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The Egyptian and Mayan Pyramids, 2006.
A paper comparing the similarities between the Egyptian and Mayan pyramids.
3,147 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper examines and compares the pyramids of Egypt and those of the ancient Mayan culture, found in Mexico and parts of Central America. In an attempt to explain why these architectural legacies share so many striking similarities in spite of the thousands of years and geographical distances that separated the cultures that produced them, the paper considers what was important to the two civilizations and what it was that they were they trying to accomplish by building these complex and enormous structures.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Egyptians
The Mayans
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Half a world and three thousand years apart, two ancient civilizations built a series of remarkably similar structures shaped like and known as pyramids - or The Pyramids to us latecomers. The Egyptians built theirs in the twenty-sixth century b.c., or earlier, a short distance inland from the west bank of the Nile River; to date, eighty are known to exist. Built between 250 and 800 a.d., the dozen or so Mayan pyramids excavated thus far are located in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula, Guatemala and elsewhere in Central America. The biggest, the Great Pyramid of Khufu, at Giza in Egypt, was originally built to a height of 481 feet (though the top thirty feet have simply disintegrated over time) and was for more than four thousand years the largest man-made structure ever assembled. The Mayan pyramids are somewhat smaller, but imposing nonetheless."
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Egyptian Pyramids, 1999.
Archaeological analysis of religious, symbolic & sociocultural significance of pyramids & funeral rituals for Old Kingdom Egypt, 2658 B.C. to 2135 B.C.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 8 sources, $ 103.95
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From the Paper
"The overwhelming majority of archaeological data about life in ancient Egypt comes not from the remains of daily living quarters, but from the burial chambers of the dead, and associated objects, such as writings on burial chamber walls and the preserved corpses found within. This provenance is rather appropriate as, from what scholars can ascertain, life in ancient Egypt was all but completely focused on preparation for death and the afterlife. This paper will discuss how the religious, symbolic, and sociocultural role of pyramids and funeral rituals were of importance to Old Kingdom Egypt, and to the civilization?s conception of immortality.
Immortality was the most important goal in one?s life, especially the immortality of the king or pharaoh. The well-being of all his people depended upon the careful administration of funeral.."
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Great Egyptian Pyramid, 1989.
Explores theories on purpose behind construction of pyramid. Discusses religious beliefs, tomb theory, architectural aspects, "value of measurements," scientific purpose and puzzles of construction method.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 7 sources, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
"The definite purpose of the Great Pyramid of Egypt is unknown to any living person, but many scholars have speculated on the purpose and on the many other mysteries associated with the Egypt-ian pyramids. Thousands of articles and books, both scholarly and popular, have been written about the Egyptian pyramids. After all, "the Pyramids of Egypt are immensely large, immensely ancient, and by general consensus, extremely useless" (Mendelssohn 9). Towering above them all, the Great Pyramid of Khufu stands alone, unique in both size and proportion. Its base covers 13 acres, or 7 midtown blocks of the city of New York. Over this large area, over two-and-a-half million blocks of limestone and granite, some weighing as much as 70 tons, as high as a modern forty-five story building (Tompkins 1). The Pyramid continually captivates the minds of scholars and sparks the imagination of nearly everyone who discover (...)"
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Pyramids Of Giza, 2002.
Description of the form of the Egyptian pyramid.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, $ 79.95
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Abstract
Description of the form of the Egyptian pyramid. Symmetrical perfection. The tomb as the center of a complex of buildings. Purpose of pyramid as a monument to a dead king (Cheops). Construction of the pyramid; materials and equipment used. Stone architectural achievement. Labor of slaves. Cultural, social and religious significance.
From the Paper
THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZA
The pyramids of Egypt are, of course, the best-known and most famous. "They were the tombs of kings, and sometimes queens and other important persons. Most have the perfect symmetrical form of those at Gizeh." (No author 87) Many of the pyramids, or tombs, are over 5,000 years old. However, "the pyramid in its fully developed form was not an isolated structure, but part of a complex of buildings enclosed by a wall which was supposed to be the residence of the deceased king during his life after death." (Goedicke 40)
In looking at this complex, one can see that the center was the tomb itself, the pyramid which served as the monument to the dead king. Of course, pyramids were constructed during the lifetime of many of the Pharaohs (or kings) who planned very ..."
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The Pyramids, 2003.
An overview of the Egyptian pyramids, from the times of the Pharoah Zoser to Shepseskaf.
2,439 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
The pyramids are the very symbol of Egypt and represent a rich and exciting history of this once great nation. This paper details each pyramid constructed in Egypt from the first one built, to the last one of the 4th Dynasty. The paper includes the history of the creation of pyramids and some information about mummification, as well as the philosophies behind them.
From the Paper
"Often times, a pharaoh had what was called a ?southern burial.? The southern burial had two purposes. First, the body would be buried in a pyramid in the north. It was believed that the soul or ?ka? would then travel south to Abydos where the unused tomb, or cenotaph was (Brier 99). This was figurative of the reunion of Upper and Lower Egypt, which was highly celebrated by Egyptians. In addition, it served as a decoy for the real burial chamber to throw off tomb robbers".
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The Stepped Pyramid of Djoser, 2005.
An examination of the great Step-Pyramid of Djoser, designed by Imhotep and the belief system it represented.
1,240 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper asserts that the ancient Egyptian sage Imhotep has two unique claims to fame: 1) he provides historians with the best documented instance of the deification of a man, and 2) he is the first known individual of genius. In a truly ironic fashion, the mortal man who designed the Great Step Pyramid as a tomb for the godlike Pharaoh Djoser was transformed into a god almost 2,000 years later and became the Egyptian god of healing. This paper provides an overview of the sage and vizier, Imhotep, the Great Step-Pyramid and its reflection of the belief systems in place at the time. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion. The paper includes a photograph of the pyramid.
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Imhotep
Step Pyramid of Djoser and Its Reflection of the Belief System
Personal Reasons for Selecting This Topic
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In sum, it is certainly not an exaggeration to describe the Step Pyramid as a one of the most remarkable architectural works produced by the ancient Egyptians. "That later generations regarded it with exceptional esteem is dear, not only from the veneration which they accorded to Imhotep, but also from hieratic graffiti on the passage walls of the southern building, which record the admiration felt by some Egyptians who visited the monument more than a thousand years after it was built" (Edwards 1955:63). In fact, no other known pyramid has been found with the same quantity of imposing buildings designed specifically to supply the needs of the king in his after-life. In their stead, the kings who ruled two dynasties later were satisfied with pictorial representations simply carved in relief."
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The Pyramids, 2001.
This paper discusses the purpose, structure and design of the ancient pyramids.
2,048 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how ancient Egypt was one of these first civilizations and how the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt were the first real kings in the world and because they were so powerful, they had the ability to build such astonishing structures such as the great pyramids. It discusses how the Egyptian pyramids are the oldest stone buildings in the world, standing for nearly 5,000 years and how their size, strength and age is the reason pyramids fascinate people to this day. It describes how the Egyptian pyramids were built as tombs for the pharaohs and were said to be the pharaoh?s ?Castle of Eternity? in order to preserve their bodies for the next life. It examines the architecture, the design, the materials and the strict criteria to which they had to conform as well as the logisitics of how they were built at the time.
From the Paper
"The base of the pyramid had to be a perfect square. This meant that all four sides had to be perfectly even in length. All four angles would have to be perfect right angles. This would prove to be difficult for the large distances that had to be measured. Each side of the Great Pyramid is measured at 755 feet in length. The Egyptians didn?t have measuring tapes like we have today. They made these measurements with cords of palm-fiber or flax-fiber, which tended to stretch when used to measure such distances. After this the base would finally be ready for the start of construction. While the base was being prepared and measured stone was already being quarried and brought down the river to be placed near the proposed sight for the pyramid (Pace, Mildred)."
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Egyptian Architecture, 2006.
An examination as to why ancient Egyptian construction still fascinates architects today.
2,754 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, long after the Egyptian pyramids were first built, there still remains a fascination with this unique architectural design. It looks at how the Pharaonic builders completed their task with an ability and sophistication that has never seen been surpassed. Their capability of understanding the force of gravity, of weight and the stone cube was remarkable. The paper concludes that no where else, by any other culture, has the stone mound been transformed so accurately and substantially into geometrical form.
From the Paper
"As communities grew larger, it was more possible for leaders to emerge and for power to be solidified within, without fear of external invasion. This internal security accounts for the amazing continuity of the Egyptian civilization2 . Certainly, in no other country after the Paleolithic age, can so many constant elements be found over so long a period as in Egypt. The sense of permanence was made possible by this exceptional locale. Although the exact number of people who lived in the country is not possible to know, estimates vary from between one-and-a-half million to over five million3. Most of this population consisted of peasants and civil servants."
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Theories of the Functions of the Pyramid Texts, 2008.
A description and evaluation of the Pyramid Texts.
2,054 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper evaluates the functions of the Pyramid Texts that are based on the contrast between Western linear logic,and "the magico-religious mentality" of Ancient Egyptian culture. The paper also discusses the different functions of the Pyramid Texts Pyramid Texts and concludes that its main function was to solemnize the funeral and burial with the appurtenances necessary for the ascension of "coming forth by day", a construction of "The Book of the Dead" uniquely suited to the alchemic minds of the Ancient Egyptians who synthesized life's polarities in a way not available to our Western thought.
From the Paper
"The Ancient Egyptian conception of reality was cyclical and grounded in the unique agricultural environment of Egypt. "Its inhabitants depended on a large degree on the fulfillment of natural cycles. " "Every day, they observed the unchanging cycle of the sun's passage: each night it died but was reborn on the horizon at dawn and continued its celestial course throughout the day, creating and sustaining life on earth. Similarly, in the annual cycle of the seasons, they saw the regular death and destruction of the vegetation, due to the parching of the land, which in turn was followed by the inundation of the River Nile, which revived and restored the plants and the crops. Both these great life-forces, the sun and the river, followed patterns of life, death and rebirth which probably inspired in the Egyptians a very early belief that individual human existence reflected these natural cycles" . "The rising and setting of the sun, the phases of the moon, the motions of the stars ('always visible from Egypt'), the annual flooding of the Nile...were perceived as manifestations of potent creative sources" and a continual process of growth, death, and rebirth" . Poised on the edge of Africa between the mutable, ever shifting sands of the desert and the fluctuating barrier of the ocean, life was seen as a series of constantly changing forms of existence dependably reoccurring and transposing into one another. "Death...was regarded not as an end, but merely as a further change...leading forward to another type of existence" .
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"Sinuhe the Egyptian", 2007.
This paper examines the story of "Sinuhe the Egyptian", as a work of ancient Egyptian literature.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer maintains that to read "Sinuhe the Egyptian" as solely a piece of political propaganda would significantly underestimate the narrative qualities of the tale and the maturity of ancient Egyptian literature. The writer notes that Miroslav Barta, an Egyptologist, claims that the text serves primarily as political propaganda, idealizing Egyptian society and especially its monarchy. The writer maintains that the lengthy poetic interlude at the point in the story at which Sinuhe meets the Syrian King for the first time does suggest an idealistic attitude toward the Egyptian theocracy. However, the writer notes that other scholars point out that Sinuhe demonstrates literary prowess; its ending comes as a surprise but only when read within a modern framework and corresponding biases. The writer concludes that rather than being propaganda, "Sinuhe the Egyptian" is more clearly an epic literary journey.
From the Paper
"In the first case, Sinuhe naturally waxes poetic about the ruler from whom he fled; he never once suggests that he doubts the divinity of the pharaoh's office. His fear of civil strife stems not from a disregard for the court but from personal cowardice (Lorton). Furthermore, he praises the new king so as to not appear weak and pitiable in the eyes of the Syrian King who discovered him. His positive attitude engenders favor, causing the Syrian King to trust him immediately and give him his daughter's hand in marriage as well as scores of wealth and land. If the Syrian King suspected that Sinuhe were a disloyal subject it is unlikely he would have offered such kind service."
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Construction of Pyramids, 2001.
Reviews application of mathematics by ancient Egyptians in design and construction of Pyramids. 2 Exhibits.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"This research reviews the application of mathematics by the ancient Egyptians in the construction of pyramids. This research focuses on two issues. The first issue involves the mathematical principles that, of necessity, were applied in the construction of the pyramids. The second issue concerns the contention by some people that alien civilizations from outer space were the source of mathematical knowledge required for the construction of the pyramids in Egypt, as the Egyptians of that era had not developed the knowledge of mathematics required for such an undertaking.
A pyramid is a polyhedron whose base is a polygon and whose sides are triangles having a common vertex. The pyramids at Giza..."
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Pyramids and the Afterlife, 2004.
An analysis of Egyptian culture concerning death and the afterlife.
690 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the focus of Egyptian culture on preparation for death and the afterlife during the Old Kingdom. It looks at the immortality of pharaoh and the impact of pyramids on Egyptian economy and culture. It also examines the Myth of Orisis.
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The Nutrition Pyramid, 2005.
This paper focuses on the primary goals of the food pyramid which was first introduced by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) in 1992.
1,610 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This well-researched paper details the main components and significance of the food pyramid. The familiar pyramid is comprised of six basic food groups, which include fats, protein, dairy products, fruits, vegetables and complex carbohydrates. This paper examines the main goals of the food pyramid, which was introduced, by the USDA in 1992, as a guide for Americans to aid in weight control, while balancing their nutritional intake. This paper stresses the importance of combining a healthy diet with regular physical activity, while limiting the intake of fats, sugars and salt. This paper details what needs to be done to maintain one's current weight as well as the measures to be taken in order to lose weight. This paper delves into the growing obesity problem prevalent in America, amongst adults and children, as well as the need for increased physical activity in the school system. This paper also discusses the views of those who oppose the USDA's nutritional guidelines, such as the The Harvard School of Public Health, that contends that the food pyramid is not the best diet, for addressing and reducing the risk of chronic diseases.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The 2005 Food Pyramid
Balanced Intake and Physical Activity
Focus on Dairy Foods
Age, Gender, Weight and Exercise
Behavioral Change
Public Reactions
Private Businesses' Reactions
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"More than age, gender, weight and the amount of exercise or physical activity, the overhaul in the food guide pyramid was influenced by the need to effect that behavioral change through adequate but moderate nutritional choices, according to Hentges of the USDA. He said that this revised guide addressed most the sad fact that most Americans did not exercise regularly but had a sedentary lifestyle. It also called greater attention to concerns over trans fats and the benefits derived from whole grains. It offered more details on the amounts of calories in each group for daily intake. This revised version consisted of recommended servings of fruits, vegetables, grains, meat and milk, based on 12 calorie levels of 1,000 to 3,200 calories. The former food guide was based on only three levels, namely 1,600; 2,200; and 2,800 calorie levels."
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An Analysis of the "Egyptian Book of the Dead", 2003.
An analysis of the "Book of the Dead" and its implications for Egyptian concepts of sin and morality.
1,659 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The ancient Egyptians were much concerned about their afterlife, and this concern is reflected in many inscriptions and texts found in their pyramids and coffins. The "Book of the Dead" served to outline the difficulties that awaited them after death and provided them with some practical information to help them along the way. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the Egyptian "Book of the Dead" and its purposes, the practice of magic, the moral and ethical beliefs that are reflected in its writings, a discussion of the importance of the Code of Ma?at, and ancient Egyptian concepts of the human soul. An examination of how various ancient Egyptian concepts of sin and morality are reflected in the "Book of the Dead" is followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"According to S. G. F. Brandon (1970), ?It became the custom in ancient Egypt from about the 18th Dynasty (1580-1320 BC) to place in the tombs of the dead papyrus scrolls inscribed with texts. These texts were designed to help the dead to rise to life again and obtain a happy lot in the next world? (305). The name Book of the Dead is a contemporary one that has been assigned by Egyptologists, beginning with Karl Richard Lepsius, a German Egyptologist who published the first collection of the texts in 1842. Brandon points out that the ancient Egyptian title was ?Chapters for Coming Forth by Day.? This title was intended to describe what the Book of the Dead texts would do for the dead, according to Egyptian belief. Many of the texts can be traced to two earlier collections of funerary texts, the Pyramid Texts and the Coffin Texts."
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Egyptian and Greek Architecture.
This paper compares the temple architecture of Egyptians with the Greeks and explores the differences in structure, art, symbolism, and function.
1,235 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that architecture is more than the design of buildings because it incorporates the thought of the person building the structure; the architecture of Egyptian and Greek temples differs in function, structure, and symbolism. The author points out that Egyptian temple architecture is much larger than the Greeks because the geographical location was abundant with resources and building materials, such as limestone, and the Egyptians maintained a highly organized society capable of carrying out such large constructions. The paper explains that another main difference between the Egyptian and the Greek temples is that architects, not priests, directed the design of the Greek temple, which distinguished the Greek temples from those of the Egyptians because they made conscious choices in design for aesthetic reasons, not just function.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Architectural Structure
Function
Architectural Art and Symbolism
From the Paper
"The earliest Greek temples were small and gradually became larger and grander. The first temples were similar to small huts and were long and narrow. These early temples were about 25 by 18 feet and were built using stone and unbaked mud brick. As the wealth of the Greek people grew and the geographical locations became more abundant with resources, temples began to take a much more sophisticated style. "There was a compelling need, given the dominant role of the gods in society, to pay at least some benefits thus received to them.""
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