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?Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television?, 2002.
This paper discusses the basic theme of Jerry Mander?s book, ?Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television?, that whoever controls the media, controls the public.
600 words (approx. 2.4 pages), 1 source, $ 21.95
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Abstract
This author states that the media, however good intentioned, is not always as responsible as it could be. The paper states that the public is easily persuaded and that the media has desensitized the public. The author believes that the problem with the media is that is more than a means of communication; it is a business that gets its revenues from advertising and needs to turn a profit.
From the Paper
"Advertisers are only going to advertise through the media if people see it. The media has to have something the people want. Think of the media -- let?s use a newspaper -- as a clothing store for a moment. If the window display in the store shows clothes that are not your style or your size, you are not going to enter the store. The paper is the same way. If nothing on the front page grabs your attention, you are less likely to pick up the paper. If you do not pick up the paper and look inside, you will never see those ads."
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American Television in the 1980s, 2004.
This paper discusses the problems of American television in the 1980s, television's cultural history, the postmodern television consumer culture as explored in DeLillo?s ?White Noise? and Wallace?s ?Girl with Curious Hair", and television sports.
2,630 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the decade of the 1980s is seen as the explosion of television culture in terms of the proliferation of networks and the availability of programming through the cable. The author points out that Wallace and DeLillo are both concerned with postmodern characters that are absent internal selves, or rather, characters that seem to be informed of behavior primarily through the use of television. The author believes that sports on television now seems to be as dysfunctional as the nuclear family: a series of different schedules with a lot of hype, dreams or delusions of grandeur, with no meaningful connection to the simple love of the game.
Table of Contents
Cultural History of American Television
The Postmodern Television Consumer Culture: ?White Noise? and ?Girl with Curious Hair?
Television?s Impact on Sports
From the Paper
"The FCC continued to be the regulating body that determined what would be permissible for the American public to view. However, the Reagan administration that preached supply-side economics, believed that deregulation was the best method of growing the economy given the many slow-downs that dominated the 1970?s. ?For FCC chairman (Reagan appointee) [Mark] Fowler, the only kind of regulation that was legitimate came from the market itself, and he made this clear to gleeful industry executives from his earliest days in office? (Steyer 137). Fowler also acknowledged that such regulation should be at the hands of media and broadcasting executives because they had first hand knowledge of what Americans really wanted to see. Ironically, it seemed that the Reagan administration passively promoted a liberal media that looked for alternative methods of programming even though the business executives would assess its effectiveness and its decency."
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Television Commercials, 2005.
A look at how television advertisements affect viewers.
1,413 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the author describes her own responses to television commercials as well as how the population, in general, is affected by the advertisements they see on TV. The author concludes that, while it would not be feasible to eliminate television commercials altogether, it is hoped that viewers will become more aware of how they are being manipulated by advertisements.
From the Paper
"Although the Internet is the top choice of electronic media for young adults 18 to 24, this age group continues to watch significant amounts of television each week. On an average, these individuals will view between two to five hours of TV a day for entertainment and relaxation. Television advertising thus remains a top priority for marketing purposes, and companies continue to rely considerably on this medium to get across their messages (Carparelli, 2004). Audience ad recognition remains at a high 70 percent, and viewers actually like commercials more--especially those that appeal to feelings, use music in a central role, are humorous and tell a story (MTV-3). It is expected that most students in the United States see about 360,000 commercials by the time they graduate high school (Tamburro, 2004)."
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The History of Television, 2003.
Looks at the history of the television from its inception in 1872 to the digital television of today.
2,201 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the main stages of the invention and development of the television set. It looks at how the birth of television was the result of several inventions from several different men and started back around 1872 during what is called the "Mechanical TV Era" when the first series of images were viewed in one continuous string using a stroboscopic disc. It follows its development through the world's first public demonstration of a mechanical television apparatus in 1926 and the advent of color television in the 1950's to the digital television of today and its convergence with computers.
From the Paper
"In 1963 Instant replay is invented and introduced into televised sports, adding a new dimension when it's featured in a telecast of an Army-Navy football game. In 1964, it becomes a standard technique and goes on to become controversial in the NFL. FCC issues its first cable regulation: Operators are required to black out programming that comes in from distant markets and duplicates a local market station's own programming, if the local station demands it. There are about 1 million homes wired for cable in the U.S. at the time. In 1965 Color TV becomes an every day appearance as NBC leads the way and begins to use the phrase ?The Full Color Network" By the end of the year, 96% of NBC shows are broadcast in color, along with all major programs, sports events, and specials. In 1968 TV manufacturers turn out 11.4 million new TV sets, up from 5.7 million TV sets that were made in 1960. "
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Television Media in France, 2006.
This paper explores television media in France and how it has changed over time.
1,817 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the development of the television media in France and examines the ownership of the television channels, including the role of the government in controlling the television media. The paper looks at the program content, such as the different genres of shows featured on television including which are most popular and offers examples of specific television shows and their ratings. The writer illustrates this and notes how the phenomenal rise distinctly reflects the mushrooming of available channels. The paper also provides a brief comparison of the similarity between the television content in France and America.
Contents:
Development of the Television Media in France
Ownership
The role of the Government in Controlling the Television Media
The Program Content...
Examples of Specific Television Shows and Their Ratings
Recent Developments in the Television Media...
A Brief Comparison...
From the Paper
"Ever since the dawn of television since the initial part of 1970, broadcasting in France was controlled by a public service culture and an administrative philosophy. Under the strict administration of the Minister of Information, and subsequently of Culture and sometimes of Communication, broadcasting was managed by a single functionary, the Office of French Radio and Television -- ORTF. Till 1968, the body was fully funded by license fees and enjoyed the status of a unique triple monopoly on signal transmission, programming content and production. Commercial broadcasting was disallowed on the justification that it would result in mediocre programming or disparities among viewers. This initial phase of broadcasting was marked by extremely high authoritarian broadcasting and television was considered as a tool for promotion of culture and education and was not believed to fulfill the preferences of the majority. Accountability was absent and little audience research. Government used the medium to justify its political moves and controlled news content. President Georges Pompidou declared in 1970 that the television was the voice of people of France at home and overseas implying that television was supposed to symbolize the opinion of the legitimate Government and the cultural resources of the French nation."
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African-American Movie and Television Images, 2002.
This paper explores the image of African-Americans in movies and television and their impact on socialization.
3,145 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an extensive chronology of the manner in which African-American have been presented in movies and on television. This paper states that despite the attempt to portray American culture accurately, the media lags behind in regards to the changes in morality and values held by the American people, especially in the portrayal of minorities. The author feels that because television is an intense carrier of socialization, there needs to be much more research to assess the impact of these images on the psyche of black youth.
Table of Contents
Background Information on U.S. Media and Television
The American Audience
Four Functions of Media
The Image of African-Americans on Television
Roots of the Distorted Images of African-Americans
The Birth of Television Images
Life on Television Study
The Neilson Rating System
Televisions Impact on Socialization
Socialization and Comprehension in Childhood
Studies with Children and Television
From the Paper
"The Anglo-Saxon beliefs, which were brought to this country, showed the beginning of racial prejudice in this country. White was seen as pure, clean, good, reflecting the spiritual light; and black was seen as impurity, filth, evil and spiritual darkness. Those people who were prosperous and self-sufficient were the spiritual elect, and those who were enslaved were seen as damned. These beliefs carried on in the South, with the mythology of the happy slaves who were content to serve the master as the ultimate fulfillment of their lives. This became one of the many justifications for slavery and exploitation of blacks. During the Reconstruction period, images of a lazy, slow-witted blacks with loose morals and fondness for alcohol were used to reinforce institutionalized and social racism."
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Fox Television Network, 2006.
The impact that the Fox Television Network has had on broadcast television.
2,370 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Fox Television Network and compares it to the three major networks in broadcast television, ABC, CBS and NBC. This network has produced a number of shows that have made television history. The paper looks at the history behind the formation of the network in 1986 by Rupert Murdoch, whose intention was to form an independent television network to compete with the three major networks, and the story behind its success. The paper also discusses Rupert Murdoch's background and his media company, Fox Corporation. Criticisms of Fox News Network and the Fox News Channel are also mentioned. The paper concludes that the network has a reach almost as great as the other three networks in terms of the amount of the country served and is certainly ahead of the smaller networks.
From the Paper
" The Fox Television Network is often simply referred to as Fox, and the company and related companies are owned by the Fox Entertainment Group as part of Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation. The network was launched in 1986 and has produced and shown a number of series since that time. The network took a long time to achieve sufficient standing to be considered a threat to the three major networks, meaning ABC, CBS, and NBC. Since the launch of Fox, two other national broadcast networks have been launched, UPN and the WB, or Warner Bros. Network. These companies are competing for audience and advertisers at the same time as broadcast television is losing audience to cable and other media, and many are uncertain of how long broadcast television will continue in its present form or what form it might take in the future."
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Television, 2002.
This paper discusses the effects of television on society.
1,850 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the effects of television on society. This paper examines how television affects people?s perceptions of gender and racial inequity. The author explores how the same medium that limits our perceptions of gender and race can also provide a platform to challenge these stereotypes, looking at whether television has helped to create and perpetuate perceptions of gender and race.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Thesis Statement
Television and Perceptions of Gender
How Children form Ideas about Gender
Perpetuating Gender Myths through Entertainment Programming
Gender Portrayals on Prime Time News
Racial Stereotypes on Television
Television Shaping the Perception of Black People
Television Stereotyping Asian-Americans as the Model Minority
Television's Role in Colonial Domination of American Indians.
Conclusion and Change
Bibliography
From the Paper
"According to data from the Nielsen Media Research, children aged 16 and younger have, on average, spent more time watching television than going to school. Preschoolers spend an average of nearly 30 hours a week watching television. Communications scholar Susan Witt suggests that children spend more time watching television than they spend on anything else except sleeping (Witt). Given that figure, it should be no surprise that most children will form their first durable ideas about gender roles based on images from television."
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Digital Television and the Law, 2004.
An analysis of digital television and a comparison of digital and analog television.
3,714 words (approx. 14.9 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses digital television, comparing it to analog television. The paper presents an explanation and assessment of the current laws and mandates regarding digital television in America and in the United Kingdom. The paper explores the technology involved and provides examples of several cable companies that offer digital television.
From the Paper
"Though some providers of digital television like Sky claim that weather conditions do not affect the clarity of images on digital television, this fact has been demonstrated as not being true. Weather does affect digital images and there is a certain amount of corruption present. In fact, though the images are better than those of analogous television, the limitations of the compression technology that is used for digital television is apparent in the manner in which ?digital artifacts? or ?after images? as they are better known occur on the television when the picture changes much too fast, or even when other channels are fighting for the same bandwidth at the same time. Digital television must not be confused with ?high definition? television; in fact digital television occupies the same number of lines of 625, as the analogous television."
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Satellite Television, 2002.
This paper discusses on the use of satellite television and how the manufacturers and companies of satellite television plan to make it more common in the everyday home
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper should look at both pros and cons of satellite TV. The television signals transmitted by a satellite are quite different from the television or radio signals that are broadcast over the air. Satellite TV is transmitted by microwaves. Microwaves don't behave like the lower frequency radio waves of off-air television or radio, which can bounce off obstructions, clouds, and the ground. Microwaves are strictly line of sight. In order for a satellite dish to receive a signal, there can be no obstruction between the transmitting satellite and the receiving satellite dish.
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Television and Children, 2007.
This paper explores the effects television has on children's behavior.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the way in which television affects children's behavior and causes problematic relationships with adults, including parents and teachers. The paper presents research that demonstrates how television has a negative effect because children imitate the violent and aggressive behaviors that they view on television. The paper then also considers research that shows how certain television programming has a positive effect on children.
Outline:
Introduction
Research
Negative Effects of Television
Positive Effects of Television
Monitoring Children's Television Viewing Habits
Conclusion
From the Paper
"How does television affect children? Research states that the average child watches television at least 2 hours per week and most of this viewing is of a violent or sexual nature. During the time the child watches television there is at least one violent act shown every 6 minutes and on Saturday mornings there are 20 to 25 violent acts shown every hour on prime time television, especially in cartoons or in animated programs. So no matter whether a child is watching cartoons or a movie, it is damaging their sense of imagination and creativity and it affects their behavior. (Hottecker, 2002: 67)"
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Television and Politics, 2006.
A discussion of how television has changed politics.
1,994 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the impact that television has on American society, and especially in the field of politics. This includes how television is used as a means to celebrate America's positive qualities, such as in the aftermath of World War II. The paper explains how television has influenced politics in America, with examples such as the famous debate between Richard M. Nixon and John Fitzgerald Kennedy in the 1950s. It also mentions how television has a direct effect on women's perceptions of themselves and of what they desire in a politician. The paper further discusses the rise in acceptance of Freudian psychoanalysis and the "dumbing" down of knowledge received through the television. It concludes that television has led to the start of the erosion of political intelligence in the American public.
Introduction
Truth in Broadcasting
Coming to You 'Live' from the Universe
Freud and the American Political Animal
Lifting Up or Dumbing Down?
Women and Broadcasting
Changing a Way of Life
Works Cited
From the Paper
" Until the advent of commercial television in the United States in the early 1950s, political campaigns in this country depended on newspapers, magazines and radio shows to reach the American people, and town hall meetings were still used as well, arguably for more than the 'photo ops' they provide to TV news crews these days. Anyone who was treated to the 'dueling banjos' of the last presidential campaign, in which the 'fight songs' of Bush and Kerry were played in endless counterpoint on every TV station in the nation, must wonder how much TV had changed politics, making the entire event into a media circus rather than what it once is rumored to have been, an exchange of ideas about how best to continue the great experiment that is American democracy."
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Television and Sexual Orientation, 2008.
This paper discusses how race, sexual orientation, social class, gender and class are portrayed on television.
1,417 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that television is arguably our most pervasive mass medium, and reaches millions of viewers, often for many hours per day. As such, it is reasonable to expect that it may play a substantial role in forming and moulding public opinion. This essay examines how race, sexual orientation, social class, gender and class are portrayed on television, with specific reference to four very popular television series: 'Buffy the Vampire Slayer'; 'Ellen'; 'Frasier' and 'Friends'. It is argued that the relationship between television and the masses is becoming increasingly interactive, with the latter increasingly impacting the former, and both exerting a moulding action upon one another.
From the Paper
"First, it must be conceded that there is abundant evidence of television moulding our current society, conveying a view of the world that reinforces the current status quo. Take for example the enormously popular television series Friends. This series features four fabulously shallow, attractive, white, heterosexual, gender-role-conforming, slim, reasonably affluent, utterly self-centred thirty-somethings living in a US city. These characters surely represent the current patriarchal North American status quo. None of them transgresses any societal norms, and all devote themselves with indefatigable vigour to the most important social virtue of our time - consumption. Indeed, much of the action takes place in a coffee shop, where the characters simply spend their time spending money and being amusing. This is reminiscent of the television series Frasier, where the characters also appear to have a bottomless capacity for expensive coffee (as well as fine wine and good food)."
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How Family Is Reflected through Television, 2002.
Presents arguments in support of the contention that television is a reflection of society and not the other way around.
1,297 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper compares television family sitcoms of the past to the family sitcoms of the present and suggests that their changing nature is an indication that television is just reflecting the changes in society and not, as critics argue, that society is a reflection of television shows. It argues that, were television programs truly driving societal behavior, the sitcoms would not have changed so drastically, since the male-dominated television industry would have had an interest in maintaining the more flattering male image of television men from the past.
From the Paper
"Leave it to Beaver is the epitome of a white, middle class suburban family with an authoritarian male role model. Ward Cleaver clearly wore the pants in the family as the sole bread earner. Throughout the series, Ward?s job is never discussed and he is never shown in the work setting, but the image is that he has a respected professional position that affords the family a very comfortable standard of living. Some theorize that the neglect to mention Ward?s work symbolizes the mystification and exclusionary nature of the working male at the time. June, Ward?s mate, is a submissive house wife who manages to always look beautiful even while maintaining an immaculate house."
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Television's Effects on Children, 2004.
A look at how television viewing affects children and, in particular, how viewing violence on television affects children.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the effects of television violence on children from the perspective of their cognitive and social development. The paper explains these two perspectives as well as arguments that contend that TV has minimal influence on young viewers and then points out that this point of view is generally countered by statistical information such as that found by Leonard Eron, Ph.D., whose studies have shown that children who watched many hours of TV violence when they were in elementary school tended to also show a higher level of aggressive behavior when they became teenagers.
From the Paper
"As stated, many scholars and scientists posit the existence of a cognitive window in young children in which they are able to integrate new behavior through experience as dictated by age and brain activity. The left hemisphere of the brain is primarily responsible for integrating language skills, and this critical period of left-brain attenuation is used to explain why children are better able to assimilate language during their formative years. Aside from other implications, this method of research paints a very clear picture of the critical period in terms that are not biologically (in the sense of their mimicking animal function) or process-paradigm based, but instead focus on the actual chemistry and activity of the brain, which is seen to develop new synaptic connections
rather quickly during the critical period and then even out as the child grows older and brain activity is more leveled."
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