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Genes And Crime, 2002.
Studies the evidence suggesting a relationship between a one's genetic make-up and aggressive tendencies.
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 10 sources, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the relationship of genes and crime as revealed by genetic research so far. According to some geneticists, an abnormal gene in the body may be the cause of aggressive and violent behavior in some people. This has resulted in a fierce debate worldwide as it raises some moral and ethical questions. While it has been found that some chemical abnormality in the body can lead to aggression, there is still no conclusive evidence to prove that there exists a link between genes and crime.
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Comparative Evolution of the Globulin Genes, 2007.
An analysis of the evolution of the globulin genes, focusing on the gamma globulin.
1,933 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This study provides relevant background on the various globulin genes in general and the gamma globulin gene in particular. The paper aims to determine how this family of globulin genes has changed over time in various organisms, as well as describe where the globulin genes can be found and their functions.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Globulin Gene Evolution
Evolution of Globulin Genes
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Since the pioneering work of Cohn and others, researchers have since shown that globulins represent an important source of protein in seed plants and they are found in relatively small amounts in various cereals; in addition, globulins are also found in animal fluids are enzymes, antibodies, and fibrous and contractile proteins typically contained in the blood plasma (Haurowitz, 2006). As noted above, to date, three types of globulin have been identified--alpha, beta, and gamma; alpha and beta globulins are transport proteins, serve as substrates upon which other substances are formed, and perform other diverse functions. In addition, the gamma globulins play a vital role in natural and acquired immunity to infection (Haurowitz, 2006)."
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Genes and Intelligence, 2005.
This paper discusses the contribution of genes to general intelligence, although intelligence cannot be defined clearly.
1,875 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that research demonstrates that chromosomes, the gene-carrying structures of an organism, are able to determine the level of an individual's intelligence. The author points out that scientists can measure particular inherited features by studying identical twins, who share the same genes, and can use molecular psychiatry to identify specific genes related to intelligence. The paper stresses the problem in genetic identification is that there are several forms of intelligence, such as academic intelligence, which is the traditional construct of intelligence; analytic intelligence, which is similar to academic intelligence and is suitable for testing on I.Q. tests; creative intelligence, which is, for example, a musical or artistic intelligence and cannot be accurately tested because it cannot be clearly defined; and practical intelligence, which cannot be tested because it, too, cannot be clearly defined.
Table of Contents
Introduction to Essay
General Information on Genes and Chromosomes
Information on Intelligence Tests
Positive Aspects on Intelligence Tests
Negative Aspects on Intelligence
What Can and Cannot Be Tested
Research and Experiments Conducted on Topic
Proposals from Scientists
Hypothesis from Experts
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Intelligence is the measure of a person's mental ability to function and to solve everyday problems as well as random odd problems. Individuals differ from one another in their ability to adapt to the environment, to understand complex ideas, to learn from experience and to overcome certain obstacles by taking thought. All of these concepts make up an individuals intelligence level. The most common way to measure a person's intelligence in today's society, is the IQ test. The IQ test is a series of questions involving mathematics and other types of problems that is completed by the recipients and later graded. The grade on the test determines the person's intelligence level."
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Polymerase Chain Reaction-Derived Homeotic Genes, 2007.
Describes a procedure to isolate the morphology-controlling homeotic genes of Caenorhabditis elegans.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 17 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper describes an experiment in which DNA was extracted from the organism Caenorhabditis elegans to be amplified and electrophoresed. The author reports that polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used in the experiment to amplify the DNA and after electrophoresis was finished, a photograph of the gel was obtained. The author also explains that the migration distance of the bands was measured and a graph of the molecular weight of the bands was created. The paper states that this process allowed the isolation of homeobox genes, which are of great importance in many different organisms for patterning and segmentation.
Table of Contents:
Keywords
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Methods
C. Elegans Preparation
RNAse Treatment and Protein Precipitation
DNA Precipitation, Drying and Rehydration
Preparation of PCR Reactions and Running of Reactions in Thermocycler
Homeobox PCR
Casting an Agrose Gel
Loading, Running and Staining the Agrose Gel
Results
Discussion
Figures and Tables
From the Paper
"When it comes to unlocking the mysteries of organismal development, it all comes down to genes. However when genes are to be analyzed, a little is often not enough. This is where polymerase chain reaction (PCR) comes into play. PCR is a powerful and fast method, for which the ultimate desired outcome is the amplification and quantification of DNA "from a minimal initiating amount in vitro.
In order for PCR to occur, template DNA is first denatured. Annealing primers, or often degenerative primers which use every possible codons for unknown DNA sequences."
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Disease-Causing Genes, 1998.
An examination of the benefits to be gained by identifying disease causing genes.
2,060 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 18 sources, $ 64.95
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Abstract
A look at the process of identifying disease-causing genes. The author examines the advantages of such progress for both individuals and the general population. The author argues that families with a high risk of colon cancer will benefit from this type of knowledge.
From the Paper
"Cancers come from the interplay of multiple changes, or mutations, in several different genes, in combination with environmental factors such as diet or lifestyle. Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of death from cancer in the United States, (Digestive Health Specialists, 1995). More than 500,000 people worldwide (HHMI, 1995) and 131,000 Americans are diagnosed with colon cancer each year. Unfortunately, more than 54,000 Americans die each year from this disease. Colorectal Cancer strikes men and women nearly equally, (The Associated Press, 1998)."
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Genes and Homosexuality, 1993.
An examination of the 1993 study indicating the biological basis of sexual orientation, including scientific and social implications.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 4 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"The question of how much of sexual orientation is determined by a person's genes, and how much by familial and cultural influences has been a topic of debate for some time. Recently, several studies of twins and adoptive siblings have pointed toward a large genetic component in homosexuality, implying that a gene or genes should exist that create a predisposition for homosexuality--but there was no direct proof. Now, a team of geneticists at the National Cancer Institute has come closer to that proof (Pool, 1993, p. 291).
Scientists Dean Hamer and his colleagues Stella Hu, victoria Magnuson, Nan Hu, and Angela Pattatucci have reported that some instances of male homosexuality to a small stretch of DNA on the X chromosome. If the finding can be confirmed, it might eventually lead to a better understanding of the biological basis..."
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Gene Research, 2002.
Scientific description of gene action & gene products.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 3 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
Scientific description of gene action & gene products. Describes research studies & methods. Bacterial clones. Phenotypes of genes; post embryonic phenotypes. Types & functions of genes. Genes responsbible for axonal guidance in the developing brain. Experiments & various techniques used by researchers. How genes mediate their effects on an organism.
From the Paper
"Fraser et al (2000) used RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) to target approximately 90 percent of the predicted genes on C. elegans chromosome 1 by feeding these worms with a bacterium that expresses double-stranded RNA. RNAi transiently inhibits the activity of a gene by introducing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) with a sequence specific to the target gene. Feeding these bacteria to the worms makes it possible to produce a library of dsRNA-expressing bacteria that can then be used for high-throughput genome-wide RNAi screens at very low cost. The only drawback to this technique is that RNAi does not efficiently inhibit all genes, so the method will miss some relevant genes.
Using such a library of bacteria which express dsRNA responding to genes on chromosome 1, this group were able to..."
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Gene Therapy, 2002.
This paper explores gene therapy, a set of approaches to the treatment of human disease based on transfer of genetic material (DNA) into an individual or the introduction of genetic material into cells for therapeutic purposes.
2,325 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
As gene therapy has moved from the laboratory into the clinic, several issues have emerged as central to the development of this technology: gene identification, gene expression and gene delivery. The author of this paper points out that gene therapy is a method for the treatment or prevention of disease that utilizes genes to provide the patient?s cells with the genetic information necessary to produce specific therapeutic proteins needed to correct or combat disease. The paper also introduces genomics research, which seeks to map the human genome, or total DNA content of the human cell.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background and Direction
Potential
Other Gene Therapy Directions
From the Paper
"Genes are segments of deoxyribonucleic acid ("DNA") present in each cell in the body, which provide the information cells use to produce protein. Protein production begins in the nucleus of the cell when the gene is copied or "transcribed", resulting in the creation of a form of ribonucleic acid ("RNA") known as "messenger RNA." Specific DNA sequences called "promoters" control the extent of copying (transcription) of genes. Messenger RNA then moves from the nucleus of the cell into the cell?s cytoplasm, where it is "translated" by the cell into protein. The process of transcription and translation that results in protein production by the cell is called "gene expression". The absence or defective structure of specific genes may change the composition or pattern of proteins expressed by the cell, causing certain inherited diseases such as cystic fibrosis and muscular dystrophy as well as acquired diseases such as cancer."
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Gene Therapy, 2002.
A detailed examination of the manipulation of genes for medical benefits.
1,130 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
Gene therapy - the medical term for the manipulation of genes - promises to allow the curing of diseases and growing of organs, thus saving thousands of lives every year. This paper looks at the history of gene therapy, views of both sides of the gene therapy controversy and its potential uses for the future.
From the Paper
"While it looks very promising on paper there are many concerns about gene therapy and what it will mean to mankind, physically, emotionally and economically(Risk, 2002). Clinical trials have been halted in the US after trials in France caused several deaths in young people from causes other than the disease they started out with (Schieszer, 1996). One 18 year old died of a severe gene reaction that occurred when the gene therapy was started and others have developed leukemia where there was none there to begin with(Schieszer, 1996). Gene therapy is uncharted territory in every sense of the word and there are many things that are not known about the long term effect of using it. Medical scientists are working to discover all the things that might go wrong but there is a huge financial push to get the therapy through the various hoops and approved for use(Schieszer, 1996)."
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Gene Therapy, 1991.
This paper discusses gene therapy, the correcting mutant genes: Research, controversies, types (somatic, germ line, eugenic), benefits and drawbacks, privacy, public attitudes and ethics.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 14 sources, $ 119.95
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From the Paper
"The concept of "gene therapy" has gained significance over the past few decades and is based on the assumption that genetic disease can be treated through directing treatment to the actual mutant gene rather than to the external effects of mutation. The goal of human gene therapy is to replace, correct, or augment the content of mutant genes in defective cells by introducing normal genetic sequences . Considerations and impacts of significance that accrue from the progress of the revolutionary and controversial science of human gene therapy will be discussed. Emphasis will be on the ramifications for medical and public policy, for the rights and feelings of the genetically handicapped, and for the predicted direction of eugenics aside from that of genetic diseases. "
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Gene Therapy Reflection, 2001.
A reflection on the Book, "Gene Futures" by Thomas Lee as it pertains to gene therapy.
1,030 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 0 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes Thomas Lee's description of the four different types of gene therapy as a springboard to discussing some of the ethics and social implications of the different gene therapy techniques. The different types of therapies discussed in this paper are somatic therapy, germ line therapy, enhancement therapy and eugenics.
From the Paper
"Using genes to treat and correct illness is a very exciting and potentially perilous new application of genetics. It would not be surprising in the next five years to see Medical Genetics Departments in every hospital. In Gene Futures, Thomas Lee outlines the four categories of therapy that are possible."
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The Gay Gene, 2005.
An attempt to remove the prevalent misconception about the existence of a "gay gene".
2,304 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper tries to explore the existence of "gay gene". Among several evidences, Hamer et al studies suggest that some genes at Xq28 region of X chromosome may influence the sexual behavior. The result of the study was wrongly presented by the media, which ultimately led to the development of a misconception among people at large, that homosexual behavior was governed by "gay gene". By presenting the facts in a lucid manner the paper tries to break the myth about the existence of "gay gene".
From the Paper
"The study was much publicized by the media2 and a layman, not familiar with scientific terms, soon developed a misconception that a gay inherits his homosexual behavior. In this context, Dr. Jeffery Stainover (2002) says, "It is important to note that serious research on the biology, innateness, or genetic determinants of homosexuality has only just recently begun. Exactly opposite to what the public is being led to believe, the research that has been done so far suggests that genetic factors account for, at most, but a small proportion of the risk." (Chapter "The Biology of Homosexuality: Science or Politics")3. Infact, LeVay stressed that his findings did not prove that homosexuality is genetic."
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Gene Therapy, 2007.
An opinionated discussion on gene therapy.
942 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the social issues regarding gene therapy. The author offers an argument advocating gene therapy. It describes what gene therapy is and its use. The paper also explores the controversy surrounding gene therapy and attempts to explain why the benefits outweigh the risks.
From the Paper
"The use of gene therapy for remedial purposes and otherwise has been a controversial topic for quite some time. It was developed in 1980, and since then, the technology has increased, and we have seen many major advances in this field. Gene therapy could prove to be very useful in curing fatal diseases and conditions, but we, as ethical human beings, must be very careful in the development of such techniques as it can be used for unnecessary and unethical purposes, such as the enhancement of human traits."
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The Mutation Cluster Region of the APC Gene, 2007.
An examination of the mutation cluster region of the APC gene and its role in colon carcinogenesis.
4,146 words (approx. 16.6 pages), 27 sources, APA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
This paper is an examination of the mechanisms of colon tumorigenesis involving the mutation cluster region of the APC gene. There is an explanation of colon carcinogenesis including an analysis of the Wnt signaling pathway, the roles of the APC gene's different domains, "Knudon's two- hit hypothesis and the "just right" level of signaling theory. The paper also includes a critical discussion about the scientific arguments and research evidence that exists to challenge current understanding of the underlying mechanisms of colon tumorigenesis. One illustration is included which depicts the varying domains of the APC gene.
From the Paper
"Colorectal cancer is the third most common form of cancer and the second leading cause of death in the western world. Nearly 34,900 people are diagnosed with it in the U.K each year and about 16,000 of these die. About 15% of colorectal cancers are hereditary. Hereditary conditions are divided into two categories: the polyposis and the non polyposis types. Two hereditary conditions that have been identified are Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (FAP) and Hereditary Non Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC). The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene is known to be mutated in all cases of FAP but this condition only accounts for less than 1% of colorectal cancer cases. The condition HNPCC results when mutation occurs in the DNA mismatch repair genes MSH2 and MLH-1 leading to microsatellite instability and defective DNA repair. Non inherited mutations of the APC gene have been detected in over 85% of the remaining sporadic colorectal cancers. "
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Gene One, 2007.
An analysis of the problems faced by Gene One in becoming a public company and possible efficient solutions.
2,470 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 25 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a case study on genetics technology company Gene One. The paper presents problems that Gene One is faced with in becoming a public company. It provides solutions based on transformational leadership and organizational culture concepts. The paper also discusses the reengineering of several of Gene One's business processes.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Situation Analysis
Issue and Opportunity Identification
Problem Statement
End-State Vision
Alternative Solutions
Analysis of Alternative Solutions
Strategic Alliance
Mezzanine Financing
Traditional Bank Financing
Risk Assessment and Mitigation Techniques
Optimal Solution
Implementation Plan
Evaluation of Results
Conclusion
Tables
From the Paper
"Gene One's stakeholders are the potential shareholders, employees, and customers. "The Shareholder Value Perspective emphasizes profitability over responsibility and sees organizations primarily as instruments of its owners" (Value Based Management, 2007, Para 5). "Employees embrace shareholder values as long as shareholders provide them with jobs, skills, opportunities, salaries, and benefits" (Smith, 2004, Para 7). Consumers are primarily interested in receiving fair value for their dollars. Few consumers consciously worry about the values of the organizations that sell the products they purchase. Consumers may be concerned about the company values from time to time, but not usually at the point of purchase."
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