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Gender Performativity, 2007.
An analysis of Judith Butler's theory of gender performativity and how it applies to choice of leisure activities between genders.
2,639 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the way that people act out their gender is not a natural, inherent extension of their biological sex, but in accordance with the expectations imposed on them by the heterosexual model of society. The paper describes Judith Butler's theory of gender performativity and then analyses two social experiments, implementing the use of participant research observation in leisure activities in order to support its claims.
From the Paper
"The research conducted therefore concludes that men and women are not naturally gendered beings, but are yet constrained into playacting the normative conceptions of femininity and masculinity imposed on them by the hegemonic masculinity of society (Butler 2002:49). Gender performances can be observed in leisure activities (Wearing 1996:169). Both experiments found that most people accord to gender stereotypes, due to fear of not being a real man or women, because those who contest it fear becoming ostracised from society (Butler 2002:49). These experiments led to the conclusion that gender is not an inherent part of our identity, but yet based on performances (Chinn 1997:306). This was most exemplified in the way the shop assistant changed her performance towards the baby once she was informed the baby was really a he. This supports Butler's argument of gender performativity, thus further legitimising her claims (Chinn 1997:294)."
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Gender as Performance, 2007.
This paper provides an analysis of Judith Butler's perspective on gender as performance while reviewing her article "Subjects of Sex/Gender/Desire".
1,968 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer notes that explaining and critiquing Judith Butler's notion of gender as performance requires examining her article, "Subjects of Sex/Gender/Desire" and comparing Butler's views to those of other feminists and sociologists. The writer points out that Butler's notion of gender as performance is primarily based on her interpretations of Foucault and Nietzsche and can best be described as calling upon women to challenge the language of internalization by physically signifying their very essence, style, and necessity. The writer concludes that Butler's approach to formulating a feminist language involves overcoming cultural constructs of gender by redefining gender as performance and rejecting outmoded forms of expressing gender identity and sexuality.
From the Paper
"In practical terms, this means that acts, gestures, and expressions of desires create the illusion of a socially conformist gender identity, which reflects society's determination to regulate sexuality in accordance with traditional standards of acceptable conduct and behavior."
"Through insights such as this, sociologists like Butler have contributed to a broader understanding of gender issues, for they have studied unexamined aspects of gender such as the sexuality of women who have desires considered to be on the margins of society, and have examined manifestations of gender behavior that lie outside the traditional areas of social interaction. Some of their conclusions have stirred controversy, but this is to be expected in a prevailing social and cultural environment which discourages frank discussions about sexuality."
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Gender Performance and Transgenderism, 2005.
An exploration of the relationships between transgenderism, drag and shemale porn.
4,806 words (approx. 19.2 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 123.95
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Abstract
Sexual difference is a recent addition to studies of gender. It is generally defined as the intersection between biological sex, social aspects of gender, as well as the impact of sexuality. In effect, it posits that none of these are mutually exclusive, that they combine to create "gender identity." It particular, this paper looks at how transgenderism poses challenges to this - and how it asks why these intersections come in to play and what the costs of incongruity between the three are. This paper looks at drag performance, 'true' transgenderism, and shemale porn in this context, asking whether they each support or erode hegemonic ideals of sexual difference. By looking at the specific gender performances in each category, drag can be presented as subversive to ideas of sexual difference, transgenderism can be perceived as supportive of sexual difference, and shemale porn unintentionally falls somewhere in the middle - it is both subversive and supportive.
Outline
Drag - Entertainment and Political Subversion
True Transgenderism - Replications of Hegemony?
Shemale Porn - Dominance, Subjugation and 'Faking It'
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Raymond suggests that transsexuality, without the option of surgery, "could turn our sexual order upside down because it evades the impact of both socialization and biology as instances of sex typing" (cited in de Castro, 1993, p 88). In other words, transgenderism could have the political effect of drag performance everyday, on all people. Drag, unfortunately, only has the opportunity to challenge hegemonic norms at specific and scheduled times, to a limited (usually paying, interested, and open-minded) audience. However, by escaping into surgery, by 'matching' gender and biology, it is argued that transgendered people give up that opportunity in order to participate in the dichotomous thinking of our gender-repressive society."
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Gender as Performance, 2004.
Comparison of gender roles in Theodore Dreiser?s novel, "Sister Carrie", and Edith Wharton?s "The House of Mirth".
2,587 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how both novels allow the authors to tell a compelling story, while simultaneously exploring the gender roles expected of both men and women in the last years of 19th-century American society. This paper examines how Dreiser and Wharton both examine and manipulate ideas about femininity and masculinity and the ways in which their characters perform their gender roles in these two tales.
From the Paper
"Wharton?s novel presents us with the downward social ? and psychological ? spiral of Lily Bart, our well-born but absolutely penniless hero, who begins the novel as the guest in various lush homes but ends ? died of a sleeping draft overdose ? in a poor boarding house. Lily, raised to be the ornament on a man?s arm, never finds the man that society would have her be defined by, and her lack of ability to conceive of herself as a agent ? combined with her gambling debts, which we might from our 21st-century vantage point ? well take as a sort of crying out to be rescued by a man ensure her self destruction. She is not, in the end, capable of performing the role of a women alone ? a part that her society saw as quite unnecessary as a part of its ongoing story."
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Gender Roles: Nature, Nurture, or Social Performance?, 2005.
An argument for the right to choose our gender role.
4,275 words (approx. 17.1 pages), 8 sources, $ 169.95
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Abstract
A look at how human gender roles are decided. The paper discusses the issues surrounding gender roles and whether these are chosen by nature, culture or society. The roles of men and women may be consistany with cultural stereotypes gender roles, however, today the sex that a baby is born with is not necesarily the same sex that he/she remains.
From the Paper
The first question that is asked when a human baby is born is "Is it a boy or a girl?" The answer to this question is enormously important in human cultures. With that definition of "femaleness" or "maleness" comes an entire set of assumptions about how the child will look and act in her culture. It is also thought to be final - a child that is born a girl will remain female forever, while a boy will remain a boy until he is a man. It is taken for granted that the child's sex will..."
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Cross-Cultural Gender and Gender Relations in Horticultural Societies, 2002.
This paper examines the gender roles in horticultural societies.
1,990 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper shows the difference that agriculturists, sedentary lifestyles, and social differentiation made in gender relationships.
From the Paper
"The first evidence of agriculturists, sedentary lifestyles, and social differentiation that archaeologists and anthropologists have distinguished come from groups termed Horticulturists. Though the past record remains relatively scant in regards, anthropologists have used existing ones as a locus of study and interpretation. More numerous than surviving hunter-gatherer groups, horticultural societies also show an incredible range of gender diversity between groups, more numerous, in fact, than any other extent societal model. The quantity of studies that has come as a result of this are astounding. Those done in the area of New Guinea alone, home to at least two hundred different horticultural societies, provide ample evidence to add weight to the debate of nurture over nature, by sheer examples of the differences in living and understanding gender roles in such a relatively small and homogenous environmental area. "
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Gendered Technologies and Gendered Jobs, 2002.
A comparison between women studying and working with computer technology and the sciences in North America and women studying science and technology in Asia.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 115.95
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Abstract
Explores how the gendered development of technology in a research setting impacts the gendered use of technology in the industrial or commercial setting, as well as the cultural barriers to women's advancement in the high-tech economy.
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Gender Issues and Third Gender Problems, 2002.
A look at how transsexuals fit into society.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This six-page undergraduate paper discusses gender from anthropological perspective and finds out how transsexuals are treated in different societies of the world. While males and female may fight each other over who is stronger, they are the fortunate ones for they belong to two accepted genders but for transsexuals adjusting to the norms of restrictive societies may not be easy as they are not considered a part of the social fabric in many cultures of the world.
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Foucault and Butler on Gender, 2006.
A comparative analysis of the different approaches of Michel Foucault and Judith Butler in tackling the construction of sexuality and gender.
1,828 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, in the introduction to the "History of Sexuality", Foucault argues that in the 17th century the role of sex and sexual activity in the discourse of western society made a fundamental and radical change. It also looks at how, in "Discipline and Punish", Foucault argues that obsessions over sexuality and society's approval or disapproval of specific actions occurs because of the infinite diffusion of power which is found as the basis of western society. In comparison, it looks at how two decades later, Butler employed themes from Foucault's philosophy in order to argue her case for the arbitrariness of anatomical sex, gender identity and gender performance. It shows that through the arguments in her work, "Gender Trouble", Butler concludes that there is no essential relationship between a person's anatomical sex, her self-identified gender and the gender performance she enacts to fulfill society's expectations of the norm.
From the Paper
"Foucault's analysis of discourses on sex comes as a reaction to the more commonly-held belief that there was a society-wide discourse of repression in regards to sex. Foucault argues against this; he questions whether or not "sexual repression is truly an established historical fact"; whether "prohibition, censorship, and denial truly the forms through which power is exercised in a general way, if not in every society, most certainly in our own"; and whether "there really was a historical rupture between the age of repression and the critical analysis of repression". Foucault argues that through the evolution of Christian pastoral practices, specifically that of confessions regarding sexual sins, society was compelled to begin an elaborate and never-ceasing discourse on sex. "
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Sex Has Been Gender All Along, 2007.
An examination of the re-framing of the concepts "sex" and "gender".
1,686 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper re-frames the concepts of "sex" and "gender". In this paper the term "sex" refers primarily to biological traits, while the term "gender" refers to the behaviors associated with a particular biological sex, rather than merely the biological sex itself. The paper shows that the existentialist Simone de Beauvoir was one of the trailblazers who opened up this field, while Judith Butler completely re-framed the concepts of "sex" and "gender." The paper then points out that Butler's re-framing moved the spotlight from a subject self with a biological sex/gender, to a performance of gender. The paper also looks at how this re-framing of "sex" and "gender" has had the consequence of freeing gender expression from previous restrictions - at least theoretically. The writer concludes that no gender positions are natural, or entirely dictated by biology. Rather, they are all constructed.
From the Paper
"Up until around the middle of the 20th century, it was almost universally believed that gender is assigned by biology, so that maleness inevitably implies masculinity, and femaleness inevitably implies femininity. It was also widely assumed that all infants are born clearly and indisputably either one sex or the other, and that once they reach sexual maturity they will inevitably and universally wish to choose a sexual partner of the opposite sex. This group of assumptions is sometimes referred to as biological essentialism (Butler; Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body; Salih)."
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Gender Roles in Music, 2005.
This paper studies the role of gender within music and offers a case study of meaning and context in instrumental performance.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, $ 26.95
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Abstract
In this paper, one can summarize the argument presented as being a gender-unified position in relation to roles in performance instrumentals. The writer discusses that by acknowledging the presence of a separate gender role allocation in the daily life of the T'Boli tribe, gender does not take a separate set of variables when allocating instruments to those that are involved in conflicting matters of love. Further the writer looks at the revenge that can arise from infidelity.
From the Paper
"This musical study will summarize the main argument of gender classification in Mora's "The Last Kiss and The Return After Murder: A Case Study of Meaning and Context in Instrumental Performance Among the T'Boli (Phillipines)." In analyzing the gender roles that are within the T'Boli community, there is a united sense of exchange between men and women through the performance music they culturally enact. By using the pieces: "The Last Kiss" and the "The Return After the Murder" to describe this inter-meshed gender role allocation to the T'Boli tribe, Mora's main argument can be revealed through instrumental music."
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Gender Roles in Two Plays, 2002.
This paper examines the way in which two plays - "Tea" by Velina Hasu Houston, and "S.A.M. I Am" by Garrett Omata - treat the issue of gender and gender roles.
1,062 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 0 sources, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how the issue of gender and gender roles have been a major theme in Western literature for some time and how it takes on a somewhat different tinge in Asian-American theater, no doubt because of the gender differences that exist in the East as opposed to the West. It shows how in Asian-American theater, gender differences are often depicted in generational terms, with a sharp contrast developed between those who have immigrated here from the East and those who were born here, or between those who can adapt and those who cannot. This paper contrasts "Tea" by Velina Hasu Houston, a drama, with "S.A.M. I Am" by Garrett Omata, a comedy, and shows how the plays treat the same issues in different ways.
From the Paper
"Houston develops her story with four women, Japanese wives of American military personnel. They are living on a base near Junction City, Kansas, far from their Japanese roots. Their lives are difficult because of long periods of separation from their husbands and harsh living conditions, and in addition, they experience a degree of social alienation and homesickness as well as cultural shock. Some develop feelings of anger at their situation and resentment at having had to give up their own culture and adapt to another. Himiko is the central character and the woman who is not able to make the transition successfully, leading to the murder of her husband and her own suicide. This takes place before the play begins so that she is talked about even as her spirit appears to comment on the proceedings:.."
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Gender and Sociology, 2006.
This paper explores gender identification and roles through a variety of angles.
960 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper explores how man defines himself in terms of gender. Several theories of gender identification are presented, each within its own particular field. The author gives examples of the biological basis of gender, the psychological basis, cultural perspectives, and socially constructed theories. Additionally, the main character from "Six Degrees of Separation" is used as an example of gender identity through social constructs. The paper concludes that gender is continuously defined through a lifetime of experiences.
Outline
Biological Arguments Gender
Psychological Theories of Gender
Cross Cultural Perspective and Gender Identity
Socially Constructed Gender Theories and Gender as a Social Institution
Six Degrees of Separation
From the Paper
"Kimmel suggests that gender is not something that someone is born with but rather is a social institution that people create as a result of interaction, beliefs and values. Gender is an institution that people either widely accept as one way or another. Within any given society there are cultural norms that people identify with and that help shape their behaviors, values and beliefs. Gender differences thus can be easily created as an institution and can be representative of inequality when that inequality is supported or constructed by society at large (Kimmel, 2000). Kimmel suggests that inequalities are created as norms and arise within relationships, within families and even in the workplace or any other environment in which people work intimately (Kimmel, 2000). "
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Gender Discrimination in the Canadian Workplace, 2005.
An examination of gender discrimination in the Canadian workplace and a person's right to chooses their gender.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how, when people discuss gender relations, specifically gender discrimination in the Canadian workplace, they usually conduct their discussion on the presumption that there are only two genders - male and female. The writer proposes that gender relations have become much more complex than this, and the paradigm of just two, opposite genders is increasingly being challenged. The paper analyses some of the repercussions of this aspect of gender relations in the Canadian workplace. There is a rising tide of gender activists who are questioning the binary paradigms that pervade our thinking about gender relations, e.g. man OR woman, gay OR straight, etc.
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Gender Socialization, 2002.
A paper which examines the role of gender-specific toys on gender roles in society.
1,543 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that gender roles are perpetuated and learned through gender socialization and that toys are considered a type of gender socializing agent. The paper argues that social formation of gender by the means of toys is detrimental to the whole equity of society, because it reinforces gender differentiation and sexism. The paper gives several examples of toys which promote gender-specific messages such as baby dolls and play make-up for little girls. Finally, the paper looks at ways to reverse gender stereotyping in our society and shows how several toy manufactures are shedding the gender stereotypes on their products.
From the Paper
"Thus, gender distinctions imposed by societal culture and framework define the behaviors of male and female individuals, which are arranged in a pattern. Women cannot do the things prescribed for men, and vice versa. Hence, we observe that toys are a form of gender socialization, which in turn, transmits the gender roles. In turn, gender roles contribute to cultural and social framework, which are imposed upon newborns through the socializing agents, such as toys. This forms a cycle that explains how gender role socialization reflects and constitutes the framework of the American society."
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