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The Great Schism, 2007.
An analysis of the crisis in the Catholic Church during the 13th through 15th centuries known as the Great Schism.
2,260 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the crisis in the Catholic Church known as the Great Schism, which occurred when two different countries disagreed about who should select the pope and where the pope should live. The paper looks at how this disagreement led to serious problems within the church and how it also affected different Papal States and attitudes toward the Catholic Church today.
Outline:
History Leading to the Great Schism
Problems Develop in the Catholic Church
Study of the Great Schism
Conciliar Tradition in the Western Church
Looking at the Catholic Church Today
From the Paper
"The church had been split with the schism and the question of who had authority in the church was an issue that needed to be solved. The issue of who was in authority is known as the conciliar tradition. "The conciliar tradition was an ongoing, unresolved debate about the relation of the authority of the pope to that of the episcopate and of the universal church in its dispersed existence" (Avis 105). This conciliar tradition affects not only the Catholic Church, but all churches today. Something must be done to stop the schism of the church in a way that would represent everyone involved, which is called conciliarism. When it comes to the doctrine, worship, and mission of the church, it should be determined in a constitutional or representative way (Avis 105)."
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Great Western Schism, 2002.
The paper examines the possible causes of the Great Western Schism - the major crisis experienced by the Catholic Church at the end of the 14th century.
3,250 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
An examination of several ideas which have been suggested as the possible causes of the Great Western Schism. The paper suggests one popular argument which blames the people of Rome, the hasty appointment of Urban VI was made to dispel an angry Roman mob. Another theory analyzed is that the King of France was attempting to seize control back of the papacy and persuaded the cardinals to elect a second pope. The actions of Urban VI and the Cardinals have also been blamed. This paper examines these theories and attempts to pinpoint the proximate cause of the Great Western Schism.
From the Paper
"During the middle and end of the 14th century, the Catholic Church went through a major crisis that came to be known as the Great Western Schism. Bartholomew Prignano, the Archbishop of Bari, was elected Pope and took the name Urban VI. After just a few months of Urban?s rule, the Cardinal College left Rome and elected one of their own, Robert of Geneva, who became Pope Clement VII. In 1409 a church council in Pisa attempted to elect a new pope that could unite the sides. The Pisian council did, but neither pope was willing to give up his power. Thus, three popes were vying for authority over the church. "
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Schisms in Early Islam, 1997.
Examines factionalism, politics, struggles over successor to Muhammad, war, revolution, repression and corruption from 7th Cent.-9th Cent.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
" CAUSES OF SCHISMS IN EARLY ISLAM
This research paper deals with the causes of the factional strife and schismatic movements which bedeviled efforts to forge and maintain the unity and authority of great Islamic empire which was created during the first two hundred years of the Islamic movement. During his lifetime, the Prophet Muhammad through his inspired leadership was able to forge a consensus in the cities of Medina and Mecca for the creation of an Islamic religious state which superseded family, clan and tribal ties. However, after his death in 632 A. D. under the rule of his Arabia-based successors and the Umayyad and early Abbasid Caliphates, fratricidal struggle and conflict based on a host of political, economic and religious factors undermined that unity, which led to its ultimate destruction."
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The Great Schism, 2003.
Describes the falling-out between the Christian churches of Byzantium and Rome.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 21 sources, $ 119.95
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Abstract
Discusses the effects of the falling-out between the Christian churches of Byzantium and Rome on the Byzantine Empire from 1054 until 1300, the emergence of diverse belief systems, and the rift between Eastern and Western Christianity.
From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine effects on the Byzantine Empire from 1054 until 1300 of the Great Schism between the Christian churches of Byzantium and Rome. In the background of the Great Schism lie the apostolic and patristic history of the ..."
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The Middle Ages and the Rise of Pope Martin V, 2000.
An examination of the life Pope Martin V throughout the Middle Ages.
2,809 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper chronicles Pope Martin V?s life up to the end of the Middle Ages/the beginning of the Renaissance period. For the purposes of this study, the Middle Ages is considered the time period leading up to the Great Schism, while the period from the Great Schism on is known as the Renaissance. It provides a brief history of Europe at that time and discusses the Great Schism, in which the papacy became involved in a power struggle with kings and how these conflicts over political matters resulted in the people?s loss of faith in the Church which further weakened the Church?s influence over the people eventually ending the Middle Age period.
From the Paper
"The division of the Papacy caused the division of countries in Europe in the Middle Ages. England, the Roman Empire, Hungary, Bohemia, and Poland supported Pope Urban VI. Pope Clement VII had the support of France, Naples, Scotland, Castile, and Aragon. The Great Schism was a struggle not only over religious power but also of political power. The French and the Italians both wanted to keep the church under their influence; therefore, it was of utmost importance to each of them to have a pope who was from their country and to locate the center of the church in their country."
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A Catholic Civil War, 2001.
An argumentative analysis of the catalysts of the Great Western Schism.
2,560 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 9 sources, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the causes of the Great Western Schism. The author focuses on the events leading up to it and tries to pin down the one event that served as the catalyst for the Schism to happen.The author discusses such events as the election of Urban VI, the politics before the election and the personality of Urban himself.
From the Paper
"During the middle and end of the 14th century, the Catholic Church went through a major division. A division within the church is called a ?schism,? and this particular division turned into what is now known as the Great Western Schism. The difference between most schisms and this one is that most schisms are generally divisions along religious views, while this one tended to be more political. "
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The Muslim Religion: The Shia, 2008.
An examination of Shia/Sunni schism within the Muslim religion and how the Shia has survived despite this divide.
1,659 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the Shia of the Middle East and what they have done to survive in the face of implacable outside hostility. The paper explores the beginning of the Shia/Sunni schism as well as the phenomenon of the "steady state" and what it means for the Shia. The paper further examines the cultural/religious anxiety of the Shia, the cultural distortion suffered, and the cultural revitalization experienced by, this group. Finally, the paepr discusses elements such as communication (on a broad, cultural level), organization, adaptation and cultural transformation (within the context of the Middle East) for Muslims in general.
From the Paper
"At the same time, the cultural transformation of the Middle East in the last century-plus by the western colonial powers has sparked a powerful re-birth of traditional religious sentiment throughout the Middle East - including Iran (Harman, para.11). The impress of western sensibilities and philosophical doctrines upon the elites was aggressively counter-acted by a new rise in religious commitment. As a result, and this has been the case in Iran since at least the days of Khomeini, Shia Islam has been pushed to the fore because it is (arguably) the most potent means by which the peoples of Iran can express their revulsion at the depredations of foreign powers. Looked at from an anthropological perspective, it may be advanced that the Shia peoples of Iran have made a fetish out of their religious beliefs in order to thwart cultural imperialism - but they (or at least their leaders) have shown enough adaptability to meet the exigencies of turbulent times."
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Shiite Muslims In Pakistan, 1999.
Examines the political and social history of this Islamic sect. Discusses the schism with the Sunnis, cultural and religious identity, fragmentation, impact in India, massacres, leadership and persecution.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 13 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"SHIISM IN PAKISTAN
This research traces the political and social history of the Shiite Muslims in Pakistan. For many centuries, the Shiites, as a minority Muslim sect, have maintained a distinct cultural and religious identity in the parts of India which are now in Pakistan, despite opposition from the dominant Sunni elite and schisms within their ranks. With some notable exceptions, the Shiites have been a negligible political influence. In modern Pakistan, serious communal strife has erupted between extreme Sunni and Shiite elements, which reflect political instability and centrifugal forces which have polarized Pakistani politics.
Origins of the Sunni-Shiite Schism in Islam
According to Blood (124), Muslims account for 97 percent of Pakistan's population of 140 million people, of which 77 percent ..."
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Two-Party System, 2000.
The origins and evolution, third-party candidates, local and grassroots movements, shifting party loyalties and schisms.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"Democracy in the United States is based on the indirect representation of the people by elected officials who are usually chosen by direct vote. Almost from the beginning of the United States' history, however, two parties have shared the great majority of the elected positions from the local level to the presidency. The two largest parties have changed, third parties have emerged occasionally, and smaller parties--that win few offices--have continued for decades. But the existing two-party system has become institutionalized and has added a persistent layer of mediation between the people and their government. There are both positive and negative sides to this system, but in recent decades citizens' faith in the two main parties has declined as the Republican and Democratic parties have had difficulty in reconciling the varying interests of the people who..."
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Muslim Social & Religious Organizations, 1200-1400, 1999.
Examines how organizations contributed to stability and/or change in Islamic society. Focusing on militarization, role of elites, schisms & sects, role of Sufis & Ottomans.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
I"MPACT OF MUSLIM SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS: 1200-1400
This essay discusses how Muslim social and religious organizations contributed to stability and/or change during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. A variety of such institutions played an important role in promoting the Islamicization of society which in general had a stabilizing effect by filling vacuums created by the turnover and militarization of political leadership and the destruction of traditional political, economic and cultural elites which occurred during these centuries. Some of the schismatic movements within Islam accelerated its fragmentation with different Muslim organizations contributing to the ascendancy of some Islamic sects over others and in some areas to a weakening of central authority."
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St. Catherine of Siena, 1999.
Life, work and mysticism of 14th Cent. Dominican nun & her role in crisis of schism in the Church.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 11 sources, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the life and work of St. Catherine of Siena (1347-1380), a Dominican nun. The plan of the research will be to set forth a summary of her early life and then to discuss her decision to become a member of a religious order, with particular emphasis on her accomplishments as a nun, including her role as an institutional advocate in decisions taken by the hierarchy in the context of the crisis of schism in the Roman Catholic Church.
Catherine Benincasa was the youngest of 25 children, a twin and one of 13 siblings to survive to adulthood. Though born into a respected and worldly guild family, Catherine appears to have had tendencies toward mysticism and extreme forms of self-denial from an early age. At the age of six, while looking across a valley at a church, she experienced the first of many spiritual vision.."
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The Vatican & Hitler, 1999.
Examines Catholic Church's policy of noninterference in Nazis' extermination of Jews, historical roots in Christian-Jewish schism & Catholic dogma and the role of Pope Pius XII.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 19 sources, $ 111.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the Vatican's noninterference policy in the face of Hitler's Final Solution, the name given to the Nazi policy of extermination of the Jews. The plan of the research will be to set forth the historical context in which the question of Vatican culpability in the Holocaust arises, in particular the first-century origins of Christian-Jewish schism, and then to discuss Catholic dogma within the Synagogue-Church division with a view toward determining whether a causal connection can be discerned between such dogma, the institutional divisions, and the policies pursued by the Vatican during World War II.
The Nuremberg Laws were the most far-reaching of the measures enacted specifically to strip Jews of their legal status in Germany, and in country after country that Hitler invaded as the.."
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Christians and Homosexuality, 2005.
Examines Christian intolerance to homosexuality.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the intolerance of many Christians towards homosexuality. Be that as it may, the paper suggests that intolerance towards gays and lesbians is contrary to the teachings of Christ and do far more harm than good. The paper shows that the schism between those vehemently opposed to homosexuals and those less so is a schism between the old and new testaments.
From the Paper
"This paper will examine Christian attitudes towards homosexuality. In particular, this paper will examine the Christian divide over homosexuality. As will soon become evident, many Christians are appalled at the practice of homosexuality; that being noted, however, just as many Christians believe that it is imperative that Christian men and women love the sinner while reviling the sin. In both instances, the Holy Bible is used as an authoritative text for justifying strongly-held convictions on an issue that is among the most controversial ever to hound Christianity. In the case of this particular writer, my own humanist sensibilities have convinced me that tolerance and benevolence are both the most progressive approaches to this issue - and the most like the teachings of Jesus."
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The Shari'a: The Sacred Law of Islam, 2006.
A paper looking at the important role that Shari'a plays in Muslim society, its history and civilization.
2,750 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and examines the evolution of Shari'a and its development from its Qur'anic usage to the time of Ibn Taymia. The paper examines the roots of Islamic law, the prophet Muhammed, political and religious schisms within Islam and important figures in the religion.
Introduction
Pre-Islamic Law
Muhammed the Law Giver
Early Qu'anic Law
Political Schisms and Islamic Law
What is Customary and Right
Taqi al-Din Ahmad Ibn Taymiyya (d. 1328
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Islamic law had its roots in pre-Islamic Arab society. This society and its law showed both profane and magical features. The law was magical in so far as the rules of investigation and evidence were dominated by sacral procedures, such as divination, oath, and curse; and it was profane in so far as even penal law was reduced to questions of compensation and payment. There are no indications that a sacred law existed among the pagan Arabs; this was an innovation of Islam. The magical element left only faint traces, but Islamic law preserved the profane character of a considerable portion of penal law. It also preserved the essential features of the law of personal status, family, and inheritance as it existed, no doubt with considerable variations of detail, both in the cities and among the bedouin of Arabia."
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Split between Roman and Byzantine, Western and Eastern Churches, 2008.
A discussion of whether Rome wanted to unite with the Eastern churches, or simply require submission from them.
3,437 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that although Rome genuinely desired reunification with the Eastern churches, this was premised upon the expectation that it would submit to the authority of the Pope. The paper explains that this was not achieved, because a key reason for the schism was the Eastern church's refusal to acknowledge the authority of the bishop of Rome. The paper then looks at how the Western church's desire for reunification would have required submission, it is argued that the Western church really sought nothing less than the submission of the Eastern church. The paper suggest that it was not looking for partnership, it was looking for domination. The writer believes that this, coupled with the fact that the schism was so very far reaching and profound, meant that unification was simply not possible.
From the Paper
"The other major reason for the schism relates directly to the issue of power and dominance. The Eastern Church and the Western Church had for a long time been growing increasingly estranged due to disputes over papal authority. As summarized by Congar, the "Oriental schism came about by a progressive estrangement." This came to a head when Pope Leo IX proclaimed his authority over the four Eastern patriarchs. This authority was firmly repudiated by the Eastern Church, and continues to be repudiated to this day."
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