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"France and the Dreyfus Affair", 2002.
A historical analysis of "France and the Dreyfus Affair" by Michael Burns.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss the book by Michael Burns: "France and the Dreyfus Affair". There will be a reflection on the social, political, military, and literary events that took place at the time and their effects on French history. The Dreyfus Affair will be discussed and its content.
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Dreyfus Affair, 2001.
Examines event in terms of French anti-semitism & The Third Republic. The arrest, conviction & imprisonment of Captain Alfred Dreyfus; efforts to clear him.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 11 sources, $ 127.95
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From the Paper
"This research paper traces the course of the Dreyfus Affair in the French Third Republic between 1894 and 1906 and examines the cardinal role played by anti-Semitism in its origin and development. Captain Alfred Dreyfus (1859-1935), son of a wealthy Jewish-Alsatian textile millowner, and a member of the French Army's General Staff, was convicted in 1894 and again in 1899 of treason by military courts. He was originally given a life sentence. He was stripped of his rank and officially degraded. He served nearly five years' imprisonment on Devil's Island before he was pardoned by the President of the Republic in 1899. Even though the evidence against Dreyfus was insufficient to warrant his conviction, it took his family and other defenders (Dreyfusards) 12 years before France's highest..."
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The Dreyfus Affair, 2004.
An overview of the events leading to the conviction and later acquittal of Alfred Dreyfuss.
1,184 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the setting and political backdrop behind the 1886 arrest of French Jewish military officer Alfred Dreyfus for passing on documents to the German army. It examines how he was was arrested, not allowed to have contact with anyone outside the prison, pressured into a false confession, court-martialed behind closed doors, and convicted. It looks at the attempts to prove him innocent, including those of prominent journalist Emil Zola, and how he was eventually acquitted and returned from Devil's Island in 1896.
From the Paper
"Still determined to protect their reputation instead of promoting the truth, the military charged Zola with the very serious French crime of ?slandering the military.? (Editor, 1998) Zola was found guilty, and he was sentenced to a year in jail (Staff writers, 2004). He managed to escape to England and thus avoid going to jail, and continued his campaign from there to free Dreyfus (Editor, 1998). As the efforts of the military cover-up became more and more obvious, intellectuals around the world spoke out for Zola, who had previously criticized the French press for their anti-Semitism (Editor, 1998). At this point the Dreyfus affair had become completely politicized with Royalists, military and nationalist factions all taking one stand, with Republicans, socialists and anti-clerical groups on the other side (Staff writers, 2004)."
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Alfred Dreyfus, 2007.
An analysis of the facts of the Dreyfus Affair and the eventual release of Alfred Dreyfus from prison.
1,104 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the false accusations of treason against the French army captain, Alfred Dreyfus, and what later became known as the Dreyfus Affair. The paper describes the accusations made against Dreyfus in 1894 and discusses the "evidence" that was presented against him. The paper then goes on to describe the efforts of those who worked to secure his freedom and how the case was finally resolved in 1905.
From the Paper
"Emile Zola, the prolific French writer, who had been working for justice wrote a letter in Clemenceau's newspaper L'Aurore, accusing the senior army officials of wrongly convicting an innocent person. This letter and several other such attempts to prove army's guilt led to violent divisions in French social and political circles. There were those who opposed Dreyfus' release and saw the whole thing "as a German-backed Jewish and Socialist conspiracy to humiliate France" while his supporters "maintained that the Republic was threatened by conservative military aristocrats." (Cavendish, 1999)
Emile Zola and Oscar Wilde had both been instrumental in this fight for justice along with some other prominent figures. "Within two years of Oscar Wilde's death in November 1900, he was hailed in the English periodical To-Day as "one of the direct instruments in freeing Alfred Dreyfus." Readers were reminded that "now that poor Wilde is dead, one may easily forget the little side of his character, and rejoice that such a brilliant star, even after its fall, lighted the way towards a great act of justice"" (Maguire)"
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France, 2002.
An insight into France and its position in the international market.
1,435 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper considers how one of the oldest countries in Europe, France, has long been a key trading partner with other nations, particularly those in Western Europe and North America. It looks at how today, France is seen as one of the more important markets within the European Union and American companies considering expanding operations to France need to evaluate the political, demographic and business environment within France before making the commitment to market there. It shows how France is an attractive market for American companies because it is a country which does not have significant trade barriers, because its work force and consumers are highly educated and because its political system is stable.
From the Paper
"Although French unions are considered to be powerful, membership in unions has declined to approximately half of that in the United States. However, French law is much more rigorous about the relationship which exists between unions and employers than American law. For example, employee delegates to unions serve one-year terms in companies with more than 10 employees. These delegates can present individual or collective issues to the employer, and they can inform the government of any violations of labor law. Reorganization of the work week by management must also be discussed with the delegate. To some degree, this delegate is the French counterpart of the shop steward in American firms (Ellison, 1999, p. 4)."
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?France Against Herself?, 2002.
A review of the book "France against Herself: A Perceptive Study of France's Past, Her Politics, and Her Unending Crises" by Herbert Leuthy.
1,432 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the above book and assesses the arguments of the author on some of the issues then dominating French colonial policy. It looks at how the French colonial policy 1945-46 was irresponsible in that it made promises and raised expectations among colonial peoples that were impractical based on liberal ideologies rather than on real world facts. It analyzes how the French colonial policy in North Africa was totally unrealistic and impossible to hold on to and how with the barrier of religious belief, Arab Muslims could never become Frenchmen.
From the Paper
"Ultimately, what France wanted from her various colonies was that they simply become French in their thinking, their attitude, and their loyalties. "What France expected from 'greater France' was the production of Frenchmen; French citizens in the future, but here and now French soldiers" (Leuthy 216). Thus, the policy of 1945-46 did not address the possibilities of disenfranchisement of the colonies; rather it stated that these colonies would not desire or need disenfranchisement. However, this was both unrealistic and mistimed. After the Second World War, the policy of colonization was generally recognized as pass?, but the French could not seem to give up their dreams of united Frenchman located around the globe."
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Decentralisation in France, 2002.
An outline of the principal advantages of and obstacles to decentralisation in France.
3,282 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how France has remained far more centralised than many of its European neighbours and seeks to explain why this is so. It considers a number of factors including its highly divided social and political history and attitudes towards state power. It also explores the recent growth in decentralisation in France and attempts to reveal that while France has benefited from decentralisation in several areas, it has been unable to commit fully to the process due to a number of inherent obstacles which derive from a ?cultural and historical legacy? that has been responsible for France?s highly centralised nature.
From the Paper
"One of the key reasons behind France?s long history of centralisation is that of its highly divided political values. It is generally accepted that the more a society is divided the more likely it is to have a centralised government and vice versa. In a homogenous society with shared interests and values it can be assumed that it is safe to allow decentralisation, yet this has certainly not been the case in France (at least until the late 1960s) where the government and its opposition have been completely split throughout much of France?s history. Logically, it then follows that the French government would be less enthusiastic for decentralisation as it may have allowed for a loss of power to opposition parties."
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The Nazi Occupation of Poland and France, 2007.
This paper examines WWII and the differences in the way the Nazis treated their subjects after their invasions of Poland and France.
3,315 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper stresses that many of Germany's policies in both Poland and France during the occupation were similar as far as the Jewish population was concerned; however, the people of France clearly showed more willingness to cooperate with these policies than the Poles, despite the fact that Poland had a much larger Jewish population, in both numbers and per capita, than France. The author further points out that the Germans systematically destroyed the economy of Poland for the solitary purpose of helping the German war effort; whereas, the Germans gave many resources to the French economy to help reestablish it after the devastation from WWI. The paper relates that, in the sphere of government, France was given autonomy through the Vichy government, whereas the Poles, seen as nothing better than pack animals, barely more worthy of life than Jews, were given no such autonomy.
From the Paper
"One of the first actions of the German administration of Northern France was to try to make the region economically stable again. This was not done out of the goodness of the Nazis' hearts, but rather because France could become a valuable factory for war material and food. This area of France was also where the proposed invasion of Britain, "Operation Sealion", was to be launched. The iron, steel, and other natural resource industries were nationalized in order to give the Germans better control. In order to try to prevent wartime inflation and shortages, price controls were instituted."
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E-Commerce In France, 2002.
Addresses the issues in setting up an internet business site in France.
1,175 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
A recent survey showed that more than 4 million people in France are connected to the internet. The paper explains that this growing number suggests that France is a suitable market to establish an E-Commerce business. The paper discusses a business plan of establishing an internet presence to sell adventure tours in France to overseas clients.
From the Paper
"It is estimated in our plan that we will need an initial employee base of 12 (including sales technicians) and this is six more than would be needed in America to do the same job. The reason for the difference is the 35-hour workweek, a reality that is hard to achieve in the Internet field. One solution to this problem is to have our French partner handle the hiring and firing, since he will be more fluent with the language and more aware of the intent and the letter of the law. This is based on the fact that many laws and regulations can be bypassed if the right fees are paid in the most discrete ways."
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Fashion and France, 2004.
This paper discusses the country factors of France, which is considered the epicenter of the fashion industry.
1,130 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, despite today?s globalized fashion industry, individual country factors, including the relative stability of the country, its political organization, its administrative structure, and its legislative and judiciary systems, play a role in the health of the fashion industry within that nation. The author relates that the overall affect of the political organization of France has many of the stabilizing components similar to that of the United States, which are proven necessary for an individual nation's stability; therefore, the likelihood of France remaining stable governmentally in the next ten years is on par with the United States. The paper concludes that France is equally likely to continue to be a comfortable ?seat? for the fashion industry.
From the Paper
"A further distinction of the French judiciary is that it has two main branches that divide cases between administrative types (involving government), and the normal civil and criminal cases. As a further ?check and balance? measure, judges in the criminal, civil, and administrative courts cannot be removed from their positions without ?cause? by the executive or legislative branches of government. Further, like the United States system, the French judiciary refers all appellate cases through a system of higher courts, all the way up to the ?supreme court-like? Council of State (founded by Napoleon Bonaparte), which further oversees the legality of governmental decisions."
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France and England in the Middle Ages, 2002.
A discussion of why England achieved centralized power in the Middle Ages and why France became more powerful than England in the 13th century.
1,362 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how both France and England vied to become the most powerful monarchies in Europe and how throughout the 13th and 14th century, wars for land and supremacy were fought until each became a power in its own right. It focuses on the questions of how England achieved centralized power much faster than France, due to the political and territorial layout of the country and how France become more powerful than England in the 13th century due to the leadership of Louis the IX and other events culminating in the signing of the Magna Carta in 1215 which forced the English king to relinquish much of his power.
From the Paper
"The King of France was only able to achieve centralized leadership through territorial sovereignty through inheritance, marriage and finally war. This was not an easy task because there was a great deal of loyalty within the cities and they supported their local jurisdictions. The problem was finally resolved when the Crown allowed regional powers to maintain some of their local customs and laws but was governed by a selected official of the Crown.
But France had to struggle with the clergy and issues that would affect them as well as the constituency. They never quite achieved the level of support for royal initiatives from the church that was needed to perpetuate the Crown as a central authority."
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Decline of France?, 2004.
This paper is a literature review seeking an answer to the question: Has France declined?
2,595 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that, in the areas of the arts and politics, France surely was an able leader; but today, unemployment is at 10 percent and rising, the national debt has doubled in eight years, and the country has fallen to tenth position in the European Union for income per capita. The author points out three main arguments on the causes of the decline of France: the chaotic history up to the end of decolonization; the domestic confusion caused by lost opportunities and mistaken choices since 1970; and the months after French President Jacques Chirac's re-election in May 2002 with 82 per cent of the vote, followed by some of the worst economic statistics since the war. The paper concludes that France, like every other country, has its good and bad points, successes and failures; other Western nations, including Britain and the United States, need to do some internal cleaning as well.
From the Paper
"Further, in a Time magazine article ?From Decline to Renewal? Stanley Hoffman quotes what he considers a still-relevant quote by President Charles De Gaulle. He invoked "old France, overburdened by history, bruised by wars and revolutions, moving endlessly from grandeur to decline and back, but regenerated, century after century, by the genius for renewal." The article then notes that France, which was so devastated by World War II occupation, has to be commended on its reconstruction, industrial revolution along with the modernization of the country?s agriculture."
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Television Media in France, 2006.
This paper explores television media in France and how it has changed over time.
1,817 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the development of the television media in France and examines the ownership of the television channels, including the role of the government in controlling the television media. The paper looks at the program content, such as the different genres of shows featured on television including which are most popular and offers examples of specific television shows and their ratings. The writer illustrates this and notes how the phenomenal rise distinctly reflects the mushrooming of available channels. The paper also provides a brief comparison of the similarity between the television content in France and America.
Contents:
Development of the Television Media in France
Ownership
The role of the Government in Controlling the Television Media
The Program Content...
Examples of Specific Television Shows and Their Ratings
Recent Developments in the Television Media...
A Brief Comparison...
From the Paper
"Ever since the dawn of television since the initial part of 1970, broadcasting in France was controlled by a public service culture and an administrative philosophy. Under the strict administration of the Minister of Information, and subsequently of Culture and sometimes of Communication, broadcasting was managed by a single functionary, the Office of French Radio and Television -- ORTF. Till 1968, the body was fully funded by license fees and enjoyed the status of a unique triple monopoly on signal transmission, programming content and production. Commercial broadcasting was disallowed on the justification that it would result in mediocre programming or disparities among viewers. This initial phase of broadcasting was marked by extremely high authoritarian broadcasting and television was considered as a tool for promotion of culture and education and was not believed to fulfill the preferences of the majority. Accountability was absent and little audience research. Government used the medium to justify its political moves and controlled news content. President Georges Pompidou declared in 1970 that the television was the voice of people of France at home and overseas implying that television was supposed to symbolize the opinion of the legitimate Government and the cultural resources of the French nation."
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Seventeenth Century France, 2004.
An analysis of the stability of France on the death of Henry IV in 1610.
2,084 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the social, political, religious and economic state of France in 1610, on the eve of Henry IV's assassination. Particular emphasis is given to the religious situation in context to the Religious Wars of the previous century. The foundations on which Henry IV rose to power is also assessed. It also looks at the role and nature of Marie de Medici, the strength and influence of the aristocracy and the Charlotte de Montmorency affair and the decline of Spain.
From the Paper
"The first decade of seventeenth century France represents a period of relative tranquillity amidst a country exhausted by prolonged civil war and plagued by the perennial problems of aristocratic disloyalty, monarchical over-expenditure and the ever-present threat of Habsburg imperialism. By 1610 Henri IV?s France had reached a state of comparative stability unseen since the mid-sixteenth century yet his death in the same year and the subsequent re-opening of religious, political and social chasms in French society suggest it was not, even during Henri?s reign, so much a ?stable? country in the sense we have come to recognise, rather one of simmering, still-unsolved intrinsic problems, made temporarily dormant by the ??considerable magnetism and personal charms of the monarch?? ."
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France, 2002.
A history of France from 1975.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper describes Jacques as a strong leader of France and analyzes from his point of view the history of France.
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