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Saussure, Freud, Marx on Literary Criticism, 2002.
1,595 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 0 sources, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the approaches to literary criticism of Saussure, a linguist, Freud, a psychoanalyst and Marx, an economist.
From the Paper
"Saussure defies the popular notion that language is a process of giving names to ideas we already have (963). In other words, there are no ideas without words. Many people believe that ideas came first, then the concept of language. However, how can an idea exist if there is no way for it to be expressed? It would not be an idea, but rather, a subconscious thought that would be meaningless. For example, a baby does not have the power of language nor can he express his thoughts. He can cry when he is hungry, but it does not necessarily result from his hunger. The baby cannot distinguish between hunger and any other feeling. ?There are no pre-existing ideas, and nothing is distinct before the appearance of language? (Saussure 967). The baby cannot comprehend hunger, for he does not have a name to express it with. "
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Freud & Marx on Repression, 2001.
Essay on era Marx lived in, his opposition to violations of human rights, his view of repressive nature of capitalism. Examines Freud's view of repression as a necessity to restrict the individual's untrammeled expression of natural instincts.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"The ideas of Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud had such influence on the Twentieth Century that it is hard to find any other figure to compare them with. Both were born Jews, became atheists, and criticized their societies as few before or since have done. Each was endowed with a brilliant mind, and followed the logic of their thinking to conclusions that brought them widespread derision and opposition, as well as zealousadherents. The political world has never been the same since Marx. And it?s fair to say we human beings will never see the immense and unexplored jungle in our own psyches the same way after Freud.
Many people are awed by the work of great intellectuals, thinking their thought will be beyond comprehension. But the..."
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Differing Views Of Human Nature according to Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud, 1990.
Compares conceptions of human nature as proposed by Marx and Freud. Marx's conception is based on economic interactions and the relationship of humans to labor, Freud's conception is rooted in theoretical constructs of the mind producing observable beh
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 31.95
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From the Paper
" Differing views of human nature are found in the theories of Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud. The two writers address diverse aspects of human life, with Marx centering on the economic and political and Freud on the inner life of the mind and the ways in which that manifests itself in human behavior. The two men have as their starting point a conception of human nature which shows why human beings behave as they do, and for both men the reasons for human behavior are hidden from view, hidden from the understanding of the majority of people responding to them. For Marx, the hidden force is economic and involves the relationship of the human being to labor, while for Freud the hidden force is found in theoretical constructs of the mind which govern different aspects of thought and behavior and whose interaction produces the behavior we can see..."
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Marx & Freud, 1996.
Describes & compares socialist's & psychoanalyst's views on human nature, history, individual & social reality & transformation, alienation & anxiety, consciousness.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 119.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine selected works of Marx and Freud on various issues relating to their assessment of the human condition in the modern period, i.e., the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and the implications flowing therefrom for the postmodern and current period. The plan of the research will be to set forth in general terms the context in which the thought of Marx and Freud achieved preeminence in western culture, and then to discuss the views of each with reference to certain fundamental questions that their analyses of culture raise.
The history of western culture in the twentieth century cannot be understood apart from the work of Marx and Freud. It is perhaps not too much to say that, taken together, Marx's analysis of culture and society as fundamentally social processes that imply..."
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Marx & Freud on Human Nature, 1996.
Compares ideas on human behavior, history, psychology & development of society.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud have different conceptions of human nature and different conceptions of how history develops from human actions and human nature. Marx considers human beings primarily as members of economic groups, while Freud considers human beings in terms of individual psychology and broader behaviors and psychological manifestations across populations. History for Marx is also an issue of economics, while for Freud history is shaped by the way the individual relates to his or her society. Marx centers on the economic and political and Freud on the inner life of the mind and the ways in which that manifests itself in human behavior. The two men have as their starting point a conception of human nature which shows why human beings behave as they do, and for both men the reasons for human behavior are hidden from view, hidden from the understanding of..."
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Play Analysis, 2003.
An analysis of plays through the eyes of three important philosophers of the 20th century, Sigmund Freud, Karl Marx and Michel Foucault.
2,015 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Sigmund Freud, Karl Marx and Michel Foucault are three of the most important philosophical minds to influence the 20th century and how their influence on the arts has been particularly significant. It evaluates this influence, as well as comparing and contrasting each of their views on art (specifically theatre) in the 20th century, by the analysis of three different plays. The plays are "The Importance of Being Earnest" by Oscar Wilde, "Death of a Salesman" by Arthur Miller and "Polaroid Stories" by Naomi Iizuka. It shows how all three plays from different times are very different both thematically and in form and how by viewing these three works through the eyes of Foucault, Marx, and Freud it becomes possible to see the specific differences in their doctrines.
From the Paper
"Sigmund Freud (1856 ? 1939) has changed modern culture, probably, as much as any other man in history according to The United States Library of Congress? Freud exhibition entitled Sigmund Freud: Conflict and Culture. Freud?s discourses on the nature of sexuality, fantasies, and the significance of dreams have enthralled artists for over a century now. The Importance of Being Earnest, being a comedy of manners, involves sex only in a very discreet way, however the element of fantasy and dream are woven throughout Wilde?s text. Gwendolyn spends the majority of her stage time in a reality separate from the rest of the characters. And both Jack and Algernon invent characters of their own so they can fantasize about better lives. Freud argues that all art comes from the subconscious of the artist (Freud, Creative Writers and Daydreaming)."
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Organizational Theory and Public Management, 2005.
An overview of the views of Max Weber, Sigmund Freud and Karl Marx on organizational theory.
1,331 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper acknowledges how Robert B. Denhardt, professor of public administration at Arizona State University, has authored numerous works on the topic of human behavior as it relates to public organization. In particular, it examines how he draws heavily on the ideas of Weber, Marx and Freud to illustrate just how the governing theories and scholarly assumptions concerning organizational theory have developed into the modern version of the theory.
From the Paper
"Of course, one of the most influential thinkers on organizational theory was Max Weber. According to Weber, the "organization" or the "bureaucratic administration" is a symbol of the exertion of control based on knowledge. What was interesting about his work, however was his distinction between the idea of "power" and "authority"-where actual authority is distinguished by a belief in the "legitimacy" of the exercise of power (as apposed to despotism, for example). Further, another hallmark of his work was his classification of organizational power based on the type of legitimacy granted by those governed by that power."
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Happiness, 1999.
Compares ideas of Aristotle, Freud, Marx & pop culture on meaning & achievement of happiness & pleasure.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Aristotle defined eudaimonia, or happiness, as ?the best possible life.? It may be argued that people today see happiness in much the same way; a challenge arises, however, when one attempts to define what is meant by ?the best possible life.? Our multicultural society?s views are difficult to pin down, but it will be proposed in this paper that modern philosophy as a whole embraces an understanding of happiness different from that of Aristotle. The ideas of two influential thinkers of the modern era, Sigmund Freud and Karl Marx, as well as an informal survey of ?pop culture,? will be appealed to as support for this thesis.
Aristotle approached the idea of happiness, or eudaimonia, from the standpoint of ?what is good for man,? in accordance with the meaning of what it is to be ?man.? The discussion of eudaimonia, then, must begin with two definitions: what it is to.."
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Einstein as a Scientist and a Human Being, 1994.
A favorable comparison of his life, thought and contributions to those of Hitler, Freud, Stalin and Marx.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 5 sources, $ 79.95
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"History will show that Albert Einstein had the most significant influence on the twentieth century. We will compare Einstein to Hitler, Freud, Stalin, and Marx to demonstrate his significance across political and scientific boundaries.
Brief historical backgrounds of each of the four figures above will be offered as a backdrop by which to view Einstein's significance. we will then examine the life of the twentieth century's most famous scientist and human being, Albert Einstein.
Karl Marx, 1818-1883, established the official political philosophy of what we today call Marxism, a system governing more than a billion people. Marxism is a materialist philosophy based on the dialectical (conflicting) process of history. Marx believed that economic forces (the conflict between the classes) influenced the course of history, rather than abstract..."
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Freud on Art and Literature, 2001.
The paper looks at Freud?s conceptions about art and literature and the creative forces of motivation on an author.
2,953 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper is about Sigmund Freud's concept of 'unconscious' and its relevance in the arts. The author discusses how Freud is commonly recognized as having invented the concept of the ?unconscious?. The author explaines that the subordination of the ?pleasure principle? by the ?reality principle? is done through a mental process that Freud refers to as sublimation. According to Sigmund Freud, dreams and fantasies (or phantasies) are the symbolic expression and fulfillment of wishes and desires that as a result of sublimation by the ?reality principle? cannot be fulfilled through daily life and are consequently repressed into the ?unconscious.? To Freud, ?the motive forces of fantasies are unsatisfied wishes, and every single fantasy is the fulfillment of a wish, a correction of unsatisfying reality? (Freud 485). Freud affirms that dreams are disguised, hallucinatory fulfillment?s of repressed wishes. He concludes that if expressed in undisguised form, they would be so disturbing that it would wake the dreamer from sleep. Freud?s fundamental assumption is that the sublimation of the artist?s unsatisfied libido is responsible for producing all forms of art and literature whether it be painting, sculpting, or writing. David H. Richter notes in his introduction to ?Sigmund Freud? that Freud was once criticized by Carl Gustav Jung, a fellow psychoanalytic theorist, for insinuating that artists were diseased individuals creating art out of their own personal neurotic needs. The writer feels that Freud insinuates that art is primarily an escapist method, that ?in an ideal world in which everyone had matured sufficiently to replace the pleasure principle by the reality principle, there would be no need for art? (Storr 103).
From the Paper
"The historical tradition of scholarly theory has been one in which literary texts are subjected to scrutiny regarding whether they are either implicitly or explicitly ideological in nature. Arguably so, nothing reflects a society?s fears, hopes, and desires about gender, class, and power more than what the society maintains about art and artists. A literary text is credible of fully reflecting the culture in which it was written, that is to say, it has the potential to embody certain sociological assumptions presented in the dichotomy between ?normal? and ?abnormal.? Sigmund Freud, the patriarch of psychoanalysis, is associated with Charles Darwin and Karl Marx as being ?one of the three original thinkers who have most altered man?s view of himself in the twentieth century? (Storr 145). Yet, even literary theorists, including Freud, realized that ?any comprehensive vision of human nature such as he provides must have implications for the nature of happiness, and for the relation of man?s natural capacities to his normal or ideal state? (Sousa 196). That is, numerous later theorists and critics believe that Freud?s own theories about the function and nature of the mind uncovered some fundamental truths about how an individual?s notions of ?self? are formed and how culture and civilization operate and are affected by these notions. Coinciding with Freud?s own account, the significance of everyday action is determined by motives that are far more numerous and complex than people are aware of or commonsense understanding takes into account. The most basic and constant of motives that influence our actions are those of the unconscious, moreover, those that are difficult to acknowledge or avow. Freud?s conception of the unconscious and his rediscovery of the importance of dreams encouraged painters, sculptors and writers to pay serious attention to their inner world of dreams; to find significance in thoughts and images they previously would have dismissed as absurd or illogical. Therefore it is plausible that notions of art and literature as described by Sigmund Freud, are created through the ramifications of the unconscious or the sublimation of an unsatisfied carnal appetite."
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Freud's "Dora", 2003.
A feminist critique of Freud's famous patient, "Dora". "Dora" was Freud's initial attempt to marry dream therapy with psychoanalysis.
2,532 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to deconstruct and expose the inherent patriarchal ideologies in Freud's psychoanalysis of his famous patient, "Dora". The basis of Freud's psychoanalytic theories revolved around sexuality, and his account of her "madness" condemns her sexuality and dismisses all feminine sexuality. This is a feminist critique of Freud's theories, in general, and specifically, in regards to his comments on the case of "Dora", which attempt to expose the unconscious assumptions that Freud saw in everyone else but himself. The contention of this paper is thus that the society and culture and gender of an individual directly influences his or her perception and interpretation of another individual, and thus Freud, as a privileged, white man in a patriarchal society, could never hope to help or analyse "Dora" accurately.
From the Paper
"For Dr Sigmund Freud the case analysis of ?Dora? signified the possibility of proclaiming a marriage between dream analysis and psychoanalysis to the psychoanalytic community (Freud, 1901/1905: 44ff.). Yet it was never the woman in analysis who was of importance for either Freud or the psychoanalytic community. Ida Bauer was never important and nor was her Symbolic representation, Dora. Indeed all the women within Dora?s case are characterised as ?nothing,? no woman is important (Gallop, 1985: 216). It might be argued that we can never truly know the content of Ida?s ?nothingness? because Dora was Freud?s invention, his interpretation, biases and desires postured onto her feminine form (Geargear, 1985: 177). However we need not know Ida?s real life story as Freud?s narration of her is more indicative of Ida?s status as a woman within a patriarchal society than any autobiographical account could ever have been. Thus Dora becomes a fluid character who need not claim a ?real? identity or to be set in an historical moment for she exceeds Ida and is instead the transcendent woman; her hysteria is every woman?s hysteria."
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Exploring Freud: Controversy and Influence, 2002.
Provides an explanation of some of Freud?s controversial issues, critiques of him by colleagues, ?neo-Freudians? and anti-Freudians and an assessment of Freud?s overall influence in the field of modern psychology.
2,550 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
The essay discusses three of Freud's most radical and debated sex-based discoveries: The "psychosexual stages" and the Oedipus and Electra (penis envy) complexes. It goes on to discuss the opinions of contemporaries Carl Jung and Alfred Adler, adaptations on Freudian theories by Erik Erikson and Karen Horney and the opinion of Freud's feminist critics. It also explores why the religious world rejects much of Freud's work. The essay concludes with an assessment of Freud's influence based on modern tenets of psychology and the use of Freudian diagnostic and treatment methods today.
From the Paper
"At one time or another, everyone needs to express his or her feelings in an unending flow of speech. Known as venting, this type of self-expression sits at the center of debate surrounding a very curious man, Sigismund Schlomo Freud. Psychoanalysis is based on the relief experienced when thoughts are expressed, and psychoanalysis was created by Freud as a method of treating mental illness. Freud created theories of love, power, language, development, death, and sex, applying them ?to disciplines ranging from psychology to anthropology to literary theory? (Muckenhoupt 10). He has been called the ?best known and most influential personality theorist? (Morris 3). At the same time, his treatment has been deemed ?ineffective and dangerous? and his ideas about child sexuality have ?horrified many critics? (Muckenhoupt 10). His modern relevance is still the topic of much debate, with extreme claims made by both sides of the argument, but ultimately, it can be acknowledged, that if nothing else, Freud ?opened the door? to a whole new world of the unconscious (Downs 183- 185)."
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Anna Freud.
This paper discusses the life and work of Anna Freud, the originator of child psychoanalysis and daughter of Sigmund Freud, the originator of psychology.
2,920 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 86.95
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This paper explains that Anna Freud was dedicated to her father all through her lifetime and had a close relationship with him rather than with her mother and siblings. The author points out that Anna Freud extended the principle of psychoanalysis to children, but found that her father's 'Little Hans' analysis did not apply to children. The paper relates that Anna Freud thought, when one feature or another of a child's development critically lags behind the rest, the clinician should cite this difficult stage and focus the child's analysis on this specific lag.
From the Paper
"Additionally, her role as a teacher in a school helped her to acquire the insight into ego psychology. She established the Hampstead Child Therapy Course and Clinic in London in 1947 and worked as its director after 1952. She was the author of numerous scientific books and papers and she assisted in setting up the yearly periodical Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, in 1945. She was full of activity on almost all days working on something original or improving something that was old. The succession of projects she handled came so frequently that she did not have any break between projects."
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Freud on Revolution, 2008.
A study of Sigmund Freud's book, "Civilization and its Discontents," focusing on his theories on revolution.
975 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Freud's book, "Civilization and its Discontents," and shows how Freud's theories of man's inherent aggressiveness agree with Karl Marx's philosophy. The author discusses Freud's beliefs about the psyche and the mind, and the polarities of Eros and the "Death Drive" in the history of civilization. The author finds that Freud's hypothesis of the cause of revolution in society can be seen in action today, and discusses the near prophetic nature of some of his writing.
From the Paper
"Freud also uses the book as a pulpit, if you will, for his own views on organized religion, which he considers the "future of an illusion," an essay he refers to often in the book. He believes that religion can help relieve individual neuroses, but in the end, there are better ways to find happiness in life. Thus, the book is his critique on society but also expresses his feelings about some elements of society and how they influence our lives, thoughts, and actions. The book is somewhat a look inside Freud as well as a look at the contemporary society of his time."
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Sigmund Freud's "Civilization and Its Discontents", 2008.
Analyzes Sigmund Freud's "Civilization and Its Discontents" from the standpoint of Socrates and Jesus Christ.
2,155 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper states that, in Sigmund Freud's "Civilization and Its Discontents", Freud contends that the feeling of spirituality or religion is the result of one's ego. The author, who plays the role of Socrates, uses the Socratic method to question Freud's arguments. The paper concludes by questioning how there could be sinfulness if Freud believes that religion is an illusion. The author, in the role of Socrates, relates that "sins" are concepts that religions have invented to make people feel guilty and go to church. The author concludes by analyzing each of the beatitudes of the "Sermon on the Mount" from this psychological position.
Table of Contents:
Socrates Responds to Sigmund Freud's "Civilization and Its Discontents"
Sigmund Freud on the Sermon on the Mount
From the Paper
"But let's move on to Beatitude number four: "Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteousness for they shall be filled." In my own research I have discovered that a desire for happiness in many hearts and minds is matched by a willingness to do good, to try to accomplish positive things for others. This satisfies the ego, and when the parents of a child instill in that child the values that are unselfish, that person while growing up will have a strong desire to be righteous."
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