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Franz Boas Views on Race, 2001.
Discusses his research & changing anthropological ideas re: meaning of race. Relationship of race to biology. His legacy of modern anthropology.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 7 sources, $ 119.95
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From the Paper
"Race is one of the most bedeviling of anthropological characteristics. The concept, with the barest tips of its roots in biological and the rest of the plant firmly grafted to cultural and sociological ideals, is one of the first concepts that anthropologists dealt with vigorously in terms of the history of the profession and both helped establish it as a discipline in its own right (distinct from history, political economy, philosophy, comparative religion and ethics) and has kept it from being entirely assimilated into the post-colonial mindset. Like the poor for the rest of humanity, the idea of race ? for both good and ill ? seems always to be with the anthropologist.
This paper examines the views and research on race held and performed by Franz Boas, one of the preeminent members of the ..."
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"Race and Mixed Race", 2002.
An examination Ranier Spencer's "Race and Mixed Race" which denies the concept of race.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This essay reviews Ranier Spencer's essay on "Race and Mixed Race." Spencer argues that there is actually no such thing as race, since so many identities and racial mixtures exist within each person. The essay argues that Spencer makes a legitimate point, but that his contention ultimately ignores what can actually be done about racism.
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Darwin and Boas, 2005.
A review of Charles Darwin and Franz Boas' regressive views of human racial progress.
1,447 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, although Charles Darwin and Franz Boas were paradigm-shattering theorists within their respective disciplines of biology and anthropology, their analysis of race reflected the common assumptions of their era, namely that the Caucasian race was superior to races of darker complexions.
From the Paper
"Thus Darwin, to justify what he sees as self evident, namely the superiority of white, supposedly civilized human society over the society of individuals in Africa and India despite appearances to the contrary instead but argue from the suspect supposition that because humans are afflicted to different degrees by different external parasites (even though flies can afflict both horses and dogs and members of many different species) that this must justify the distinction of different species of humanity. Continually, Darwin falls into bad science when creating demarcations between the races. Darwin accepts the dominant racial paradigm of his day, begins with a self-evident thesis--that the races of humanity are different, even if this is against empirically observed evidence--and uses his science to justify society's assumption. With a lack of data regarding the sterility of interspecies relationships of the kind he used to apply to animals, he still insists on the existence of different races as inherently different because of color and perceived temperament and a few anecdotes. "
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Culture in Human Relations, 2008.
This paper discusses the theories of Geer Hofstede, Franz Boas and Harry Triandis on culture in human relations.
1,694 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses theories of culture in human relations, focusing on Geer Hofstede, Franz Boas, and Harry Triandis. The paper explains Hofstede's belief that culture creates a pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting that is acquired in early childhood and later shaped by interacting with family members, neighbors or colleagues. The paper also looks at Hofstede's surveys that characterized cultures but notes the criticisms of his work. The paper then looks at Franz Boas' theory of cultural relativism and its criticisms and Harry Triandis' individualism - collectivism theories and their limitations. The paper concludes that given the significant role that culture plays in human relations, its understanding should be seen as a top priority when in a multicultural environment.
From the Paper
"Consequently, Hofstede (2005) makes use of the fragment from Rose's play for building his theory of culture as mental programming. According to him, every individual subscribes to a "pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting" that is acquired in early childhood and later shaped by interacting with family members, neighbors or colleagues (i.e. the social environment to which he/she belongs). Moreover, the Dutch sociologist asserts that once acquired, such patterns become solid 'programs' that dictate humans' behavior, emotions and thoughts and, therefore, must be 'unlearned' in order to make room for learning new things."
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Cornel West's "Race Matters", 2004.
An analysis of Professor Cornel West's treatise on modern-day American race relations, "Race Matters".
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the notion of nihilism, proposed by Cornel West in "Race Matters", relates to black male students in middle grades. The paper looks at relevant topics discussed by West including affirmative action, black sexuality and the crisis in black leadership.
From the Paper
"Professor Cornel West, in his treatise on modern-day American race relations, entitled "Race Matters", addresses a number of issues of importance to black America. Covering a range of topics including affirmative action, black sexuality and the crisis in black leadership, West's discussion presents a gloomy assessment of efforts within recent decades to overcome institutional obstacles to black achievement, such as the legacy of slavery and the persistence of white racism. West's first chapter introduces his theory of nihilism in contemporary African American life and how this malaise of the..."
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Evolution and Progress, 2001.
An analysis of the different theories of evolution of Herbert Spencer, Lewis Henry Morgan, Edward Tylor and Franz Boas.
1,615 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 7 sources, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper presents the theories of the evolutionists regarding evolution and progress and compares them to the criticism presented by Frank Boas on the theory of human progress.
From the Paper
"Herbert Spenser, Lewis Morgon and Taylor all depended strictly on the theoretical dimensions of the theory of evolution and social progress and did not take into account the statistics that would have upheld their theories. They suggested that the theories were infallible on their own but Boas had other thoughts. In the earliest years of anthropology, words and things were treated as objects to be collected: the Linnaean concept of material objects as natural history specimens parallels the folklorist's notion of narrative plots as collectible, mappable, comparable things (Chapman 1985). Boas, early on, considered them to be 'pre-existing' attributes of culture, somehow pure because they seemed to him less influenced by the ethnographic observer than other aspects of culture. While the evolutionary theorists depended on cultural changes for proof of development Boas demanded statistical evidence and therein lay the main point of dissent for without evidence the evolutionists became just another fragment of society offering a theory with no evidence."
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Steeplechase Racing, 2002.
Examines the history of steeplechase racing, a form of horse racing, in England.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 9 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
While it can be argued that gambling and racing are inextricably linked, this paper will argue that horse racing, especially professional steeplechasing, has made a distinct move away from its roots as a sport. Looking at the historical development and geographic expansion of steeplechase in England, it will be clear in the final analysis that modern steeplechase is a far cry from its origins, which were closely linked to a horse's prowess in "the hunt". Its declining popularity with the masses, especially relative to point-to-point amateur racing, suggest that its attempt to modernize has not been successful, and spectators and speculators alike are all eager to get back in touch with real racing. What the future holds for professional steeplechase racing in Britain is, thus, a matter of speculation; but, consistent with the wagering nature of the sport, this paper will close with the bid that it has passed its prime.
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Race and Racism Today, 2008.
An analysis of the issues of race and their perception in America.
2,072 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
The paper identifies and analyzes how the concept of race has changed within America over the past fifty years. The paper discusses the American Civil Rights Movement, the introduction of Affirmative Action and the issue of political correctness. The paper shows how the redefinition process has reduced racism between whites and minorities, but racism between these groups still exists in different ways today. The paper predicts that that these conditions will probably persist into the next fifty years as well.
Outline:
Introduction
Race and the Civil Rights Movements
Race and Affirmative Action
Race and Political Correctness
The Modern Understanding of Race
Race in the Next Fifty Years
From the Paper
"Awareness of race and racial issues is not racism, but in the modern era it is extremely difficult to distinguish between these concepts. The perception of race and racial awareness within the United States has transformed dramatically over the past five decades, where resistance to racial integration initially framed racial issues, but integration and diversity awareness resulted in gradual acceptance of persons of diverse races and a purposeful elimination of racism (Healy, 2004). Landmark events such as the Civil Rights movement helped characterize tolerance and equality as the rights of every American citizen, thus promoting awareness of race; barriers between races in terms of social, cultural, and economic status; and the opportunities that could result from a racially diverse nation (Tatum, 1992; Darder & Torres, 2004))."
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The Social Aspects of Race, 2007.
Examines the social aspects of race through the writings of Alain Locke in his essay "The Concept of Race as Applied to Social Culture" and Ralph Ellison in his novel "Invisible Man".
1,660 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how Alan Locke's essay "The Concept of Race as Applie to Social Culture" and Ralph Ellison's novel "Invisible Man", show us that race is not only the biological difference between people, but is a socially constructed concept as well. The paper concludes that we can see the social aspect of race through people's interactions with others, through cultural traditions, as well as through racism and stereotypes.
From the Paper
"Like these other groups, race can be subject to subjective views about what makes an individual part of that group. As Locke says, race is "properly analyzed on the basis of conformity to or variance from culture type." Race as a social structure can only be judged in varying amounts relative to the race culture. This idea is wide spread today with individuals having to cultivate an image that is, for example, 'black enough' or 'not too Hispanic.' It is not uncommon to hear someone be put down for acting out of character for their racial stereotypes."
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Reconstruction Period And Race Relations, 2002.
Discusses race relations during the Reconstruction period in the U.S. and takes a look at their lasting impact on race relations today.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of race relations during the Reconstruction period with reference to the book "A short History of Reconstruction" by Eric Foner. Reconstruction was the time immediately after the Civil war that showed the deep and sharp racial division that existed in the American society and the author is of the view that many of the race-related problems that still persist in the country have their roots in the Reconstruction period.
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The Black Race in the U.S., 2002.
A look at how the "white race" viewed the "black race" over time in the United States.
1,895 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
It is the classic example of what came first, the chicken or the egg? Did racism promote slavery, or did slavery promote racism? This paper discusses how it can be seen that, prior to slavery, racist notions of Africans did not exist in the same context as they did after slavery. Europeans actually admired and revered Africans, seeing them as pious and royal. When slavery took form, slave owners needed to ?declare war? on their ?enemies,? thus creating racist conceptions of all Africans for their own security. It explains that theorists tried to explain these circumstances through biological classifications and observed behavior; all these ?theories? tended to be racist excuses. Jointly, institutional slavery and the following thought processes of Europeans contributed to the making and meaning of the ?black race? in the United States.
From the Paper
T"he making and meaning of the "African race" in the United States originated in the seventeenth century when the British Empire began importing slaves to its American and Caribbean island colonies. As the cash crop enterprises in these colonies expanded in the colonies, the demand for laborers also increased. Plantation owners justified the utilization of Africans as slaves to fulfill that labor demand; racism then took advantage of the uneven social structures, free ?whites? and enslaved ?blacks,? and thrived. Paralleling these historical events were the rise of pseudoscientific theories that developed primitive and uncorroborated hypotheses about race classification."
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Political Race Relations, 2007.
This paper compares antebellum race political issues in the US with
contemporary race political problems.
1,110 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that race political issues, between pre-Civil War times in the US and now, have become even more exacerbated and divisive and have left the country even more splintered, with one group pitted against another. The author points out that one key difference between then and now is that the antebellum racial discordance focused mainly on "black versus white"; whereas, today there are more minority groups. The paper relates that the roots of the many lingering challenges African-Americans face today can be traced not only to the original wording of the United States Constitution but also to early, strictly enforced laws against literacy for slaves and to historical disagreements among leading black educators themselves.
From the Paper
"In the 1850's, Justice Roger B. Taney of the United States Supreme Court, in his celebrated Dred Scott decision, argued that the foundation of the American state had not included the Negro as a participating element, or as beneficiary of its privileges . Justice Taney's argument was in essence overruled by the events of the Civil War itself; since then blacks have been considered, legally and morally at least, equal American citizens. However, educational equality for blacks, due in part, perhaps, to the subjective, often subtle, even unconscious nature of racial discrimination itself ..."
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The Social Construction of Race, 2005.
Argues that race is indeed a social construct, focusing on Ian Hacking's four premises.
2,450 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the history of race as a distinctly Western idea. Through this process, the writer shows how and when the concept of "race" was invented or socially constructed. It then emphasizes the point that race has no biological reality by focusing on genetics and human variation, among other factors that repudiate the notion that race is biologically real. Finally, it looks at how the concept of race is, indeed, as Hacking states, "quite bad as it is," and puts forth a new archetype, one that does away with the concept of race altogether and focuses on the uniqueness of individual human beings.
From the Paper
"What does it mean to say that race is "socially constructed"? In fact, what do we mean when we say that anything is socially constructed? Ian Hacking, after researching many books on social construction, stated that in order for something - he called it "X" - to be socially constructed, it must adhere to the following two premises: (0) In the present state of affairs, X is taken for granted; X appears to be inevitable. (1) X need not have existed, or need not be at all as it is. X, or X as it is at present, is not determined by the nature of things; it is not inevitable. Hacking goes on to state that these next two claims are also usually, though not always, implied by the use of the phrase "social construction": (2) X is quite bad as it is. (3) We would be much better off if X were done away with, or at least radically transformed."
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"Race, Crime and the Law", 2006.
This paper analyzes Randall Kennedy's book "Race, Crime and the Law," which presents an in-depth look at how issues of race link to crime and law enforcement.
2,728 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the views and opinions of author Randall Kennedy, a Harvard law professor, regarding the correlation between crime and race. This paper explores Kennedy's argument which states that the field of law enforcement in America is largely considered racist, especially by the African-American community. This paper analyzes the results of an investigation carried out by the author, which focuses on the issue of racial inequality in the justice system, which is largely overlooked. Kennedy's in-depth book details the numerous problems in the justice system, while also suggesting solutions. This paper delves into Kennedy's assertion that officials in law enforcement must be forced to respect the rules prohibiting racial misconduct, while also stating that police and prosecutors engaged in illegitimate racial practices must be deterred from continuing to do so. The writer of this paper also reviews the author's particular style of writing, which, in the case of this book, appeals mainly to a white audience.
From the Paper
"It must also be noted that Kennedy does not ignore serious issues of racial discrimination. However, he does frame them so the problems seem to be a result of a system or of the individuals in that system, rather than of society itself. A good example is seen where Kennedy describes abuse of power. Kennedy describes how police officers and judges can abuse their power and engage in racial misconduct. The abuse of power occurs because they are able to engage in this behavior unchecked. The emphasis is placed on controlling the behavior of those in power and maintaining standards. Kennedy argues that if standards and control are not maintained, then people can abuse their power without consequence of any action being taken. This creates a situation where complete control is lost, with this extending to problems greater than just racist behavior."
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Race Relations, 2006.
This paper discusses the social and political contexts of race in British North America, the early U.S., in French St. Dominique and Haiti.
1,312 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the social and political contexts of race. This paper discusses the impacts of race and racism on society and politics within multiple colonies including in British North America, the early Americas, in French Saint Dominique and Haiti. Specifically the paper analyzes and confirms how race stimulated and maintained a turbulent and disjointed political and social environment during early history and how race was used to define various groups' worth, rights and abilities in early history. The writer discusses that race played a vital role in the shaping of the social and political structure that still exists in many areas of the United States today.
Outline:
Introduction
Analysis of Race Relations Early History
Conclusions
From the Paper
"In the early United States those of European descent were primarily considered white or Caucasian, and anyone of there contrasting color whether black, brown, red or yellow were widely referred to as members of other races. During the time of colonization black generally came to refer to those of African ancestry and brown was often delegated to Hispanics; red clearly referred to native Americans while yellow referred primarily to those of Asian descent. Race played an important role from a social and political context in early U.S. history, where members of the Caucasian race or primarily of European descent were afforded more luxuries, benefits and acceptance than those of other races. Those not clearly of Caucasian descent even if lighter skinned were often relegated to a certain racial heritage even if mixed."
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