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Guillaume Dufay Music from Medieval and Renaissance Music, 2006.
An examination of Guillaume Dufay's music and its origins.
34 words (approx. 0.1 pages), 6942 sources, MLA, $ 17.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author looks at what Guillaume Dufay's music meant in terms of music history. The author starts with a look at the Gregorian chant from Medieval times which was the main form of sacred music, how it developed and what it gave to modern music. The paper continues with a look at the other forms of music that have developed over the years and contributed to the work of Guillaume Dufay. In particular the author highlights the development of church music in the Renaissance period which, as he points out was the basis for Dufay's music compositions. The author discusses the life and works of Dufay's music as a move towards a clearly defined tonal and functional harmonic structure. The author believes that this helped prepare one of the most important stylistic developments in music of the following century. In conclusion the author reminds us that we are lucky to have the musical pieces that have been curated and restored. A number of Dufay's as well as other composers from that era had masterpieces destroyed because of the political climate.
Outline:
Table of Contents
Introduction
Gregorian Chant
Motet
Troubadour Influence
The Development of Musical Notation
Polyphony
Machaut
Guillaume Dufay a Biography
Dufay's Music
Dufay and Faux-bourdon
Dufay's Motets
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Dufay began composing at a time when musical style was in a period of relative stability and changing that style was not readily accepted. Dufay cannot be thought of as one of the great revolutionaries in Western music; the term 'originality' in the classic sense of the word was not familiar to him. This is not to say, however, that Dufay was in any way lacking of originality or he was in any way reactionary. Quite to the contrary, he played an integral role in the development of faux-bourdon and the cyclic mass. He was one of the first composers to handle four-voice texture with any kind of convincing skill before the end of the 15th century. Furthermore, his attempt to move towards a clearly defined tonal and functional harmonic structure helped prepare one of the most important stylistic developments of the following century. Dufay's works and compositions have come to be known as the supremely polished works of a long period of slow and serene stylistic change."
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Medieval and Renaissance Literature, 2002.
An analysis of literature from these eras, using works by William Shakespeare and Geoffrey Chaucer as examples.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper will contrast medieval literature with the Elizabethan literature of the Renaissance and will compare them as well. By understanding these two different literary worlds, we can see how they are similar and how they differ. Three of Shakespeare's sonnets will be compared and contrasted with "The Pardoner's Tale" and the "Knight's Tale" of "The Canterbury Tales" by Chaucer and "Sir Patrick Spence" by Anonymous.
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The Renaissance, 2002.
This paper examines the cultural, social and political transition of Medieval Europe through the Renaissance.
1,845 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Medieval Europeans wanted to restore their ancient heritage because of problems within their society; thereby, they molded parts of the Renaissance culture on the revival of their lost Greek and Roman heritage to find answers of faith, art and philosophy. The author points out that, because the Christian church was being overrun by corruption and he saw the need to revert back to a pure faith, Pico, a Renaissance philosopher, reconciled Platonic and Christian philosophy, stressing both the classical emphasis on human responsibility in shaping society and the religious trust in God's divine plan. The paper stresses that the Renaissance not only brought about imitation but also created new philosophies and saw the beginning of a religious revolution challenging the Catholic Church such as Martin Luther and John Calvin.
From the Paper
"The Renaissance saw the re-establishment of Greek and Roman culture. This revival of the "Golden Age" blossomed from the hope of a better society. During the Middle Ages, a period of chaos and problematic situations began to evolve. Such catastrophes as the Black Plague, famine, holy wars, and political upheavals, led many people to seek comfort and answers from ancient Greece and the great Roman Empire. Turning to these civilizations, they found great significance in areas such as art, family, education, economic and political stability, as well as religion. These pieces of the "old world" proved important due to the disarray that their societies existed in. The model of Greek and Roman life became a solution in the hunt for a more peaceful and intellectual existence. Many humanists were the catalyst for an education and literary rebirth of Roman writings."
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Italian Renaissance, 2005.
A look at two ideologies springing from the medieval Italian Renaissance, individualism and objectivity.
1,322 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how there was great development of ideologies that helped flourish European civilization during the Renaissance. The writer looks closely at two important ideologies that helped promote significant political, economic, and scientific revolutions in the continent for the next centuries. These two important ideologies are individualism and objectivity. It explains how the first ideology helped improve the state of natural philosophy and culture of Europe, while the latter helped develop the pursuit for science and empiricism.
From the Paper
"Individualism and objectivity have become the ideology of human society for the last seven centuries. True to Burckhardt?s claim in 1860 that the Renaissance is the ?birth of the modern world,? these two ideologies have reigned superior in every aspect of human life, even influencing the life that we lead at present, now that human society is in the Information Age. Individualism and objectivity are directly linked with each other, where the occurrence of the former ultimately leads to the development of the latter. The texts that follow provide illustrations that show how individualism helped celebrate human society?s culture and objectivity, the development of an empirical and scientific human society."
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The Harlem Renaissance, 2008.
This paper discusses the Harlem Renaissance as a period of changing times, especially for African Americans.
990 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Harlem Renaissance, also known as the Black Literary Renaissance and The New Negro Movement, began in the neighborhood of Harlem in New York City. The author points out that the Harlem Renaissance promoted changes in music, literature, poetry and architecture. The paper relates that these changes started in the black community following the abolition of slavery and were quickened as a consequence of World War I. The author underscores that the Harlem Renaissance can be seen as the African-American cultural response to the great social and cultural changes taking place in America in the early twentieth century under the influence of industrialization and the start of a new mass culture. The paper describes Georgia Douglas Johnson, who wrote poetry and plays as an important player in this literary and cultural movement.
Outline:
I. The History of the Harlem Renaissance
A. The way the Harlem Renaissance started
B. How the Harlem Renaissance got its name
II. The changes that were made
A. The change in politics
B. The changes in the arts
III. Georgia Douglas Johnson
A. A brief biography
B. Her influence on the Harlem Renaissance
From the Paper
"The Harlem Renaissance was a time of excitement and change for all of those who participated. It took many people to change the things that these people changed. Everything changed from music, art, movies, and politics. Many African- Americans from the southern states moved to Harlem during this time. The African- American community had established a middle class in many cities, with New York City being one. This time of movement can be referred to as the Great Migration. The Great Migration brought thousands of African- Americans to the northern cities like Cleveland, Chicago, and Philadelphia."
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Medieval Societies, 2005.
This paper discusses some works of medieval literature that focus on medieval warrior societies.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper studies Chretien De Troyes "Arthurian Romances", Seamus Heaney's "Beowulf" and other medieval literature that focus on medieval warrior societies, particularly concepts of heroism, ethics and spirituality as illustrated in the works.
From the Paper
"Medieval societies during the era of Beowulf and the Arthurian Romances were undergoing transformation from pagan illiterate societieswhere codes of conduct governed social relations and together with reason brought happiness. The warrior societies described in Chretien de Troyes' "Arthurian Romances" and Seamus Heaney's "Beowulf" along with other literature of the medieval era, show the ideals of reason and code of conduct as the foundation of human happiness. The character of Beowulf clearly expresses this ideal."
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Outsiders of the Medieval Imagination, 2001.
A discussion of Medieval spirituality and imagination that guided Medieval people's belief system and differentiated between conformer and non-conformer.
5,055 words (approx. 20.2 pages), 7 sources, $ 127.95
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Abstract
A look at the Medieval imagination. The author discusses the idea of spirituality of the Medieval people that considered outsiders as non-conformists, or people that were viewed as sub-human (people with abnormalities etc.) and used the imagination to differentiate between the real and the spiritual world.
From the Paper
"The idea of an outsider is present in all medieval works, this is a society of conformists and those non-conformists were all looked upon as outsiders; but what about the idea of outsiders that come not from the community but from another invisible world altogether. The idea of monsters have existed from ancient times, and even to the modern day with bogey men, but in the middle ages we find a plethora of monsters of all shapes and sizes. One need only look in the elaborately illuminated bestiaries of the medieval period to discover creatures from every realm of the imagination, from the saintly unicorn to the demonic dragon. These creatures, widely influenced by pagan mythology but with their own Christian twists, served an important part of the concept of the medieval persons concept of otherness. If the limit of otherness was not defined by only the human spectrum there was no limit to the amount of difference that a medieval person could differentiate between themselves and those seen as sub-human, such as Jews, heretics, and lepers."
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Italian Cities in Medieval Europe, 2002.
This paper examines why Italian cities in medieval times developed at a faster rate than other European cities, becoming the richest in medieval Europe, possibly the world.
1,354 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the reasons behind the huge development of medieval Italian cities in relation to the rest of Europe. These factors include: Their superior organization, military history, geographical advantages in terms of trade and commerce and the unique form of government dividing the country into city states.
From the Paper
"Medieval times saw an expansion in city life all across Europe, but nowhere more so than in Italy. As early as the tenth century, Italian towns, though still inferior to those in the East, had become far larger than those in other Catholic European countries. From 1100-1250, the population of many Italian cities grew considerably, rising from around 5,000-6,000 people to between 30,000-40,000. This was because of a number of factors, most notably the commercial revolution and explosion of trade, which Italy was in a unique position to exploit, due, among other things, to her history and geographical location."
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"Medieval Women" by Eileen Power, 2001.
This paper reviews the book, "Medieval Women" by Eileen Power, which pieces together the often-fragmented histories of medieval women using a variety of primary sources.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, according to Eileen Power in ?Medieval Women?, early social notions regarding the nature of women and their role in society were created by the two most powerful classes of the age, the Church and the aristocracy, and only later were modified slightly by the urban middle class, which rose to prominence in the later Middle Ages. The author points out that, in the area of home and marriage, Power uses letters, wills, and household inventories to support her depiction of women. The paper relates that, because the proportion of women to men was greater within the noble ranks, many women were unable to wed; therefore, for them, monasticism was the only alternative to marriage.
From the Paper
"A considerable portion of the book is spent discussing various facets of the medieval lady?s life and when the bourgeois and peasants are discussed she often presents them in contrast to the noble woman. Many accounts of medieval women nobility often present only one view of their experience, depicting either a fanciful and luxurious life or the bleakness of being regarded as chattel. Fortunately Power draws from the writings of Christine De Pisan, one of the rare women of the Middle Ages to earn a living solely through her writing, to address the way in which the romanticized chivalry of the age overshadows the reality of their existence."
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Renaissance Sculpture, 2002.
Compares the "Davids" by Donatello and Michelangelo to show how both pieces epitomize their periods and styles.
1,722 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The division of Renaissance art into three distinct periods began with Giorgio Vasari, the great Florentine art historian and chronicler of the lives of the artists. Vasari concluded, based on his universally accepted perception of Michelangelo as ?Il Divino,? that Renaissance art reached its most sublime expression in the works of Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. However, some modern art historians wonder how valid or valuable this categorization and consequential value judgment is. Roberta J. M. Olson challenges the very existence of a ?High Renaissance,? on the grounds that ?the term is artificial, a qualitative judgment of ?High? signifying the best,? The paper shows that there are surely noticeable differences in the vivid expressions of Italian Renaissance art from the fifteenth to the sixteenth centuries. Art from the early period of the Renaissance sprouted from the preceding medieval and Gothic artistic traditions, with their emphasis on dramatic facial expressions and compositions. This is especially evident in the sculptural arts, those three-dimensional figures that rendered the human form with increasing idealism. The paper shows that this trend toward idealistic renditions of the human face and figure directly derived from a revived interest in the Classical arts of ancient Greece and Rome. In fact, Renaissance art in general is defined by its classical motifs, materials, and mannerisms. Donatello signified this coming together of two artistic and philosophical traditions in the early periods of the Renaissance in Florence. A century later, Michelangelo Buonarotti built upon Donatello?s earlier contributions to Italian art and sculpture in particular. The paper explains that although the works of Michelangelo defy categorization, his is generally considered to be ?instrumental in creating the High Renaissance,? and is heralded as that period?s hallmark of all the works available for research by art historians, the two that most epitomize their periods and styles and which are most easily comparable because of their similar subject matter are Donatello?s and Michelangelo?s statues of David. This paper therefore examines and discusses these two pieces and show how they characterize the time periods they represent.
From the Paper
"Moreover, Donatello?s David signifies the budding Renaissance style because it incorporates distinctive classical elements. These elements would later mature in the corresponding David by Michelangelo. Nevertheless, while Donatello preserved Biblical accuracy in his rendition of David slaying Goliath, he also paid tribute to the sculpture of ancient Greece and Rome. His David, in fact, is almost Mercurial with its pagan-influenced hat and its adorning wreath. Here, Christianity and paganism coexist in one statue. Michelangelo?s later version had none of this; in fact, Michelangelo did away with the image of Goliath altogether to focus solely on the stature of the hero?as if he perceived David as more of an ancient athlete than a Christian warrior. Similarly, Michelangelo underemphasized the actual struggle between David and Goliath: instead of a sword placed valiantly in the foreground as it is in Donatello?s, Michelangelo?s David sports a barely noticeable sling."
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The Renaissance Man and Woman, 2007.
This paper defines the qualities of the ideal Renaissance man or woman.
1,162 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the qualities deemed necessary for one to be considered a renaissance man or woman. These characteristics are taken from literary sources of the Renaissance. The features of the Renaissance man and woman suggest at once a superficial concern with appearances and at the same time an appreciation for the innate talents and abilities of every human being. The author takes issue with the lack of morality placed on the Renaissance man or women.
From the Paper
"Physical prowess and mastery of weaponry are essential skills for Castiglione's Renaissance man. Both men and woman are victims of their physical endowments. According to Castiglione, being too tall or too short can hinder the development of a man's athletic skills (p. 34). The Renaissance man is also literally well-rounded: he should be agile and strong, with "shapely" limbs (Castiglione, p. 30, line 26). Renaissance women must also fulfill specific requirements. Though they should develop their bodies as well as their minds, Renaissance women should not undertake strenuous activities, as even dancing too energetically can impede her "womanly sweetness," (Castiglione, p. 35, line 192). Neither men nor women should take sport--or anything else--too seriously because being well-rounded is more important than being a specialist. At the same time, both Castiglione and Alberti infer an appreciation for the diligent development of specific talents and skills, whether tennis, dancing, or archery. Therefore, the ideal person is not a dilettante. When the Renaissance man or woman becomes proficient at something, he or she can show that skill off in polite company, though without conceit. Being what modern people would call "cool" is a key component of the Renaissance ideal. Castiglione calls that feature "nonchalance," and the Renaissance man and woman should be talented and modest at the same time."
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The American Renaissance in Literature, 2008.
A discussion supporting the claim of an American Renaissance in literature with proof from literature in early American history.
1,464 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the existence of an American Renaissance and supports the claim with evidence from writers from early American history. The paper provides examples from specific works from that period in order to prove that the American Renaissance did occur, and additionally, that the period changed America and the lives of the American people forever.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Birth of the American Renaissance
American Renaissance Authors
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Lastly, the American Renaissance in terms of literature was also characterized by authors who exercised freedom of the written word to speak out against elements in society which were deemed by many to be unacceptable from a moral and legal standpoint. Perhaps the best example of this is "Uncle Tom's Cabin", written by Harriet Beecher Stowe and published in 1852, essentially the highpoint of the American Renaissance. There are those who contend that Stowe's tale of the evils of American slavery was one of the main catalysts that touched off the series of events leading to the American Civil War (McQuade, et al, 1999). Thus, in this case, we see American Renaissance literature as a vehicle for social commentary and change."
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High Renaissance, 2004.
An insight into the High Renaissance era of art history.
1,168 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Renaissance movement, which took place in Europe from the early 14th to late 16th century, and witnessed a revival of interest in the values and artistic styles of classical antiquity, especially in Italy. In particular, it looks at how the culmination of the artistic revolution of the Early Renaissance led to what is now known as the High Renaissance to signify the period of explosion of creative genius, producing as it did the work of great artists, such as Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo. It examines how High Renaissance Art touched unparalleled heights of creative expression because it brought the artist?s personal expression into well-established techniques and style, thereby increasing the dramatic force and physical presence of a work of art . It also shows how an essential characteristic of High Renaissance Art is seen as its unified balance between technical skill and the artist?s intuition or personal expression.
From the Paper
"Leonardo da Vinci?s The Madonna of the Rocks exists in two, nearly identical versions; one, entirely credited to Leonardo, in the Louvre, Paris and the second, considered a collaboration because of its distinctly sixteenth century characteristics of larger figures, in London?s National Gallery. Both versions depict a supposed meeting of the Christ Child and the infant saint John. The painting shows the infant Baptist, sheltering under Mary?s cloak, venerating the Christ Child in a cool, watery wilderness. The figures, grouped in a pyramid, are glimpsed in a dimly lit grotto setting of rocks and water, a setting that inspired the work?s name."
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Renaissance, 2007.
This paper provides an examination of the Renaissance period.
1,730 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that for most historians and scholars, determining exactly when the Renaissance Period began has proven to be very difficult, but the majority believe that the embryo of the Renaissance era began in the early 15th century. The writer discusses the Renaissance period when the most influential men and women were those who, as a combined force, literally changed the way that humans think about the natural world and their existence within it. The writer maintains that the Renaissance period was indeed a time of triumph and artistic mastery and greatly shaped and convoluted the then known world. Further, the writer relates that it witnessed the growth and development of architecture, sculpture and painting as never before in the history of Western civilization. The writer concludes that the masters of the Renaissance created what today is called fine art.
From the Paper
"The grandson of Cosimo de Medici was Lorenzo the Magnificent who went far beyond his grandfather in regards to accumulating masterpieces of art and the men who created them. As a poet, Lorenzo gathered about him an immense plethora of artists from all fields of study and extended his grandfather's library at Florence which helped to establish one of the first European centers for academic instruction in the arts, known as the Platonic Academy of Philosophy. Lorenzo also spend huge sums of money on the refurbishment of buildings and festivals dedicated to the arts."
"Thus, through the combined power and influence of the de Medici, the city of Florence became one of great beauty and stood as the capital of all the arts in Europe for more than two hundred years. Also, this flourishing of the arts in Florence resulted in tremendous growth in other European cities and extended well into the northern regions of Europe to create what is known as the Northern Renaissance."
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Music and Performing Arts, Renaissance to Today, 2007.
A discussion of music and drama, from the Renaissance era until today.
984 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the influence that music and performing arts have had on human culture and society, focusing on the Renaissance period. The paper explains that in the early part of the Renaissance, the role of music was tremendously important as polyphony became more simplified in the Renaissance, generally "smoother" and more harmonious overall. The paper notes that there is no doubt that the technological impact of recording technologies, beginning with the phonograph and leading up to today's CDs and DVDs, has had an impact upon the individual enjoyment and distribution of music and dramatic art forms (especially film), unprecedented since the invention of the printing press in the Renaissance. In conclusion, the paper shows that today, the Internet has hugely assisted in enabling individuals to share such work among themselves, though not to the point of alleviating the isolating influence of technology or to creating a new form of communal experience.
From the Paper
"In the early part of the Renaissance, the role of religion, that is to say, the church as an organization and social unifying force, was still prominent above all else. Nation-states had not yet arisen to assert their claim on peoples' loyalty. The church represented stability and social cohesion in a world of uncertainty and danger from many sources: feudal overlords, weak central governments, and unpredictable weather and harvests. The role of music was thus tremendously important too in this period. Polyphony became more simplified in the Renaissance, and generally "smoother" and more harmonious overall."
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