crucial role in managing department budgets by monitoring trends by comparing actual numbers to historical numbers to establish a trend. A goal of the finance department is to create and practice a culture of open communication and development of the departmental managers In order for a flexible budgeting to succeed is acceptance of the program. The financial department must communicate to the departments that the system is not designed to cut budgets but to enhance the budget in times of resource need. Most hospitals are currently using a mixed budget of traditional budget factors such as fixed costs and a flexible budget when determining costs for staffing."
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Implementing a Budgeting Process, 2006.
A discussion regarding the implementation of a budgeting process.
1,342 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the budgeting process. According to the paper, this budgeting process is more than an exercise in estimating numbers for its own sake. The paper discusses how budgeting is about strategic planning, which involves identifying business goals and objectives, and mapping out in tangible terms how those goals will be accomplished over time.
Outline:
Use of Budget Manuals
What are The Characteristics of a Good System?
Cash Flows
Variance Analysis
Evaluating Risk
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Understanding the amount of cash that comes in and goes out of your company is one of the most critical steps in the budget planning process, because it provides an immediate view of how money is spent and if receipts are timely enough to cover expenses. For instance, Is the company taking advantage of vendor discounts by paying invoices earlier, or are too many customers paying on credit causing the firm to hold off on paying some of its own vendors, thereby losing discounts that can add up over time. Are visits to customers scheduled so that sales staff are available to customers at all times in the showroom? Are the full time carpenters sufficient to handle timely output? Would one additional full time person be more financially beneficial than using four on-call contractors? "
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The Process of Budgeting and Its Advantages, 2002.
A comprehensive examination of how and why companies use the budgeting process to achieve their goals.
2,314 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview and background of the budgeting process, including budget planning and the types of budget statements commonly used. An examination of the budgeting process in action is followed by a discussion of some constraints to effective budgeting. An analysis of strategic budgeting as an alternative is followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"An old saying advises that, ?We don?t plan to fail, we fail to plan.? The budget process was developed to allow companies to better understanding where they have come from, where they are currently, and how they can get where they want to go. According to Jack Welch, then CEO of General Electric, ?The budget is the bane of corporate America. It should never had existed.? Christian Babbini points out that Bob Lutz at Chrysler has made similar statements and a significant number of large European companies such as Ericsson, Volvo, Ikea, SKF and Diageo, have also abandoned the traditional budget or substantially altered the process. The reasons this disillusionment are well-known to everyone: budgets are frequently late, overly political in terms of trade-offs made, take too long to develop, take too many organizational resources and, fail to measure the critical things that make organizations successful in today's fast paced, global economy. In this view, ?The budget becomes God and people manage to the budget and not to the realities of the competitive environment.? This is not to say, of course, that the budgeting process does not have its place and function; it is to say, though, that companies may want to use some of the better alternatives which are available today which provide ?what if? analyses and change the budgeting process into a strategic planning tool rather than an annual exercise in stone carving."
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| Term Paper # 75169 |
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