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"Gender" and "Sex", 2002.
A look at the important clarification of the terms "gender" and "sex".
2,276 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This essay examines the emerging trend and, indeed, necessity to distinguish between the two terms "gender" and "sex". It examines the introduction and usage of both terms and the subsequent historical development, including the power benefits that the biological reductionism of "sex theory" encompasses. Through specific reference to sociological schools of thought, such as structural functionalism, feminist critique, role theory, social constructionism and post-structuralist theory, an argument for the need for distinction between "gender" and "sex" is established. With references to Foucault, Derrida, and Judith Butler, this essay examines the need for a biological ("sex") and social ("gender") specificity of sexuality, proposing a conceptually accurate path forward for the future.
From the Paper
"The terms ?sex role,? ?sex role socialisation,? ?gender role,? and the term ?role? itself, have become so confused and definitionally abstract that it is often inadequate or even incorrect to use such terms. Many individuals do however. The terms ?sex? and ?gender? are infinitely bandied about, consistently interchanged, and often stand proxy for one another, in every imaginable discourse and social institution. This is because ?sex? and ?gender? are the foundational concepts upon which society is built. Sex and gender is integral to every social structure, having far-reaching implications that shape individuals? opportunities for safety, employment, education, family, legal access, fecundity, knowledge production and much, much more. However, the challenge here is to understand such implications within a conceptually accurate framework. The development of sex/gender theorising has met this challenge, and the fact that some sociologists today reject the terms ?sex roles? and ?sex role socialisation? is a reflection of the changing and developing nature of the theoretical framework. It is only through an examination of the history of sex/gender theory however that it is possible to determine how and why these same sociologists have rejected the frameworks that they have."
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Gender and Sex, 2004.
A discussion of the concepts of gender and sex and how they are not the same thing.
1,529 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the observation that the sex of the physical body is not the same thing as gender and, in particular, explores the statement, ?The body does not have a gender; it is gendered," by using sociological and feminist theories to describe precisely what this phrase may mean in terms of differences between one?s biological sex and one?s gender.
From the Paper
"When studying "gender," the first task is to clearly define what it is not. Gender simply can not be defined by one's anatomy. In other words, gender is not categorized as male or female. Stating this fact is quite important, because most people would define gender in such a way. In fact, some dictionaries actually define gender as "See sex." So now that I have withdrawn that determinant, I must conclude that gender is something which is determined socially."
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Gender and Sex, 2005.
This paper discusses the concepts of sex and gender with relation to society.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This article provides an analysis of how the concepts of sex and gender are essential in understanding human nature and society. In this paper, the effect of the socialization process on gender roles and norms is examined.
From the Paper
"The concepts of sex and gender are essential to understanding human nature and society, primarily because gender roles and norms often result as the outcome of the socialization process. Both psychologists and sociologists have argued that personality formation is inherently linked to gender by the forces of both nature or genetics and biology and nurture or the conditions of the environment as they directly impact upon males and females. From birth, infants of both sexes are conditioned by parental and other adult responses to ... "
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Sex Has Been Gender All Along, 2007.
An examination of the re-framing of the concepts "sex" and "gender".
1,686 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper re-frames the concepts of "sex" and "gender". In this paper the term "sex" refers primarily to biological traits, while the term "gender" refers to the behaviors associated with a particular biological sex, rather than merely the biological sex itself. The paper shows that the existentialist Simone de Beauvoir was one of the trailblazers who opened up this field, while Judith Butler completely re-framed the concepts of "sex" and "gender." The paper then points out that Butler's re-framing moved the spotlight from a subject self with a biological sex/gender, to a performance of gender. The paper also looks at how this re-framing of "sex" and "gender" has had the consequence of freeing gender expression from previous restrictions - at least theoretically. The writer concludes that no gender positions are natural, or entirely dictated by biology. Rather, they are all constructed.
From the Paper
"Up until around the middle of the 20th century, it was almost universally believed that gender is assigned by biology, so that maleness inevitably implies masculinity, and femaleness inevitably implies femininity. It was also widely assumed that all infants are born clearly and indisputably either one sex or the other, and that once they reach sexual maturity they will inevitably and universally wish to choose a sexual partner of the opposite sex. This group of assumptions is sometimes referred to as biological essentialism (Butler; Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body; Salih)."
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The Sociology of Sex and Gender, 2002.
A literature review on the theories, methods and studies that have attempted to explain the roles that sex and gender play in society.
1,100 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on the topic of the sociology of sex and gender. It compares and contrasts the different beliefs that explain the role of sex and gender in society. It begins by reviewing various works that define and differentiate between the terms ?sex? and ?gender?. The works explored include feminist studies and works originating in the Victorian era. The paper then explores the importance of the familial environment on gender identification, referring to works on the Oedipus complex and concluding with a study that investigates differences in attitude among males and females concerning sex.
From the Paper
"Lets begin by focusing on how sex and gender are defined and differentiated. An article in Sex Roles: A Research Journal explains that psychologists who study the psychology of gender have struggled with distinguishing the terminology. The term "Sex? refers to the anatomical aspects of being a man or a woman. (?Gender and Society?) On the other hand the term "Gender" usually refers to the behavioral, social, and psychological characteristics of males and females. (Pryzgoda) The article reports that in recent years studies conducted involving intersexed infants has caused sociologists to question the meaning of sex groupings and theories that are based on the experiences of intersexed and transgender people. (Pryzgoda) Regardless of this new concern it is safe to conclude that people who research the sociology of sex and gender would probably agree that they are not synonymous terms. (Hunt)"
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Sex and Gender, 2004.
A discussion on biological sexuality and gender.
1,610 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper examines gender identity based on the statement: The body does not have a gender. The author utilizes sociological and feminist theories to describe the meaning of the phrase in terms of differences between one's biological sex and one's gender. It focuses on both the biological and social aspects and differentiates between them. The paper also discusses the role biological sex plays in identity.
From the Paper
"According to Alcoff and Mendieta the term identity typically refers to the way people see themselves the groups they feel a part of and the aspects of themselves they consider significant. However some theorists distinguish ..."
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Sex and Gender Identity, 2005.
Position paper arguing that gender identity should be determined socially and not biologically.
1,723 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the complex issue of gender identity. The author of the paper argues that the categories of "man" and "woman" should be viewed from a social perspective and not a biological perspective. An actual legal case involving a married couple, one of whom is a transsexual, is discussed and referenced to help support the author's argument. The author concludes that identity should be considered in a "social" content, rather than a biological one.
From the Paper
"Imagine this. You are Josyln, a twenty-seven year old female transsexual. You and your husband, Julius, were happily married for nine years. This is Julius' second marriage, and the both of you are raising his two children from a previous marriage. Julius works overtime to pay for your newly built dream home. One afternoon an intoxicated cab driver collides head-on into Julius, killing him instantly. You file suit against the cab company for negligent hiring under a wrongful death statute as Julius' surviving spouse. Prior to settlement, the cab company requests that you to consent to genetic testing because no state recognizes same-sex marriages. You consent, confident that you are a woman. You have the outer image of a female, have all the organs of a female, and have spent three years in psychological counseling prior to your surgery."
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Sex and Gender, 2004.
An examination of gender practices and roles around the world.
1,340 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the preferential treatment for men has remained a constant in human history. It discusses how this preferential treatment can be discerned in primitive hunter-gatherer societies in pre-history. These differential roles have continued among different nomadic tribes in Africa. The paper looks at the interaction of globalization and traditional sexual values among the immigrant Hmong people in the United States. The paper reflects on how these traditional patriarchal roles continue to affect and, in many cases, restrict the full participation of women in political and economic life.
From the Paper
"Today, the belief in globalism has become the norm. People are more accepting of the fact that as technology continues to bring the world together, we are all recognizing the common aspects of different cultures. On the other hand, we are also becoming more aware of the richness and diversity of the different cultures around the world.
However, an examination of gender practices and roles around the world illustrates how few concepts are as truly global as patriarchy. This preferential treatment for men is embedded in social and political structures all over the world."
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Striving For Gender Equality: Single-Sex Education, 2005.
A research paper on the benefits of single-sex education for females. Brief historical and political viewpoint also included.
1,970 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
Single-sex education is beneficial to females in emotional, intellectual, and societal growth. This paper argues that single-sex classes have positively impacted females and offer a tailored style of learning. It explains that gender bias, gender discrimination, and male distraction is eliminated. Females also benefit academically and through standardized test scores.
From the Paper
"The Young Women's Leadership Academy graduated its first class in June, 2001. All but one of the seniors was accepted by a four-year college; the one exception was a female who joined the Air Force. Most of those going to college also won full scholarships (Sax). The first valedictorian, Edriana Suarez, fought back tears as she spoke about the odds that the class had to overcome just to remain open. "We are underdogs," she told her graduating class. "There are many who don't expect us to win and don't want us to win. The only thing we can do about these people is that that's exactly what we are doing today," (Sax). Suarez's statement reflects the considerable amount of furor in both public and private single-sex educational spheres. However, evidence and research has outlined the positive affect of same-sex education for females. Single-sex education is beneficial to females in mental, emotional, and societal growth."
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Culture and Gender Relations, 2000.
This paper is an anthropological study of gendered sex roles in several cultures.
1,790 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 3 sources, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the roles of males and females in several cultures. The author focuses primarily on the interaction between the genders in terms of sex, marriage, and reproduction. The paper also looks at the sexes with respect to finances, familial decision-making, and overall power and influence.
From the Paper
"Gender relations are most easily characterized through an interpretive analysis of reproduction, production, power, and gender ideologies. These four components of the affinity between men and women in various cultures effectively illustrate the societies? perceptions and understandings of each of the sexes. Subsequently, how each sex demonstrates their core of beliefs and or knowledge is dependent upon these perceptions of their role and contribution to society. Through the application of one or more of these dimensions, each culture defines gender relation. Although one society may rely more heavily on a certain component to provide definition of distinction between gender, anthropologists and sociologists have found numerous similarities between the uses of these dimensions as a tool of definition in dissimilar cultures."
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Sex and Love in "She Being Brand" and "Sex Without Love", 2001.
Compares the two poems for style, themes, and use of language.
1,460 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 4 sources, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the combination of sex and art, looking at two poems where the poets have made an attempt to work out where sex and love connect. The erotica of Sharon Olds' poem "Sex Without Love" is explored, as well as E.E. Cummings' sensual poem "She Being Brand".
From the Paper
"Two terms seeming to often coincide, making love and poetry. The act of making love, sex, and sensuality are greatly utilized topics in writing, painting and even music. However, some may argue that this combination, sex and art, is odd in our media drenched America. Today, Eros parallels pornography and explicit sexual content, both ?located on a continuum of erotic desire and dread? (Ostriker 327). Many poets have made an attempt to conquer the tangles and complications of sex and love, drawing connections between love of bodies and love of mind, leaving the abstract to the sensuous and the logical to the emotional. Sharon Olds, author of the poem ?Sex Without Love,? presents her audience with physically and sexually charged poetry. From no angle do her poems disguise erotic desires."
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Human Sexuality, 2006.
This paper analyzes the independent nature of attributes such as sexual orientation, gender expression and sex identity.
3,450 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 119.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that attributes like sexual orientation, gender expression and sex identity are expressed along a continuous spectrum in contrast to conventional "either/or" constructs of these attributes. The author points out that these "either/or" constructs can be confining and psychologically harmful. The paper maintains that these attributes run a range of expression and seldom fit within social norms that attempt to define them.
From the Paper
"Sex is generally a term that denotes anatomy and other biological considerations like chromosomes and hormones. Gender is generally a term that denotes appearance, behavior, roles and identity. Many people consider there to be two sexes."
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Gender as Performance, 2007.
This paper provides an analysis of Judith Butler's perspective on gender as performance while reviewing her article "Subjects of Sex/Gender/Desire".
1,968 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer notes that explaining and critiquing Judith Butler's notion of gender as performance requires examining her article, "Subjects of Sex/Gender/Desire" and comparing Butler's views to those of other feminists and sociologists. The writer points out that Butler's notion of gender as performance is primarily based on her interpretations of Foucault and Nietzsche and can best be described as calling upon women to challenge the language of internalization by physically signifying their very essence, style, and necessity. The writer concludes that Butler's approach to formulating a feminist language involves overcoming cultural constructs of gender by redefining gender as performance and rejecting outmoded forms of expressing gender identity and sexuality.
From the Paper
"In practical terms, this means that acts, gestures, and expressions of desires create the illusion of a socially conformist gender identity, which reflects society's determination to regulate sexuality in accordance with traditional standards of acceptable conduct and behavior."
"Through insights such as this, sociologists like Butler have contributed to a broader understanding of gender issues, for they have studied unexamined aspects of gender such as the sexuality of women who have desires considered to be on the margins of society, and have examined manifestations of gender behavior that lie outside the traditional areas of social interaction. Some of their conclusions have stirred controversy, but this is to be expected in a prevailing social and cultural environment which discourages frank discussions about sexuality."
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Liminal Aspects of Gender, 2002.
A discussion of the liminal aspects of transgender and cross-gender experience.
3,153 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This essay outlines the experience of cross gendered people in both India and the West and discusses liminal aspects of cross gendered experience. The paper begins with a history of the separation of ?gender? and ?sex?, which occurred in the latter half of the twentieth century. The use of the term ?gender? as a reference for the social aspects of sex identity first occurred in the context of clinical research on intersexuality (hermaphroditism) in the 1950?s. The paper then explores the issues of transgender and cross-gender in today's times, specifically focussing on India as compared to the West. The paper explains that sex and gender are currently being redefined by feminist scholars with challenges to the 'universal' sex/gender binary through cross-cultural analysis.
From the Paper
"One of the most dynamic and relevant areas in anthropology today is the field of sex and gender in anthropology, with feminist scholars redefining Western, and anthropological, sex/gender ?norms? through cross-cultural analysis. ?The possibility of having more than two genders was opened up by divorcing gender from sexual morphology and by associating gender rather, indeed primarily, with social role and labour tasks? (Ramet 1996: 2). While concepts of universal, male:female, sexual binaries are being called into question, cross-cultural evidence and anthropological theories are being employed in entirely new ways."
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Society and Gender, 2006.
A discussion regarding the relationship between society, biological sex and gender roles.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the notion that the most important thing about human beings is what sex they are. According to this paper, from the time we are born, our sex has an influence on how society views us. It has a major influence on what we do in our lives, and in what society thinks it is correct for us to do. This is true in all human societies of today and previous times. Moreover, most people think that sex is a simple, uncomplicated matter. They think that all children are born male or female, and then behave in the correct way according to this throughout their lives.
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