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Gasoline Tax, 2007.
This paper discusses the implementation of a gasoline tax increase in the U.S. in order to help weaken Islamic extremist regimes.
1,190 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer argues in favor of a gasoline tax increase in order to keep billions of dollars of U.S. oil money out of the pockets of tyrannical, Islamic extremist oil-exporting countries. The writer notes that that the world will soon be battling it out for the last reserves of cheap oil, not necessarily on the battlefield but more likely on the economic/political front. Further, the writer argues that the installation of a new gasoline tax would force US automakers to innovate toward renewable fuels and stop depending on cheap oil from less-than-friendly regimes and would provide the United States with the luxury to withdraw from the competition for cheap oil and thus begin the march toward true energy independence.
Outline:
Audience
The Gasoline Tax: A New Beginning for America
Annotated Bibliography
From the Paper
"Another compelling reason to increase the gasoline tax has much to do with weaning the US from its oil addiction as soon as possible, due to the growing worldwide demand for gasoline and oil products. As reported in a press release by ConocoPhillips, the consumption of oil is growing around the world, especially in rapidly-developing countries like China and India. One example of this trend is that global demand grew by 3.2 % in 2004, i.e. some 100 million gallons a day, and was expected to climb in 2005. Furthermore, the US demand has decreased as compared to the demand in developing nations, yet gasoline consumption reached a record high in August of 2005. Thus, the United States still consumes more gasoline than any other country in the world."
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Federal Income Tax Receipts and Overall Tax Rate, 2008.
An analysis of the significant relationships among the individual income tax rates and the federal income tax receipts.
2,533 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates whether and how the federal income tax receipts change given the overall tax rate for individual income taxes. The paper also investigates whether the tax receipts exhibit a diminishing return as marginal tax rates increase. The paper concludes that there exists a meaningful relationship between the marginal income tax rate and the marginal income tax receipts.
Outline
Introduction
Model
Model Results
Initial Model
Alternative Model
Alternate Model End Notes
Initial and Alternative Model Results
Data Mining
Data Mining Results
Conclusion
Appendix A: Figures
Appendix B: Data Sources
From the Paper
"Now, disregarding all the statistical minutia that may or may not be relevant the author will make the following observations regarding the alternate model. This model is depicting the predictive power of the variance of the marginal individual income tax rates among all five income quintiles to the income tax receipts at the federal level. It is apparent from the model that nearly a quarter of the variation in the marginal tax receipts can be predicted through the marginal tax rate, ceteris paribus."
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Flat Tax & Tax Reform Act Of 1986, 1996.
Compares specifics, effects, benefits of 1995 Congressional flat tax proposals & 1986 tax format.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"This research compares, contrasts and critiques the U.S. Congress 1995 flat tax proposals with the 1986 tax format. The research also discusses the benefits and disadvantages of each for taxpayers. The Armey-Shelby flat tax, the most well known of the flat tax proposals, is based on the supply-side economics of former Housing and Urban Development Secretary Jack F. Kemp, who co-authored the Reagan tax cuts in 1981. Most of the flat tax proposals are similar in nature. All make major changes to the current tax code, which is based on the Tax Reform Act of 1986. The flat tax propositions are the first major proposed revisions of the Tax Code since that act.
The Tax Reform Act of 1986 was the first significant revision of the tax code since World War II, when the tax code was converted into a broad-based tax (Snow, 1992, p. 139). It..."
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Flat Tax and Sales Tax, 1999.
Examines pros and cons of the fairness and effectiveness of two consumption-based reforms to correct deficiences and injustices in the tax system.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 17 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"This research paper examines the potential advantages and disadvantages from a public policy standpoint of various types of consumption-based taxes which have been proposed to remedy the deficiencies of the current federal tax system. A flat tax, rigorously applied, would be far superior to the present system because it would be simpler, fairer, a more efficient way of collecting public revenues and consistent with optimizing economic growth. However, it would benefit disproportionately higher income individual taxpayers, certain property owners and business generally and impose crushing burdens on lower income and many middle income taxpayers who depend on personal services income for maintaining their way of life and who consume most of..."
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Gasoline Prices and Inflation, 2006.
A review of the impact inflation has had on the price of gasoline, and visa versa.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the core concern and primary factor related to the price of gasoline is the understanding of inflation adjustment and in compensating for inflation in determining the true cost of gasoline. While the general population prefers to recall or at least read about the relatively low cost of gasoline in the 1960s when the average cost of fuel was .30 cents a gallon, in inflation adjusted terms this would be equivalent to roughly $1.70 today (Gasoline). The paper explains that the price of gasoline, and certainly of gasoline related spikes in the average cost of goods, is a major contributor to inflation and yet, factoring for the effects of inflation across the economy, tends to reduce the real cost of fuel.
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Demand Elasticity of Gasoline, 2005.
This paper uses the theory of demand elasticity to analyze the effect of the increasing price of gasoline.
1,980 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, with gas prices across the country reaching record levels, understanding the theory of demand elasticity of gasoline has assumed new importance for policymakers and consumers. The author stresses that gasoline has no close substitutes; gasoline, in much of the United States, is a necessity and has only a moderate affect on the budgets of the non-poor. The paper demonstrates that, even though there are an enormous number of players in the gasoline market and confounding variables, economists are still able to gauge with a fair degree of accuracy just how much driving the average American consumer will be willing to forego: The typical American consumer may be willing to give up something of minor consequence involving gasoline; but, in general, Americans love to drive and they are going to buy gasoline.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Economic Theory of Demand Elasticity
Empirical Data Relating to Demand Elasticity
Analysis of the Data
Figure: Individual and Market Demand Curves
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Demand elasticity relates to how much consumers are willing to pay for something based on their individual needs and wants on an aggregated basis; economists measure this degree of elasticity along a price elasticity of the demand curve. According to Robert E. Kuenne (1968), "The degree of downward reaction of the amount demanded to a price rise or upward reaction to a price fall is measured by the economist at any given point on the demand curve with a concept called the price elasticity of the demand curve" (127). Therefore, the degree by which quantity changes as price changes is the percentage change in quantity to the percentage change in price (% Change in Quantity / % Change in Price).
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Gasoline Shortages, 2006.
A discussion and analysis of Armen Alchian's article "What Should Be the Price of a Gallon of Gasoline?"
1,717 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, summarizes and analyzes Armen Alchian's article on what we should do during gasoline shortages. The paper explains that the premise of Alchian's article is that rationing and governmental control of gasoline are not successful solutions. Rather, the paper explains, Archian argues that rationing and governmental control are counter-productive and that free market economics are all that is needed to regulate the price of gasoline in the best way. The paper goes on to further delineate Alchian's position on what should be done during gasoline shortages and concludes that the arguments Alchian presents in his article are based on logic, theory and solid economic reasoning.
From the Paper
"Both regulatory effects of the free market economy upon the price of fuel would be undermined by the imposition of rationing and price controls. First, in a system of rationing where the selling of part of the ration is prohibited and where everyone receives a set, equal amount of fuel, "needs [of the various people in a society] remain unequal" (Alchian 1). There will be some people for whom the full amount of rationed fuel is more than they need, and there will be people whose supply is not nearly adequate to their needs. The system is, therefore, ineffectual for both types of people, those who do not need the full ration and those who need more than the full ration. The second supposition of Alchian's regarding the regulation of gasoline prices in a free economy would also be rendered ineffectual by rationing. Namely, the fact that there is compensation in the free market economy for those people willing to give up their share of fuel. If a strict system of rationing were imposed which did not allow for the transfer or sale of rations, then people without need of their full ration of fuel could not derive benefit from that fact. In a free market, however, they could sell fuel they did not need."
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The Price of Gasoline, 2002.
An examination of the rising price of gasoline in an international context as well as the effect of these prices on the OPEC countries.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the price rise of gasoline in the United States as well as in other countries. The paper discusses the effect of the decision on the price of gasoline given by the OPEC countries.
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Sales Tax Versus Property Tax, 2005.
A comparison of the merits of South Carolina's sales tax versus the state's property tax.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that South Carolina's property tax is more preferable and more indispensable than the state's sales tax. While the latter has certain things operating in its favor, at least one observer has accused it of being inefficient, and the paper suggests that, from the available literature, it does not serve the state's most important functions, chiefly education, as well as does the property tax.
From the Paper
"South Carolina's Sales Tax versus the State's Property Tax Taxation is a major concern in many jurisdictions, and South Carolina is no different. The following paper will examine the relative merits of South Carolina's sales tax versus its property tax. As should become clear, there are things to commend the state's sales tax as well as items that call it into question. Conversely, the state's property tax may not be welcomed by home-owners, but it does serve the vital function of strengthening South Carolina's education system. As well, it appears to be easier to enforce and to implement than a sales tax (at least at the present time) and property taxes in general are more efficiently administered because they are so much more difficult to evade."
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Gasoline Prices and the Economy, 2004.
An overview of the changing prices of gasoline over the years and the effect on the American economy.
12,955 words (approx. 51.8 pages), 26 sources, MLA, $ 246.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how crude oil has proved to be one of the most versatile forms of energy and how man has used this fundamental law of energy conversation to make life easier for himself and the community at large. It explores the topic of gasoline from its refining to its conservation and, in particular, the factors affecting its ever-changing price and the economy.
Outline
Introduction
Information About Crude Oil
Refining of Crude Oil in the United States and Worldwide
Workforce in the Petroleum Industry
The History of International Petroleum Pricing
The Achnacarry Agreement
The Rise of OPEC Power in the 70?s
Effect of Oil Price Increase on the U.S. Economy
Variables Affecting the Cost of Petroleum Products
Impact of Price Increase on the U.S. Economy
Impact of Petroleum Price Increase on the World Economy
Political Influence on Price Increase
Petroleum Product Transportation and Distribution
Petroleum and the Transportation Industry
Types of Fuel Used in the Transportation Industry
Fluctuating Fuel Prices in Recent Times
Impact of Prolonged Petroleum Use on the Economy
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The high cost of oil production in the U.S. would also be impacted by the price decrease as a result of the additional capacity in Iraq. The U.S. producers would become uncompetitive and may eventually have to stop production of oil in current oil and gas-producing states of Alaska, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas and Wyoming. The U.S. government may have to impose tariffs and taxes on imported oil in order to keep the local U.S. producers competitive. (Bartis, 2003) Oil exploration and distribution channels can cost billions of dollars to develop. This includes the location and identifying of oil wells, the size and capacity of the well, the type of geography of the area and the long-term potential of the oil well are all-important factors in the cost of the oil production set up for any oil well site. It takes time and effort from the identification of the oil well to the actual production of crude oil."
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Gasoline, 2002.
Describes the process of making gasoline from crude oil.
1,224 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the process whereby crude oil is turned into gasoline in a refinery. The paper gives a breakdown on all the components used in the process. It then looks in detail at the four steps used in the process: separation, upgrading, conversion and blending.
From the Paper
"The various constituents of crude oil have one big difference in their physical properties that can be used to separate them, i.e., their boiling point. Distillation is a process wherein a liquid is boiled to a point that it vaporizes and then it is collected and cooled down again to get it in liquid form again. However, if the original mixture that was being boiled consisted of two of more liquids with boiling points that are sufficiently far away, it would be possible to boil and vaporize one of them and then collect only that liquid at the other end. This is the process called fractional distillation. In the separation stage, this is the principle that is fundamentally at work."
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Gasoline Prices And The U.S. Economy, 2004.
Discusses the effects of rising gasoline prices on the American economy.
2,712 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the effects of rising gasoline prices on the American economy. It looks at consumer confidence, the assumptions underlying the economics of energy, crude petroleum prices and the power of the OPEC cartel.
From the Paper
"This analyst argued that when energy prices decline the U S economy booms. Cheap energy said Ciscel helped get the economy out of the stock market crash through the continuing savings and loan crisis and kept minor downturns in construction real estate and manufacturing from threatening the economic boom. Given this general background the purpose of ..."
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Gasoline Prices, 2004.
This paper assesses the effects of gasoline prices on the demand for sports utility vehicles SUVs in the United States.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper tests hypothesis that higher gasoline prices lead to lower demand for SUVs
From the Paper
"Gasoline prices in the United States increased in the summer of before declining in the fall of the year to levels that prevailed in the spring of ... . Gasoline prices began another increasing trend in January, which lasted through May of that year, before beginning to moderate once again. The average per gallon price reached in May was percent higher than the May average and the ..."
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What is Wrong with Gasoline Prices?, 2006.
An in-depth research proposal regarding the price of gas prices and foreign policy.
6,041 words (approx. 24.2 pages), 21 sources, APA, $ 143.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the price of gasoline and how we need to increase gasoline prices to prevent all our national policies from being determined by our thirst for oil. According to the paper, US foreign policy has become a hostage to ensuring adequate supplies of imported oil.
Outline:
Context of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Research and Review of the Problem
Crude Oil Prices and its Impact on Gasoline Prices
Political Impact of Higher Energy Prices
Objective of Study: To Advocate Higher Gasoline Prices Potential Benefits of Higher Energy Prices
Environmental Impact
Global Warming
Significance of the Study
Research Design & Methodology
Discussion
From the Paper
"The carbon dioxide produced by motor gasoline in 2003 was equivalent to 311 million metric tons of carbon [Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 2005]. If we could achieve even 10% improvement in energy efficiency through use of lighter cars, it would save million of tons of oil and also reduce the carbon emission by 30 million tons. The 10% target is not just possible it is very realistic and even now a family car is about 25% more fuel efficient than a light truck (a term also applied to SUVs). The federal corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards set the fuel economy goals for new passenger cars at 27.5 miles per gallon (mpg). The regulations do not classify SUVs as cars but as light trucks. The light trucks only have to achieve 20.7 mpg. Even this is taken as an average of all light trucks and some SUVs operate at 12 mpg and can remain on the road legally. Some SUVs like Ford Excursions don't even qualify as light trucks and are not subject to CAFE standard."
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Pricing Differentials in Retail Gasoline Distribution, 2003.
Examines pricing differentials in 15 gas outlets in the U.S.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
Based on an informal survey (conducted in 2003) of 15 retail gasoline outlets in the Los Angeles area, pricing differentials are observed between "majors" and convenience/supermarket outlets. This essay explores the reasons for price differentials.
From the Paper
"Retail pricing for gasoline has a marked differential depending onthe location brand grade or service level. This paper explores the reasons behind these apparent anomalies and tries to explain the ..."
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