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The Fourth Figure of Logic, 2002.
Explores the significance of the fourth figure of logic and examines Aristotle's intentional exclusion of the fourth figure.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the significance of the fourth figure in respect to its application within logic and logic theory, where the fourth figure is typically ignored because of its inherent confusion due to a general lack of clarity in formulation. A discussion of Aristotle's intentional exclusion of this fourth figure in the study of logic is examined in addition to the general discussion, where this paper shall argue that Aristotle disliked the use of the fourth figure because it was less clear than the other three major forms.
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The Necessity for Paraconsistency in Deontic Logic, 2003.
A short critique of the current form of Deontic Logic, focusing on the work of Ernst Mally, followed by an argument for the integration of some central aspects of Paraconsistent Logic to the already existing systems of Deontic Logic.
1,090 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly introduces the reader to the history and current state of Deontic Logic, a formal system that attempts to formalize moral judgment by exploiting the apparent similarity between the modal operators of alethic logic, necessity and possibility and two basic concepts of morality, obligation and permissibility. The paper lays out the basic structure of Deontic Logic and critiques it through examples that show that certain conclusions reached by applications of the logic are contradictory. It then shows that integration of paraconsistency into the logic will lessen the currently catastrophic effect of these contradictions.
From the Paper
"Most non-classical logics, supplemental or rival, have been proposed as improvements on classical logic, or are based on systems which were created to this end. Even those which claim completely different universes of discourse than classical logic, such as the epistemic, deontic, or tense systems, are generally founded on principles of a system which is in some way rival (in the informal sense) to classical logic (in their case, alethic modal logic). But, rarely, a proposed system (and its manner of departure from classical logic) seems more intuitively applicable as a correction to another proposed non-classical system than to classical logic itself. Such is the situation present in the relationship between Deontic logic, the system of formalized ethical judgement, and Paraconsistent logic, the system of turbulent belief-sets."
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Logic and Meaning for a Missionary, 2006.
An analysis of the applications of logic and meaning in the course of a missionary's work.
2,500 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of a missionary employing logic and meaning. The paper begins by defining meaning and logic. It then looks specifically at inductive and deductive logic and Eastern and Western logic. The paper discusses how each of these can be applied to daily life and how they should be employed by a missionary in the course of his work.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Meaning
Deductive Logic
Inductive Logic
Western Logic
Eastern Logic
Life Application
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Inductive preaching is the reverse of deductive preaching. With this method, the preacher moves from context to text. They lead into the truth after interacting with the people. It is most effective with people towards the middle of the Engel Scale - those all the way at the negative end don't respond well to this, but those heading towards salvation and shortly after it seem to benefit most from these sorts of sermons. Done properly, it should expose the text of the Bible in the world of the listeners. Windsor compares it to watching a Polaroid develop. It generally feels less like a sermon. A Biblical example of this can be found in Acts 17 (Paul at Athens)."
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Logical Framework, 2007.
A research paper on logical framework, the method of framing the growth of national and global plans.
3,403 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
The paper explores whether the use of logical framework during the project cycle in developing countries is because of its intrinsic value or merely because it is a donor requirement. Concerned with the importance, exploitation and launch of the concept of logical framework analysis (LFA), the paper highlights some of the important structural features involved in framing an efficient LFA. The paper discusses some of the essential conditions needed by the LFA and their employees in connection with the project planning matrix. Finally, the paper shows the value and important uses of the logical framework.
Outline:
Objectives
Background of Logical Framework
Stages in Logical Framework
Situation Analysis
Strategy Analysis
Project Planning Matrix (PPM)
Implementation
Problems in the Development of LF
Benefits of Utilizing Logical Framework System
Problems With the Logical Framework System
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Logical Framework (LF) was first established by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to act as a helping tool in the creating, structuring, development and administration of its solitary or joint national/global ventures (Coleman, 1987, p. 251). Its importance lies in its ability to chain and categorize a variety of logical methods and circumstances that could be a result of any plan before its initiation. Due to his efficient feature, LF has been used regularly by organizations all over in tailored outlines (Pfenning and Schurmann, 1999)."
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Logical Fallacies in the Media, 2006.
An understanding of logical fallacies by finding four logical fallacies of two types in the media.
810 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper demonstrates techniques that exist in the media that present facts and events that cause those viewing or listening to the media to respond in predictable ways. The paper reports how these 'logical fallacies' are very effective techniques for drawing forth the desired response from news media observers.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
I. Argumentum Ad Populum
II. Argumentum Ad Misericordiam
III. The Anonymous Authority
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Argumentum Ad Populum refers to that which is a commonly held belief. One example of this is the supposed fact, as touted by news media and the present Washington Administration that the country of Iraq had 'weapons of mass destruction' which where a threat to the national security and safety of the United States. In fact an entire war was based on these 'weapons of mass destruction' which have been found to most definitely 'not' exist. This use of the technique of 'Argumentum Ad Populum' has been used in the past by the government but not to this great extent or to the cost in terms of lives that these logical fallacies perpetrated. "
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Logical Fallacies, 2005.
A look at how logical fallacies confront people in all aspects of life and the harm they can do do our decision-making process.
774 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper describes how logical fallacies can affect us in academic and scientific research and even in the decisions we make in everyday life. The paper points out that a very valuable skill in making decisions is the ability to identify logical fallacies and to apply tools that help you identify them. Moreover, the paper describes some types of logical fallacies and some of the tools for identifying them, as well.
From the Paper
"There is little question that logical or analytical fallacies can (and have) plagued data analysts in all major fields of knowledge from the beginning of recorded time. Not only can these fallacies of reason cause immense harm due to their capacity to mislead, but they can also ruin an otherwise sound argument or conclusion. For this reason, it is important to utilize varied ?tools? designed to prevent or detect fallacies."
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"The Fourth Crusade", 2004.
A review of "The Fourth Crusade" by Donald Queller and Thomas F. Madden.
1,301 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how "The Fourth Crusade" by Donald Queller and Thomas F. Madden is valuable in its reasoned, articulate description of a confusing and tumultuous time in human history. It looks at how the authors follow the entire period from Pope Innocent III's initial call for a holy war in 1198 to the sacking of Constantinople in 1204. Queller and Madden outline how crucial overestimating the number of crusaders was in the misdirection of the Fourth Crusade. It shows how the book is clearly written, organized, well-researched and, ultimately, valuable in providing an in-depth understanding of the complexities and realities of the often confusing events of the Fourth Crusade.
From the Paper
"Queller and Madden's book covers the periods before, during and after the Fourth Crusade, and is valuable as a thorough description of the events of the Fourth Crusade. The Fourth Crusade, which took place from 1202-1204, was originally intended to conquer Egypt, but ultimately resulted in the conquering of Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire in 1204. The book's analysis of the crusades begins with an analysis of Pope Innocent III's 1198 elevation to the papacy. Queller and Madden note the pope, "acutely conscious of his responsibility as the head of Christendom, intended to reassume papal leadership of the holy war," (1) and proclaimed a new crusade in the same year."
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Logical Fallacies in Business Reporting, 2004.
Discusses three types of logical fallacies in business reporting from a critical thinking perspective.
1,383 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
Although the reporting of facts and figures is often thought of as an objective science, quite frequently even business reporting is characterized by logical fallacies, including but not limited to, appeals to ignorance, hasty generalizations, and ad hominem attacks. This paper argues that these logical fallacies are particularly common and pernicious in business reporting because of the frequently technically complex nature of the subject matter in regards to facts and figures, combined with the emotional texture of business reporting that involves the fabric and texture of individual lives. The paper shows that reporters wish to attract attention and render complexities comprehensible, but frequently fall into logically fallacious traps to accomplish these objectives. The paper provides examples from business reports to elaborate on the ideas.
From the Paper
"This is particularly important to remember when reading the business section about distasteful individuals, because it is tempting to assume, when hearing about past dirty dealings, to either discount all of the information brought up by the person, because of the past character of the potential economic criminal, or to assume that he or she knew everything about the dark corporate dealings at the company. Even the lack of evidence is made to sound dark in the above-cited article?s rhetoric: ?Considering that he was the driving force behind Enron's growth, the micromanaging former CEO did an amazing job of distancing himself from its decline. He stopped selling stock four months before Enron collapsed?and left the company entirely two months beforehand. He rarely used e-mail. His signature is conspicuously, and uncharacteristically, absent from the approval sheets for some of Fastow's most controversial deals.? (?Who Will Fastow implicate?? January 19, 2004, Business Week Online retrieved on January 19, 2004 at http://www.aol.businessweek.com/bwdaily/index.html#top) The ad hominem attack is generally used as a kind of intellectual shorthand, equating man with message, rather than trying to understand the business at hand."
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Logic and Perception, 2005.
A look at the nature of logic and perception and the relationship between them.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the nature of logic and perception, and the relationship between logic, critical thinking, and perception. It looks at principles of logical reasoning, perceptual inference, rationality, and perceptual blocks.
From the Paper
"Science is based on logic, yet it is also based on perception and observations. Logic is often seen as a form of deception - a way to trick the mind into believing something without proof, whereas observations appear to be more reliable because people tend to agree that seeing is believing. However, perception is a preliminary acquisition of data without testing or evaluation applied, whereas logic is the application of reason and critical thinking to the observation. Logic is the test of accuracy and is therefore the..."
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The Fourth Amendment, 2002.
An analysis of the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and its implications on the police work place.
1,338 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the ramifications of the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution on police work. Specifically, it contains an analysis of how the Fourth Amendment helps and hinders police in their daily jobs. A concise description of the Fourth Amendment is provided, explaining its purpose to protect the citizens of the United States from unlawful search and seizure, and to grant them certain privacy rights.
From the Paper
"The Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution protects the citizens of the United States from unlawful search and seizure, and grants them certain privacy rights. These rights have been in place since the Constitution was written in 1787, and have gone through many decades of debate and refining in the American court system. What remains crystal clear about the Fourth Amendment as it relates to the day-to-day business of the police officer is the duty of the officer making an arrest or seizure to know and put into practice the Fourth Amendment rights of an individual before the arrest. The officer must make sure the case is not challenged later, and a guilty person goes free on a rights technicality. This is often one of the most difficult aspects of an officer's duty, because of technicalities of the law."
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Logic, Critical Thinking and the Specter of Perception, 2005.
A look at the importance of logic to the critical thinking process.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how logic is, quite simply, one of the most important elements of the critical thinking process and how it is the opposite extreme from empiricism and permits the agile mind to balance the often-irrational beliefs created through empirical observation with more intellectual rigor. It looks at how logic becomes a lens through which we can filter the sometimes irrational and contradictory beliefs that our perceptions generate and which our brains entrench and how logic has the great potential to temper the passions of perception in the mind.
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The Fourth Amendment, 2002.
A study of the fourth amendment of the United States Constitution, which defends individuals' right to privacy and its potential conflict with law enforcement practices.
1,145 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 0 sources, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the potential conflict with law enforcement practices with the fourth amendment of the Constitution, which provides the right to privacy. The paper illustrates this through the example of numerous court cases throughout the country. It provides circumstances that the fourth amendment is utilized by criminals in defending themselves in court when the practice of searches and seizure by the police are without a lawful search warrant.
From the Paper
"The Fourth Amendment of the Constitution is designed to protect the right of the people to live in privacy. As such, it concerns itself with security against illegal or unjustified searches and seizures, as well as the inappropriate levying of warrants. However, the potential conflict that this amendment commonly incites against law enforcement practices causes much debate over specific application of its provision. "
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Justifying Beliefs by Logical Implication, 2002.
A description of the need for logical implication between a justification and a belief within a justified-true-belief theory of knowledge.
3,530 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
An argument that for a justified true belief theory of knowledge to work, the justification component must be such that an acceptable justification logically implies the truth of the content of the belief. The paper first shows how weaker views of justification will always be susceptible to counterexamples like Gettier's and Feldman's. The paper then shows how the notion of justification defined above makes it impossible to have counterexamples and then make a case for why the strong view is appropriate, even given that it probably leads to skepticism. The nature of justification within a viable theory of knowledge needs to have the strength of logical implication, and as such may have to lead to skeptical considerations.
From the Paper
"The characterization of knowledge as justified true belief is a very powerful concept, and despite the assorted difficulties that arise in definitions that equate knowledge with justified true belief, such definitions still seem the most intuitively plausible starting points for a theory of knowledge. It is fairly obvious that one cannot know that p if one does not believe that p, and it is equally indisputable that p has to be true for one to be able to know it. It is that whole "justified" bit that is the tricky part and that tends to mess things up for justified true belief (JTB) theories of knowledge. In this paper I hope to offer a characterization of justification within the framework of a JTB theory of knowledge that leads to a cohesive theory of what is required for one to have knowledge, one that is not subject to the loopholes and weaknesses that lead other JTB theories to incorrectly admit certain beliefs as knowledge. Specifically, I will claim that for one's belief that p to constitute knowledge that p, one's justification j for believing that p must be such that (i) j logically implies p, and (ii) every statement within the justification is true. I will argue that such a strong notion of justification is needed for a JTB theory to avoid being susceptible to counterexamples like those offered in Edmund Gettier's famous paper and elsewhere. Further, I will contend that for a JTB theory to work, the concept of justification must be such that in considerations of "justified beliefs," "justified" works, in the words of Peter Unger, as an absolute term. I will then use this later point to allay concerns, which are certainly valid, that the strong notion of justification I am presenting in this paper directly leads to skepticism."
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Donald Queller's "The Fourth Crusade", 2000.
This paper analyzes Donald Queller's "The Fourth Crusade" as a viable historical source.
1,195 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper compares Donald Queller's "The Fourth Crusade" to other contemporary books regarding the Fourth Crusade and contrasts between them.
From the Paper
"In The Fourth Crusade, Donald E. Queller describes both the political and financial motives that led to the fourth crusade to Constantinople. Through heavy use of primary sources, the entire journey is told in a story-like fashion. Unfortunately, this story is not one without opinions. The Fourth Crusade is filled with Queller's personal opinions about both the historical event and contemporary historians. While these can sometimes be distracting, they neither take away from the significance of this study nor alter the historical facts. Queller's work, by all means, is one of the better historical studies of the events leading up to the sacking of Constantinople."
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