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Gender Disparities, 2007.
An analysis of the factors contributing to the gender disparities and disadvantages to women in the science and engineering fields.
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the gender differences and disparities in the science and engineering fields. The paper suggests that while there are many advantages to having children outside of the professional and academic world, such as a more balanced and healthy lifestyle, in terms of advancement in the profession, children are often seen as a disadvantage. The paper examines some of these disadvantages more closely.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Female advancement and children
Analysis
Conclusion
Addendum
From the Paper
"While this view has largely been revealed as a false prejudice, one of the central factors that prevent women from more extensive participation in the science and engineering is that they are traditionally and conventionally seen as being mainly responsible for childcare and child rearing. This refers to another social perception that women and not men should be responsible for the children and leads to various assumptions that women do not have the time to deal with the demands and pressure of the scientific world. The fact that a woman has children therefore has become a central and important variable in the debate about gender inequality in the scientific and other fields. This paper will explore some of the facts relating to this debate."
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Gender Disparities in Health, 2005.
An in-depth look at whether men and women react differently in different health crisis situations.
4,125 words (approx. 16.5 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 110.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the disparity among men and women might be apparent in the manner in which they respond to certain ailments. It shows that inadequate proof on gender disparities in health does not indicate that differences between men and women are trouble-free. The writer argues that there is an urgency to delve more into the characteristics of gender disparities than persisting to work for the given notions. While discovering the associations between gender and health, the writer concludes that it is crucial that one considers quantitative and qualitative information data to develop a more patterned comprehension of the lives of men and women.
From the Paper
"Gender is a vital feature in comprehending the intricate correlation among the socio-structural disparities and disparity of health. (Goodman; Amick; Rezendes; Tarlov; Rogers; Kagan, 907) The use of the expression 'gender' was originally made in the 1960s to confront the widespread conviction that variation of gender among women and men were permanent and rigid. It pointed a departure from the genetic code in the field of biology that comprehended these variations as happening naturally, to an increasing consciousness of the influence of societal reasons that could be tackled and modified. Latest plans for the growth of gender-receptive point of view have attracted notice in the direction of gender relationships, reasoning that we should be shifting our attention from the issue of women and men as watertight compartments to envisioning at the societal relationships by way of which they are reciprocally made up as distinct groups. This would comprise exploring in larger aspect as to the manner in which the influence of men falls on women's well-being and vice versa, by way of the extensive multiplicity of individual, familial and professional relationships that subsists among the two. (O'Brien; White, 2)"
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Income Disparities in Latin America, 2002.
This paper discusses income disparities in Latin America: The history, main causes, the different countries, high-income disparities, ethnicity and gender, and possible solutions.
5,725 words (approx. 22.9 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 138.95
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Abstract
This paper states that, although inequality and high levels of income disparity represent major challenges confronting economists and leaders in many parts of the world, the problem is particularly severe in the Latin American countries. The author believes that the root of this phenomenon lies in the region's colonial history and the exploitation of the indigenous population as slave labor for agriculture and tapping the mines. The paper concludes that these stubborn patterns of inequality can be overcome if determined efforts are made to open political and social policies to all and to provide access by the poorer sections to social services. Footnotes.
Table of Contents
Income Disparities in Latin America
Measuring Inequality: Some Recent Studies
Latin America: How Unequal?
Income Disparity in Latin America: Getting Worse?
Is Poverty and Income Disparity Related?
Historical Roots of Inequality in Latin America
Comparison with Colonization of North America
Persisting Patterns of Inequality
Social, Economic and Political Changes in the 20th Century
Roles of Race, Ethnicity and Gender in Income Disparities
Racial Identification
Ethnic Identification
Identity Formation and Discrimination
Assets of Households
Access to Services
Average Incomes
What do the Race and Gender-Related Income Statistics Mean?
The Consequences of Inequality
Considered Unfair
Results in Greater Poverty
Affects Economic Growth
Current Backlash
Solutions for Reducing the Inequality in Latin America
More Open Political and Social Institutions
More Equitable Economic Institutions and Policies
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Poverty and income disparity are not the same concepts. Poverty may decline in a country or region where income disparity is increasing. However, experience has shown that such a situation occurs rarely and inequality and poverty are closely related. This is because in a growing economy with stable levels of inequality, poverty invariably falls. As a result the Latin American region showed significant reduction in poverty levels in the 1970s, when its economies were growing with a corresponding drop in inequality. On the other hand, the 1980s saw a fall in incomes and more unequal income distribution?resulting in accelerated increase in poverty."
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Cardiovascular Disease Disparities, 2001.
An analysis of hypertension disparities and policy development in the African-American and Caucasian societies.
3,515 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 28 sources, APA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
The number of existing cases of high blood pressure is nearly 40% higher in blacks than in whites and its effects are more frequent and severe in this population. Recent emphasis on racial/ethnic health disparities in the field of public health has led to a call for the development of socio-ecological approaches toward the elimination of cardiovascular disease disparities, however solutions to the problem are typically directed at health behavior change. This paper examines policies addressing hypertension disparities enacted at the federal level during the last five years, provides an overview of the problem definitions and solutions framed to set the agenda for these policies, explores the role of key policy actors in setting the policy agenda for the reduction of hypertension disparities, and makes recommendations for a different problem definition (less individualistic) with plausible solutions.
From the Paper
"African Americans are disproportionately burdened with disease morbidity and mortality associated with hypertension.1 The existence of these racial disparities warrants public health policy attention for two reasons: first, the constitution delegates the ?responsibility to protect and promote the welfare of the public? to the government (Scutchfield & Keck, 1997) and the existence of these disparities suggests that the welfare of some citizens is not being protected; second, the ethical framework for public policy development, which includes the egalitarian perspective of justice, holds that ?everyone should have equal access to both the benefits and burdens arising from the pursuit of health? (Longest 1998); however, current research on disparities highlights inequalities in access to employment, education, housing, and healthcare as underlying reasons for gaps in health status (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2000; Ren & Amick, 1996; Kawachi, Kennedy & Wilkinson, 1999)."
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Regional Economic Disparities In Canada, 2002.
Examines the regional disparities in Canada using data from 1966-1996 and argues that the disparity is growing.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
Over the past thirty years, rather than improving, it is clear to see that the regional disparities, economic and otherwise, have been getting worse. Looking to census data over the circa 1966-96 period, we can see that Eastern Canada, in particular, has fared very poorly. This paper will bring this evidence to light, and argue that, not only have regional inequalities been exacerbated in the past 30 years, but that they will continue to get worse as globalization intensifies.
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Racial and Ethnic Health Care Disparities, 2004.
Questions whether racial and ethnic health care disparities are really caused by insurance discrepancies and other patient-related factors.
1,590 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses potential causes of racial and ethnic health care disparities. It explores the antithesis that disparities are not insurance-related or related to a patient's minority status. The paper rejects this antithesis and then asserts and provides evidence that, indeed, racial and ethnic health care disparities are due to insurance-related factors and the minority status of the patient.
From the Paper
"Almost all industrialized countries in the world implement a health care system that is run on a national level thus providing health care equally to all citizens of the country. The United States is unique in that respect. The U.S. does not provide a federally run health care plan, and as a result, equality of health care among all citizens is not assured. In fact, an individual?s access to health care often is correlated to one?s socio-economic status, and in many situations, to one?s race or ethnic background (Luhman 2002). As of 2002, over 400 clinical studies on racial and ethnic health care have provided evidence showing that across almost all medical areas, minorities generally receive a lower quality of care than do whites (Late 2003)."
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Educational Disparities, 2003.
Looks at the educational disparities between rural and urban areas as opposed to suburban areas.
3,250 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that education disparities are visible through culture, funding, and the status quo. Teacher and resource shortages, decrepit buildings, overcrowding, and an education system that does not help children obtain or keep jobs, are cited as examples of educational disparities. Finally, the paper asserts that these inequalities have caused an even greater gap between the rich and poor in America.
From the Paper
"The structure of education has changed among time and space. However, education has always suited societal needs, transcending from Christian education in the Middle Ages, to a Renaissance Age focus on art, to the Modern Age focus on technology and science, effectively replacing the arts."
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Sentencing Disparities, 2007.
This paper presents a literature review on the sentencing disparities between crack versus powder cocaine use.
4,382 words (approx. 17.5 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper evaluates several issues that may affect sentencing disparities for abusing crack as opposed to powder cocaine. Among these issues examined is race and its impact on sentencing. Gender issues are also considered, as are the pre-natal effects of these drugs. The writer clarifies the difference between crack and powder cocaine and how this may also influence sentencing.
Outline:
Sentencing Disparities
Cocaine and 'Crack Babies'
Past Research
Moral and Legal Issues
Development
Bibliography
From the Paper
"There are more African-American individuals on death row than white individuals and most of these individuals awaiting execution have committed drug crimes, many of which involved crack, and less that involved powder cocaine (Pope, 1976). Even the Attorney General of the United States is willing to admit that drug laws are the main reason that there are so many African-Americans on death row today and that African-Americans are arrested at a higher rate for these types of crimes than Caucasian individuals (Pope, 1976). While this may seem irrelevant to a discussion of crack vs. powder cocaine specifically, the issue of minority status is actually somewhat important in sentencing guidelines for all crimes, although it is not an issue that judges are legally allowed to use."
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Healthcare Disparities, 2005.
A summary of health care disparities across population groups within the United States.
690 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes a recent study by the Agency for Healthcare Research Quality on healthcare disparities in the United States. The paper discusses each of the study's seven significant findings. The paper also discusses ways in which healthcare providers can resolve or eliminate these disparities through their own approach to clients and other efforts.
From the Paper
"The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) conducted the first national, comprehensive means of measuring difference in access and use of health care services across diverse populations in the U.S...."
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Health Disparities, 2005.
This paper addresses racial and ethnic disparities in children's health.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper evaluates the importance of health disparities in children from various racial and ethnic groups, who often do not obtain adequate access to healthcare on a regular basis. It is important to note that government intervention, additional resources and community support are likely to encourage the removal of these barriers over time.
From the Paper
"In today's world, many children do not regularly obtain the medical care that is necessary to promote health and well being and this is often attributed to many disparities amongst racial and ethnic groups. As a result of these problems, many children do not obtain prevention and wellness procedures that will encourage a healthy childhood. When poverty is introduced into the home environment, children always suffer in more ways than one and this reflects poorly on their psychological well being over time. There are a number of critical arguments that profess the lack of support for healthcare promotion in various racial and ethnic groups and the influence on a child's psychological profile is often alarming."
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Wage Disparities in Canada, 2006.
An overview of the problem of wage disparity in Canada, the depth of the problem and the consequences of not dealing with it.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the problem of wage disparity across Canada, which has long been a concern not only of the general population but also of the various federal government administrations throughout the years, as well as the provincial governments. The paper explains that a genuine concern of government bodies and researchers alike is that of ensuring not necessarily wage parity across professions, but of ensuring livable wages across all demographics. The paper maintains that discussing and properly framing the wage disparity issues for Canadians is important because the consequences of not addressing this issue are enormous and, ultimately, far more costly to ignore than to repair.
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Employment Disparities in America, 2002.
Discussion of the primary causes of the economic disparity between white and African Americans.
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 11 sources, $ 97.95
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Abstract
There are significant employment disparities between African-Americans and whites in America. This phenomenon is rooted in the racial inequality in society at large. Educational opportunity, and the denial of it to African-Americans, lies at the center of this reality.
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Disparities in Educational Funding, 2000.
This paper discusses how unequal educational funding is a large contributor to the race and class disparity in success rates in the United States and examines some successful alternatives that would provide strong incentives and more equal funding.
5,395 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 30 sources, MLA, $ 132.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the historical development of educational funding and the several attempts over the past 40 years to equalize funding between rich and poor communities. The paper then presents three case studies of states that have adopted new programs that try to eliminate much of the disparity while recognizing the race and community issues associated with underprivileged schools. This paper seeks to urge that these alternatives be adopted nationally.
From the Paper
"There has seldom been doubt throughout much of American history that the State does not have a responsibility to educate its citizens. Although this doctrine holds true, there is undoubtedly a strong public sentiment that a state should provide quality education for all. However, it is also clear that what is considered ?quality? does not amount to the same thing for every student. Although the Supreme Court has largely eliminated overt race and gender discrimination, the fight has moved to hide the racial division with something more politically correct?money. The current system of school financing in most states undoubtedly furthers racial division within the United States."
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Disparities in American Health Care, 2008.
An examination of the American health care system.
2,332 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the American health care system and suggests methods of creating universal access to health care. The paper explains that health care should be considered a right for all citizens; a constitutional amendment would make this proposition mandatory. The paper points out that, at its root, the lack of health care for all in America is fundamentally a moral issue. The paper suggests that the United States follow its industrialized, wealthy counterparts and demand universal health care. It explains that the desire for universal health care is apparent and cites examples of states which are implementing a near-universal health care system. The writer proposes that the U.S. pass the United States National Health Insurance Act, or the Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act. The writer further explains that this act establishes the United States National Health Insurance (USNHI) Program to provide all individuals residing in the United States and in U.S. territories with free health care, including all medically necessary care, such as primary care and prevention, prescription drugs, emergency care, and mental health services.
Outline:
Universal Healthcare in Other Countries
United States National Health Insurance Act
The Uninsured: College Students
Children's Health Care
Preventative Health Care
Eliminating Disparities
Conclusion
From the Paper
"More health care clinics geared toward minority populations could also be beneficial; citizens would feel more comfortable in settings that recognize their specific needs. Cultural and linguistic competence is mandatory. More classes in medical school concerning minority health care issues should be implemented. More minority members should be in the health care system. This would increase patient participation in care processes, ensuring grater satisfaction and adherence to treatment. The regulations in the system should be transparent and open to the public. A department in the government should be primarily focused on minority health care. The heath care system should be as diverse as our country."
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Health Care Disparities in Infant Mortality, 2004.
A look at why black infants are twice as likely to die within the first month of life than their white counterparts.
3,614 words (approx. 14.5 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 100.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the race-specific mortality information on newborns and the persistent trend indicated by this information that black infants are twice as likely to die in their first month of life than white infants. The paper attempts to address this inconsistency in survival rates and identify potential changes in health care delivery systems that could help eliminate racial factors in infant mortality.
From the Paper
"The U.S. government has identified six classes of racial and ethnic minority discrepancies in health care access, experience, and outcomes. In addition to infant mortality issues, the areas also include cancer screening and management, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, HIV infection and AIDS, and immunizations. In 1998 the presidential goal was established committing governmental resources to eliminating these health care differences and improving the overall health of all Americans. This involved contributions by the Health and Human Services (HHS) department. The strategies for administering these goals were written up in the Healthy People 2010, a revision of Healthy People 2000, specifically addressing the greater degree of illness and death experienced by minorities. Through this agenda, targeted disparities were identified, reliable national data was accumulated, near-term goals outlined, and Department leadership and resources put forth to accomplishing improvements in the health care provided to affected groups (HHS, 2000)."
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