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German Reunification, 2007.
An examination of the impact of German reunification on the country and its people today.
7,945 words (approx. 31.8 pages), 20 sources, APA, $ 171.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to help the reader understand the current situation in Germany today by providing an overview of the reunification of East and West Germany, the process that led to the reunification, and the opposing political forces that emerged in response. The paper's format is presented in the form of several subject headings followed by discussion and analysis according to the topic. The focus of the paper is the opposition to the reunification, comprised mainly of Great Britain, France, and Poland. The paper begins with the situation in East Germany in the late 80s, covering the Montagsdemonstrationen organized by Christian Fuehrer, heading on to the "Einigungsvertrag" and the integration of the GDR into Western Germany. This is followed by an analysis of the political concerns evinced by France, Poland, and Great Britain. A summary of the research and salient findings are presented in the conclusion.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion: Diplomatic Difficulties during the German Reunification Process
The Political Situation in Germany and the USSR during the Late 1980s
Social Insecurities after Perestroika and Glasnost Fail to Save USSR
USSR is Weakened
Early Stage.
Situation in the GDR
Montagsdemonstrationen in East Germany Occurs, First in Leipzig, Then Entire State
Christian Fuehrer
4 September 1989
Massive Exodus of GDR Inhabitants over Hungarian Border in Summer 1989
Fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989
On the Road to Unity
Helmut Kohl's Ten-Points Plan to Integrate GDR into West Germany
Reunification of October 3, 1990
The British View of German Reunification
Margaret Thatcher's Concerns
Dominance of Germany Economy in Europe
Balance of Power Disturbed
Militarily Too Powerful Germany Could Threaten Regional Stability
The French View of German Reunification
The Polish View of German Reunification
Poland Demanded that Germany Accept the Oder-Neisse Line as the Official Border
When Helmut Kohl Failed to Include this Line in his Ten Points, It Caused Major Worries on both Polish and German Sides
German Development Following Reunification.
Breakdown of GDR Economy
Obsolete East German Companies were Unable to Compete in a Free Market
Production Costs Too High Due to Too Many Employees
Major Consumer of East German Products, USSR, had Collapsed
Major Change 1:1 for Ostmark to Deutschmark
Exodus
Money Spent on Reunification
Depending on Source, Costs Estimated at 250 Million to 1.5 Billion DM
Temporary State Deficit in Germany was 1.4 Billion DM
Germany Today
The Wall in the Head
The Perspective of the Victim
The Perspective of Accountability
Table 1 - Imports and Exports
Table 2 - GDR Trade with West Germany, 1961-1976 (in millions of Deutsche marks).
From the Paper
". It happened so quickly that many observers were taken by surprise. The events that ultimately led to the collapse of the former Soviet Union were characterized by half-measures and false starts that created the conditions needed to fuel further social unrest and political discord. According to Niven and Thomaneck, the fact that former GDR leader Erich Honecker's attempt at political crisis management and linguistic "democracy" propaganda had failed became clear in the autumn of 1989, when the working people of Germany reminded him: "We are the people." These authors report that, "Whereas the Polish free trade union Solidarity movement did not in any noticeable way capture the mood of the working people in the GDR, the policy shifts announced by Mikhail Gorbachev after his appointment as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1985 triggered a new political discourse in East Germany" (57). At the time, Gorbachev recognized that the system of "actually existing socialism" simply could not endure in its existing form, either in the Soviet Union or in the Eastern bloc as a whole (Niven & Thomaneck 57)."
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The U.S. Response to German Reunification, 2001.
A look at liberal internationalist elements in the U.S. response to German reunification.
4,870 words (approx. 19.5 pages), 20 sources, $ 124.95
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Abstract
This paper illustrates the American tendency to insinuate itself and its ideals in the foreign policy it adopted towards the newly reunited German state. The author explores the relationship between International Relations theory and actual policy, critiquing the American approach in light of the Liberal Internationalist, Political Realist, Cognitive Psychological and Domestic Determinant theories.
From the Paper
"Conflict, competition and cooperation mark the history between Germany and the United States. Over the past century, these two storied nations have endured eras of intense hostility, painful rebuilding and peaceful economic collaboration. Twice during the twentieth century these two nations opposed one another in world wars and following successive German defeats the United States sought a voice in how the European continent would be rebuilt. The most significant post-war development in this relationship came on November 9, 1989. That day the Berlin Wall, a notorious symbol of Cold War tension, toppled to the ground. This occurrence served to mark the transition between Allied occupation and German autonomy. Many believed it to be the culmination of decades of hard work and tenacity by diplomats on both sides of the Atlantic. Others claimed it was the result of regional grassroots social reform. To most Americans the wall?s collapse seemed to personify the triumph of Western democracy over Soviet communism once and for all. In this sense, many western prognosticators heralded German reunification as the first step in realizing Emmanuel Kant?s vision of ?perpetual peace.?
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The Path Towards German Reunification, 2005.
An analysis of the social, economic and political factors that defined both East and West Germany and the process that lead to reunification.
2,906 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the socio-political conditions that prevailed in both the sides of divided Germany, a study which also serves to highlight the part Germany played in the Cold War and the overall struggle between the Soviet East and the Capitalist West.
Outline
Economic Problems of the GDR
Demographic Problems
The Fall of the Berlin Wall and Events during 1990
From the Paper
"In 1987, with Erich Honecker's visit to the Federal Republic, the GDR had achieved recognition in West Germany. Now East German authorities had the task of establishing an East German identity. This would be a task to hard to achieve as the creation of the two Germanies had been a result of foreign intervention and all Germans remained linked trough cultural and historical ties including the recent events of WWII. The initial intensions of the SED regime was to portray the GDR as a revolutionary functioning soviet satellite that would supersede the efficiency of the western dominated Federal Republic. Once this process was completed, Germany would be reunited under the communist rule."
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German Reunification, 1991.
This paper analyzes the events leading up to the 1990 reunification of East and West Germany: Background, European relationships, WWII, Cold War, Iron Curtain, Soviet Union, politics, economicsand leadership.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 11 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"For upwards of seventy years--a lifetime--it was the central issue of European politics, and therefore even of world politics. For another forty years, it was the issue that dared not speak its name. For a few years, it became mentionable, as something that might happen "someday." Then, with breathtaking suddenness, in the course of a single year it happened. And life went on.
"It" was German Reunification. This writer remembers the day, just after formal reunification, when a TV news business reporter began to say "the West German Deutschmark"--and had to correct himself on-camera to simply "German Deutschmark." For a few days, the fact of German unification dominated the headlines. But soon it was driven almost off the front page by the Persian Gulf crisis. The "special relationship" between the United States and united Germany, so lately proclaimed by George Bush ... "
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German Culture Since Reunification, 1999.
Examining demographics, interpersonal communication, crime & violence, sex & nudity in modern Germany.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 10 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"Introduction
Since the Berlin Wall came down in 1989, Germany has undergone significant changes throughout its culture. Divided by the Allies after World War II, the country was reunited in the early 1990s bringing the formerly communist East Germany (German Democratic Republic) into the democratic and capitalist West (Federal Republic of Germany). The reunification has not been without problems: unemployment runs high among those from the former East Germany, for example, and there has been an increase in the number of nationalist demonstrations in recent years. In addition, the country has seen a large influx of refugees from other former communist countries, and Germany's once strong economy has faltered somewhat as the nation tries to assimilate these new residents. Germany was also instrumental in bringing about not only the European.."
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German Reunification, 1990.
Economic issues of bringing E. & W. Germany together. Historical overview, monetary union, currency reform and market vs. socialist economies.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"INTRODUCTION
On 21 June 1990, the parliaments of both the Federal Republic of Germany (West) and the German Democratic Republic (East) approved a treaty to merge the economies of the two countries ("Germany Unites Economically," 1990). The treaty becomes effective on 2 July 1990, on which date, a single German economy will be created, and de facto unification will occur. Major issues must still be settled, before full, de jure unification can occur. To be decided are political unification, including the question of the future military alliance of a united Germany, and social unification, including difficult issues such as abortion rights--severely restricted in West Germany, and available on demand in East Germany.
The thesis of this research is that, as a rejection of.."
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The Post-Unification German Economy, 1996.
Looks at economy of Germany after the reunification. Also discusses social & political features of the new German state.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"The Post-Unification German Economy
Introduction: The Fall of the Wall
The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 was the single event that most dramatically underlined the sea change from the Cold War era in Europe to a post-Cold War era. The fall of the Wall was followed almost immediately by the total collapse of the East German state, which until 1989 had appeared to be both the most repressive and the strongest of the Soviet-bloc states in Eastern Europe. With breathtaking suddenness -- in the space of a year-- came the full and formal reunification of the divided Germanies, a process that it had been presumed even in 1989 would take several years at least.
In the long run, reunification could only benefit the German economy..."
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Korean Reunification, 2007.
This paper explores the Korean Conflict and the possible outcomes of a reunification.
1,131 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that the Korean War or Conflict is considered nowadays as the longest war fought in modern history. The paper explains that this event in history got its "title" because, from the 1950s up to the present times, Korea has been divided into North and South Korea and the war never officially ended because no truce was ever signed. In considering the possible or probable reunification of Korea, the paper looks at what occurred during the German reunification. The paper predicts that the burden on the economy would be massive and several social conflicts would arise as a result.
From the Paper
"Eventually there was still no firm reunification agreement considering there were still several issues that hamper the peace and reunification process. "The two leaders did not come to any agreement on two other major issues: the presence of nearly 40,000 U.S. troops in South Korea and North Korea's long-range and nuclear missile programs. (CNN News, 2000)" Despite all the hypes and contacts between the two Koreas and its leaders, the issues remained unresolved and the plan is still a long way off."
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Origins and Impact of German Unification on Europe, 2004.
Examines the impact and historical significance of the unity of the German states after the Napoleonic Wars and their implication on changing Europe.
5,234 words (approx. 20.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 130.95
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Abstract
The paper is a historical examination into the German national movement that began after the Napoleonic Wars in Europe. The desire for unity among the German states, mainly between Prussia and Austria, would eventually be a main reason for World War I and World War II. This in the desire to see a Greater Germany exist as the competing power in Europe by the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as an opposition to English, French and Russian domination of the continent. The paper is divided up into three main parts. The first section gives a history of the Napoleonic Wars and the growing concept of nationalism in the German states under Napoleon. It was this hope for unity that helped push the French back and convince the world that German unity was in the best interest as a buffer to further French aggression. The second part of the paper deals with the unification of the German states and the problems and progress that existed from the time of 1815-1870. The growing industrial movement is heavily discussed as being the backbone to the new German Confederation of states. The rivalry that existed between Austria and Prussia, which eventually splintered Austria from the Confederation, is also discussed and how the German nation became stronger due to a more powerful Prussian influence. A complete investigation into German culture, economics and military system of the 19th century is given in this section in a very detailed manner. Repeated sources from English observers and German politicians give an insight into how Germany began to grow as a European power during the middle 19th century. A huge part of this section deals with the German economy and their desire to match England in terms of economic dominance of Europe. The German economic system is examined, run by a harsh yet amazingly efficient centralized government that maximizes output and production from its workers. Finally, the last section deals with the establishment of the German Empire, and how nationalism completely took over Germany as the predominant unifying factor of the German people. The Franco-Prussian War and the subsequent territorial grabs by Otto Von Bismarck and Kaiser Wilhelm The First are discussed, right up until the outbreak of World War I where Germany has officially taken its place as the predominant military and economic power on the continent.
From the Paper
"Throughout the history of Europe, there have been numerous incidents in which a country will affect the entirety of the continent through political, economic or cultural means. These influences upon fellow European countries usually tended to be permanent changes, whether it was the religious division that came upon The Protestant split or The French Revolution's impact on neighboring countries. However, the one event that changed the course of European history and would eventually impact every European nation was the unification of the Germany city-states into a conglomerated country in 1815. Through this development of a united Germany at the Congress of Vienna, Europe would be forever changed and would be forced to compete with Germanic ideals that the new nation would sponsor as it began to build up a nationalistic Germany. What the European powers saw as a means of ending local rivalries and improving economic trade and prosperity to the former states of the Holy Roman Empire, the unification of the German people would taint any optimistic expectations of peaceful coexistence in Europe for the latter half of the 19th century and would take on much more dangerous and bloody connotations as the 20th century unfolded. The united country of Germany, through a series of beliefs and practices that each German citizen began to trust while the country was building itself in the 19th century, would become one of the most dominant and influential nations in European history. These principles were the strong nationalistic feelings that came from the pride and love of what it was to be German, the growing industrial practices that began to be developed in German economic production, and the emphasis on military dignity and strength of the army, coupled with the German tendency to give powerful prominence to German military leaders, would become grounds for building a nation that would tower over the European political environment for years."
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Germany?s Environmental Policy after Reunification, 2004.
This paper is evaluates the integration and achievements of Germany?s environmental policy after reunification.
9,415 words (approx. 37.7 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 193.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, many years ago, the development of a systematic environmental policy began in Germany; but the reunification of the two German states (Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic), in 1990 created a great new challenge for German environmental policy because of the extensive environmental damage in the former GDR and because of the major economic crisis that started during this time. The author points out that the most remarkable result of increased environmental awareness was the development of an ?eco-industry,? a new manufacturing sector that develops pollution-control devices and other environmentally useful equipment. The paper concludes that the constantly changing world of politics requires innovative strategies to keep up with these changes; therefore, all available economic resources, environmental group leadership, and public environmental support, including the Green Party, should combine to overcome the obstacles created by potential economic and environmental tradeoffs.
Table of Contents
Literature Review
A Brief Review of Germany?s Environmental History
Integration of Systems and Policies
Energy and Environmental Policy
Environmental Programs and Initiatives
Methodology
Results of Study
Organizational Structure of Environmental Protection in Germany
The Environment
Germany?s Future
Economic and Political Options for Environmental Protection in Germany
Traditional Features of German Environmental Policy
Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations
From the Paper
"Regulations and government actions to protect nature and human beings against environmentally hazardous activities of commercial and industrial firms have a long history in Germany. Environmental protection is anchored in private and public law, including building, public health and sanitation, and police laws. The Water Rights Act and the Factories Act set the standard for many subsequent laws. The various regulations created to prevent offensive emissions from becoming a nuisance to health and property were systematized and concentrated for the first time in the Prussian Industrial Statute of 1845."
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German Management, 2006.
An analysis of modern German business management.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper studies how German businesses are managed, focusing on the personalities and work styles of German managers. The paper begins with a general discussion of the present German economy -- including the recent downturn -- and the negative impact of reunification. Then the paper assesses German management culture, which it says prides itself on customer service and product quality. The paper also analyzes how managers in Germany -- most of whom are men -- rise to positions of power within their companies. This "man's world" is a large focus of the author's assessment. Other influences the paper examines are education levels and the role of labor unions.
From the Paper
"The new government is fairly leftist, combining the Social Democrats with the German "Green" party. Schroeder, in one of his first pronouncements, made it clear that he was going to create a plan whereby business and labor would come to some sort of agreement, including a revision of the current tax codes, and perhaps a reduction in the very excessive number of paid vacation and holidays that German workers now receive (by far the most generous in all of Europe). "With only the basic frame work of new tax regulations hinted at, already critics are complaining that these new regulations would place an unfair burden on family-owned businesses, and hurt the economy in general. Before leaving office, Kohl did get some measures passed, such as cutting pensions and sick benefits. Schroeder seeks to restore these and find some new revenues elsewhere."
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Scientific Management and German Design, 2006.
A discussion about the relationship between scientific management and German modernist art and how this relationship impacted German graphic art in a manner that continues today.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The relationship between scientific management and German modernist art and architecture has often been overlooked - which is unfortunate insofar as the former has greatly impacted the latter and provided it with some of its most conspicuous and enduring features. With this in mind, this paper explores this link by looking at examples of Taylorist sensibility in four noteworthy German designers; this paper also touches briefly upon how the works of these individuals - particularly Margarete Schutte-Lihotzky - reflected the dominant rationalist and modernist traits of the epoch and, in effect, set about creating a legacy for German graphic and architectural design which has persisted the present age.
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German Language Linguistic Analysis, 2005.
Performs a brief German language linguistic analysis, comparing German with Dutch and Afrikaans.
690 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper is a linguistic analysis of the German language. It compares German with Dutch and Afrikaans. The varieties of the German language; divisions into North Germanic and West Germanic are all discussed.
From the Paper
"The German language bears many similarities to other Germanicl anguages such as Dutch and Afrikaans. Standard German is spoken with auvular R although the alveolar pronunciation is used in many of the standard German ..."
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Reunification Of Korea, 2002.
Argues against a quick reunification of North and South Korea.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 31.95
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Abstract
Argues against a quick reunification of North and South Korea. Adverse impact on South Korea and its economy of hasty reunification. Why the German unification model does not fit the Korean situation. Why time is needed to break down the economic and ideological barriers that have divided Korea into North and South. Sunshine policy.
From the Paper
"July of 2003 will mark the 50th anniversary of the truce agreement between North Korea (the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea) and the United Nations Command which has resulted in a divided Korea into South and North. Technically, the truce agreement did not bring about an end to the undeclared Korean War and so a virtual state of war still exists since an armistice was never signed to settle the dispute. The division of North and South Korean is one of the few remaining vestiges of the Cold War, and calls for the unification of Korea have intensified since 2000 when the South and the North took steps to advance the reconciliation and unity of the two Koreas. This paper will argue against a quick unification of North and South Korea on the grounds that it would have dire results for the South."
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The U.S. and German Constitutions, 2003.
A comprehensive look at the similarities and differences between United States and German constitutions.
2,485 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the United States Constitution with the German Constitution that was adopted in 1949. The paper discusses the historical background of the German constitution, that being one in which the victorious Allies essentially saw that the ideals of democracy and freedom were to be installed into law so that there would be no repeat of political groups circumventing the law to meet their own desires. The paper first discusses the variety of other constitutions that existed in Germany before World War II and the main points behind them. The cultural pride of Germany tended to be the focal point of these legal documents, so the 1949 constitution that was written for Germany sought to incorporate the peaceful cultural tendencies of the German people while at the same time promoting a United States-like democracy in the country. The second part of the paper cites both documents frequently and shows that there are key differences between both constitutions. It is also touched upon that the original German constitution was only adopted by West Germany prior to the collapse of communism in the late 1980s, and there is a brief description of how East Germany functioned before reunification.
From the Paper
"The most notable similarities between the two constitutions are the predominant emphasis on basic human rights and freedoms of the people. The German constitution's first five articles all revolve around the concept of liberty and justice. Article 4 of the German constitution reads, "Freedom of creed, of conscience and freedom to profess a religious or non-religious faith are inviolable". This is directly a reflection of The American Constitution's Amendment One, in which it claims that all citizens have the right to freedom of religion. These human rights from the American constitution were adopted readily by the German public, and the two constitutions share the ideas of human dignity, liberty, freedom of expression, freedom of assembly, freedom of movement, the inviolable of the home, and rights of property. "
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