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Gender and Cultural Issues in Abnormal Psychology, 2004.
An examination of the issues of gender and culture in abnormal psychology.
1,320 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that gender and culture play a significant role in the defining of abnormal behavior. Socially-defined gender roles and characteristics frequently place unreal expectations and pressures on individuals, women in particular. It looks at how the desire on the part of Western women to conform to male ideals of womanhood can cause them to view their own bodies and personalities in a negative context.
From the Paper
"Such discoveries lead naturally into discussions of cross-cultural as well as intra-cultural differences as they relate to attitudes toward the role of women, and toward what is considered ?abnormal? vs. normal. The fact that different societies possess different ideas of masculine and feminine norms speaks eloquently to the notion that these are not biologically-determined characteristics. ?Cultures set a range of opportunities for development; they define the limits of what is desirable, ?normal,? individual variation, and what is ?abnormal? in that culture (although there is some cultural consensus that some forms of deviance and psychopathology are abnormal).? (Reese & Franzen, 1997, pp. 4-5) Recent studies of non-Western peoples have resulted in the discovery that many linkages between emotional and mental states on the one hand, and psychoses or neuroses on the other, are quite different from those connections observed in the West. Even in so seemingly simple a case as the expression of anger (and thus whatever problems its inappropriate expression might entail), there are significant differences from culture to culture: Whereas Eskimos seldom display anger, others employ elaborate and complex means of expressing anger. Likewise, other cultures encourage (i.e., Iranians) or discourage (i.e., Navajos) displays of extreme sadness and sorrow. (Manson, Bechtold, Novins & Beals, 1997, p. 139) By the same token, ?Within-group differences also are evident along these lines, most notably in terms of social class and gender, especially for dysphoria and excessive worry. This appears to be true among mainstream Americans as well as such ethnic minorities as Indians and Natives.? (Manson, Bechtold, Novins & Beals, 1997, p. 139)"
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Abnormal Psychology, 2004.
An analysis of the definition of abnormal psychology.
831 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the field of abnormal psychology. The paper contends that there are many divergent and opposing views of what can be defined as abnormal. The paper claims that the definition of abnormal psychology is part of the fascination of the subject and that there is considerable debate with regard to the exact parameters of this field of psychology. There are a wide and often overlapping number of pathologies that are considered under the rubric of abnormal psychology and psychiatry. These include schizophrenia, as well as various anxiety, personality, and dissociative disorders. The range of abnormal psychological disorders has, in recent years, been extended to include abuse and dependence disorders, as well as eating disorders and sexual and gender identity complexes. The paper discusses all of these disorders that are considered as being within the field of abnormal psychology.
From the Paper
"A general definition of Abnormal psychology is as follows: "Abnormal psychology can broadly be defined as the application of the principles of psychology to the study of mental disorders, including research into the causes and treatment of psychopathologies." (Introduction to Abnormal Psychology) The central and most controversial aspect of abnormal psychology is the issue surrounding the meaning of the term 'abnormal'. In other words, what precisely constitutes an abnormal psychological state? There is no single and conclusive view of what is 'abnormal' and each theoretical approach is determined by underlying assumptions about the meaning of this term."
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Abnormal Psychology, 2004.
This paper discusses abnormal psychology as an evolving discipline that considers a generally wide range of disorders.
2,460 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the importance, when considering a definition of ?abnormal psychology?, of realizing that no definition is more ?correct? than any other definition; all of them must be used in terms of better understanding a patient and, ultimately, identifying a diagnosis. The author points out that one of the more important texts to consider when consulting on a mood disorder is the "DSM-IV", which lists all of the most important mood disorders and offers a basic list of symptoms. The paper explores an important subset of abnormal psychology, mood disorders, which are increasingly treatable with new medicines like SSRIs, which enable sufferers of these conditions to lead productive and normal lives.
From the Paper
"There is a wide variety of ?abnormal? behaviors ranging from anxiety to mood disorders to abnormal sexual behaviors. Indeed, these particular disorders typically have a very heavy physical and chemical component that exists within the brain. The basic brain chemistry involved has to do with ?neurotransmitters? which are simply the pathways in the brain that help and enable the easy flow and transmission of information between cells in the brain. A presynaptic cell releases, effectively, tiny little packets of serotonin cells which are released into the synapse and then, to different degrees, accepted by the serotonin receptors in the synapse. Theoretically, in a normal and healthy brain, this process should occur in a smooth and relatively unabated fashion, but in an abnormal brain, a wide variety of difficulties can occur."
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A History of Abnormal Psychology, 2002.
Reviews the history of abnormal psychology as a history of mental illness and the various influences that have advanced the research and treatment of mental illness.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
Beginning with primitivism and concluding with the technological and specialized classification and diagnostic tools of 21st century psychology, this review examines the recursive cycles of humanitarian approaches to psychology. The fleeting appearances of a morality and value system in psychology indicate a change in modern techniques is over-due. This paper concludes with a summary of structural and functional approaches to psychology and emphasizes the lack of interconnected theories that might illuminate treatments of abnormal psychology.
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Abnormal Psychology, 2006.
This paper discusses the characteristics, treatments and potential outcomes of three abnormal psychological conditions: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, anorexia nervosa and schizophrenia.
1,305 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that abnormal psychology is generally concerned with undesirable behaviors, which, since the early 1900s, have been classified and updated yearly in the DSM-IV that is used by professionals to help identify mental illnesses. The author explains that attention-deficit disorder and disruptive behavior (ADHD), which runs in the family, was once thought to be only a childhood disorder but research shows that it continues into adulthood. The paper relates that the treatment for schizophrenia demands medication, such as Risperdal, Zyprexa, and Clozaril, along with psychotherapy; however, sometimes hospitalization is necessary during an active phase of the illness.
From the Paper
"Unfortunately with behavioral disorders, relapses are triggered by stressful events and the majority of people in this world go through many stressful events in their lifetime. As for people with schizophrenia, they will never return to a fully normal and healthy life. The disorders symptoms can be controlled with medications and therapy. One problem they are left with is permanent side effects from the medications they have to take over their life times, which can be undesirable in social and occupational settings. Treatments are constantly changing and hopefully someday the outlook for all disorders will be bright. But we need to understand what the outcome can be so we can pass on to our patients what they can achieve."
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Abnormal Psychology Needs a Sociocultural Model, 2002.
This paper reviews the concept of abnormal behavior and comments on the need to evaluate and treat this behavior within a cultural context.
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The author states that behavioral and scientific abnormal psychology models do not apply in our modern, multicultural society. The paper reviews, in detail, throughout history, the definitions and theoretical interpretations of abnormal behavior. The author believes that sociocultural psychology, which takes into account an individual?s society, family, and culture, offers a more comprehensive view of abnormal psychology. She states that the relative lack of ethnographic data on specifically defined cultural groups is a problem especially when working within immigrant communities.
From the Paper
"The ancient Greeks were revolutionary in this regard. In the fourth century B.C.E., Hippocrates believed that some kind of physical malady was responsible for mental disorders. In fact, the ?father of modern medicine? may be the first person to attribute mental illness to biological causes. Even with his primitive understanding of the human body and attribution of mental illness to the ?humors,? Hippocrates recognized the importance of diet, stress, and heredity on mental illness. Hippocrates even described disorders we catalog in the DSM today: depression, paranoia, Alzheimer?s, and alcoholism. Steering away from superstitious, supernatural explanations of abnormal behavior was an immense step forward in the treatment of those who suffered with mental illness."
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Gendered Cultural Identity, 2007.
This paper is a personal narration of a female student living in Canada, which explores the author's gendered cultural identify and relates it to anthropological and sociological theory.
2,640 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper expresses the belief that a gendered, cultural identity narration plays a useful role in finding or defining one's own identity with the caveat that identity is constantly evolving and being dynamically recreated. The author uses the falsity of the assumption that "all Canadians are peaceable" as an example of a ludicrous theory that a particular trait can represent the culture of an entire nation of people. The paper discuses the author's different experiences of being a woman and notes that economic discrimination against women in Canada is far more subtle than in Third World countries because women have the protection of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The paper relates that, growing up in a Third World country as a white, where she was assumed to be 'Westernized', resulted in experiences unlike Black and Chicana feminists. The paper includes quotations.
From the Paper
"As I have had the experience of being both a Third-World feminist and a First-World feminist, am I now a Third-World feminist or a First-World feminist? Narayan states that she chooses to call herself a Third-World feminist because many of her formative experiences took place in this context. This seems to me to be a valid point of view. While I cannot reduce my identity to simply "Third-World feminist," I can certainly see that many of my experiences growing up moulding me into a feminist - and perhaps more of a committed feminist than I might otherwise have been, ..."
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"Gender in Cross-Cultural Perspectives", 2004.
A review and critique of the anthropology textbook, "Gender in Cross-Cultural Perspectives," by Caroline B. Brettell and Carolyn F. Sargent.
4,824 words (approx. 19.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 123.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a section-by-section review of the anthropology textbook, "Gender in Cross-Cultural Perspectives," compiled by Caroline B. Brettell and Carolyn F. Sargent. The paper provides examples from each chapter of the book. Each section of the book deals with the myriad and diverse studies of gender.
From the Paper
"One very interesting angle on the study of man and woman in prehistory is provided by Lila Leibowitz (?Perspectives on the Evolution of Sex Differences?), who provided a detailed account of primates? male-female roles. In the end, after writing an intriguing article, Leibowitz concludes that there is currently a ?distorted? collection of evidence as to the gender roles in primates. Her hypothesis is very compelling, and she does not seem to be elitist in the least (which sometimes happens with scholars whose knowledge far surpasses the lay person). She explains that her hypothesis is presented in response ?to a spate of evolutionary theories which stress that our sex-role destiny along with our sexual anatomy was settled a long time ago.? Clearly she does not espouse a rigid view of the evolution of physical differences between men and women, and how sex roles came about. She calls for more study of the existing data."
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Abnormal Psychology, 2002.
A review of the film "Conspiracy Theory" focusing on the main character's abnormal behavior patterns.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 1 source, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses abnormal psychology with reference to the character of Jerry Fletcher in the movie "Conspiracy Theory". The character of Jerry was in constant fear of "them" without knowing who those people are. This paranoid perspective makes him behave strangely.
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Gender/Cultural Factors and Professional Golf, 2003.
An analysis of gender and cultural factors influencing professional golf today.
3,882 words (approx. 15.5 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a review of the relevant and scholarly literature to determine what cultural and gender-related factors serve to influence participation in and fan attraction to professional golf. This is followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"Today, golf is one of the most popular outdoor sports in the world. Tens of millions of men, women, and children play golf as an individual or team sport, as well as in high school and college competition. Millions more people around the globe enjoy golf as a form of recreation and exercise. Golf has also become popular spectator sport and attracts thousands of fans to tournaments with millions more watching on television. As a result, professional golf has become a multi-billion dollar industry today. The sport continues to be dominated by affluent white males who, in many cases, however, appear reluctant to share their domain with their female or minority counterparts."
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Topics of Abnormal Psychology, 2002.
This paper looks at some areas of concern to those who work in the mental health field.
4,300 words (approx. 17.2 pages), 1 source, $ 113.95
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Abstract
This paper is an in-depth examination of the field of abnormal psychology and the treatment of mental illness. This paper examines the many different components of this field, including the historical treatment and explanation of mental iIllness, the role of the criminal justice system as a tool used to treat the mentally ill and the benefits and dangers of using labels in mental health. The author also looks at different models that have been applied in this field and presents both the advantages and disadvantages to their use. Also examined in detail is the treatment of children, uses and abuses of medication and child's rights when being treated by a therapist.
The following is a table of contents for the paper:
Historical Treatment and Explanation of Mental Illness
Criminal Justice System as Treatment for Mentally Ill
The Benefits and Dangers of using Labels in Mental Health
What is Concordance?
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Medical Model Approach to Mental Disorders
Inter-Rater Reliability of the DSM-IV
Why has ADHD?s prevalence recently increased so dramatically?
Who should have control over the treatment of children?
The right of the mentally ill to have children
What are: Mental Retardation, Pervasive Developmental Disorders, and Learning Disorders?
There is a bibliography, but no footnotes or endnotes.
From the Paper
"The advantages of this view include getting faster results, attaining functionality, and avoiding stigmatization through labeling. The medical model?s approach of treating the behaviour can often achieve much faster results because it does not spend time searching for an often difficult to find, underlying cause. It treats what is already obvious, the behaviour, and thus can attain much faster results. The medical model is also capable of restoring a person to a level of functionality much faster than the non-medical model. By treating the behaviour problems, a person can become able to function within their daily lives. The medical model would advocate teaching coping skills rather than trying to cure the unconscious causes of behaviour, which they may not even admit exist. Another advantage of the medical model is that it avoids the labeling associated with the traditional diagnoses offered by the DSM-IV. By only treating the behaviour, the medical model does not provide a label for the patient and thus avoids the associated stigmatization of labeling."
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Gender and Pop Culture in Post-WWII America, 2004.
A paper discussing the changing perceptions and depictions of gender in popular culture in post-WWII America.
1,456 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the transformation of gender in American popular culture in the period since World War II. It includes examinations of film, music, and television, and how gender roles have shifted in these areas.
From the Paper
"Popular culture permeates virtually everything that we encounter in our daily lives, and the way that gender is presented has an undeniable impact on our society. Since World War II, some aspects of gender in popular culture have changed tremendously, while many others have continued to remain more or less the same. The gender gap in American pop culture has diminished considerably, but there is no question that it is still very much in existence."
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Gender as an American Co-Culture, 2006.
A look at gender roles and the confusing issues that surround this controversial topic.
3,077 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at how the cultural phenomenon of equality has led America to fall under a sublime spell of believing that despite obvious differences, men and women are the same. The paper discusses the cultural influences that seep into the everyday lives of the average American leave conflicting notions on the mind about gender and its roles.
Outline:
Gender Culture
Women are from Venus
Men are from Mars
Gender Roles
Independence vs. Connection
Competition vs. Cooperation
Internal vs. External
Larger vs. Smaller
Communication: Language of Gender
Speaking Masculine
Speaking Feminine
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Male culture tends to be removed from emotion and more reserved to reason. Pragmatism, function over form, is a big part of the co-culture in contrast to irrational emotions. Being overly emotional for a boy can lead to being called names like girly or sissy. To be compared to a woman demeans a man's masculinity and status. Emotion is in opposition to logic and reason, and directly associated with the female. To combat loosing status by being unmanly, men are more detached than women from their emotions. They react to larger passions like anger and love, which are considered appropriate to react to, and not the brief fleeting feelings of everyday aspects of life. Such emotions are considered trivial, and would distract from getting things done. Not only do emotions hamper progress, but they make a man look weak, demeaning his authority and status."
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Cross-Cultural Gender and Gender Relations in Horticultural Societies, 2002.
This paper examines the gender roles in horticultural societies.
1,990 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper shows the difference that agriculturists, sedentary lifestyles, and social differentiation made in gender relationships.
From the Paper
"The first evidence of agriculturists, sedentary lifestyles, and social differentiation that archaeologists and anthropologists have distinguished come from groups termed Horticulturists. Though the past record remains relatively scant in regards, anthropologists have used existing ones as a locus of study and interpretation. More numerous than surviving hunter-gatherer groups, horticultural societies also show an incredible range of gender diversity between groups, more numerous, in fact, than any other extent societal model. The quantity of studies that has come as a result of this are astounding. Those done in the area of New Guinea alone, home to at least two hundred different horticultural societies, provide ample evidence to add weight to the debate of nurture over nature, by sheer examples of the differences in living and understanding gender roles in such a relatively small and homogenous environmental area. "
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Cultural Bias in Psychological Tests, 1994.
Discusses the assertion that psychological tests are designed to define European-Americans as normal & ethnic groups as abnormal. Some alternatives are proposed.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 12 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"Cultural Bias in Psychological Tests
Introduction
While much of the focus in the media has been on cultural bias in standardized testing for cognitive skills, or for college entrance examinations, there has been little discussion of the potential problems of cultural bias in psychological testing. Yet this is a significant problem for minority populations who might be inappropriately assessed because of psychological tests not designed to be sensitive to minority populations.
According to Rogler et al. (1991), the problem is multi.level. They note that there are inappropriate research methodologies, inadequate testing and treatment protocols, and over.generalization of results. Thus, tests which have been designed for.."
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