| Papers [1-15] of 97 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "FOSSILS": |
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Fossils, 2006.
A discussion on fossils from the Pre-Cambrian period.
794 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This study discusses the Pre-Cambrian Period, roughly some two billion years ago, and in particular, fossils that have been found from that time period. The paper discusses three types of fossils that have been left behind -- body, trace and chemical and that these can be readily found within rocks formed during the Archaean and Proterozoic Periods.
From the Paper
"During this time, a number of life forms emerged and left behind three types of fossils--body, trace and chemical, which can be readily found within rocks formed during the Archaean and Proterozoic Periods. Some of these fossils are actual cellular remains, something which Donovan admits is extremely rare in rocks of this age. The oldest have been dated as about 3.5 billion years and can be found in cherts from the Warrawoona Group near the North Pole, being northwest of Australia, and in the Onverwacht Group in eastern Transvaal (South Africa)."
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Radiometric Methods of Dating Fossils, 2004.
An exploration of how carbon-14 and uranium-238 are used frequently in today?s scientific community to analyze the dates of fossils.
1,427 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how both carbon-14 and uranium-238 are used to date fossils and how both methods are based on measuring the decay that has occurred in these elements. It looks at how carbon-14 dating is used for organic material, plants and animals, while uranium-238 is used primarily for geographic formations. It also discusses how both methods of dating are subject to potential sample contamination and, therefore, inaccurate readings; the addition of foreign material in both types of samples can provide either younger or older results, dependent on the material.
From the Paper
"Radioactive elements decay at unique rates, dependant on the isotope. This rate of decay is known as half-lives, it is the time necessary for ? of the atoms to decay in a particular element. The decay follows a geometric scale, in that in the first half-life of an element, ? of the atoms decay, yet in the second half-life, ? of those remaining decay, meaning a ? of the original atoms decay, and so forth. By measuring this decay, and knowing the half life of an element, scientists can date a sample."
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The Grand Canyon Super Group of Fossils, 2000.
1,840 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 7 sources, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed look at the group of fossils in a certain are of the Grand Canyon in the United States. The paper concentrates on the paleontology of these fossils and their uniqueness.
From the Paper
"The Grand Canyon Supergroup is a thick sequence of Precambrian strata located in-between overlying Paleozoic rocks and underlying crystalline rocks. This Supergroup is comprised mainly by the Nankoweap Formation and the Chuar Group that include three sub-formations and seven members. These formations, groups, and members still puzzle many geologists and paleontologists for their is no conclusive evidence regarding the Supergroup?s formation as well as classifying some of the fossils found there. The 2100 meters of the Grand Canyon Supergroup is still undergoing extensive research and will until all the mysteries surrounding it are solved."
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Wanted: Fossil Fuel?s Replacement, Nuclear Energy, 2005.
The pros and cons of nuclear energy.
1,378 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper thoroughly describes the advantages and disadvantages between using nuclear energy and fossil fuels. Overall, the paper provides a positive view of nuclear energy and concludes that its advantages outweigh its disadvantages.
From the Paper
"The green, glowing substance illustrated on "The Simpsons", capable of destroying 155,200 people and giving frogs three legs, actually proves to be beneficial. A decrease in the conventional coal burning ways is more than important for conserving and consuming energy. The efficient, clean and safe solution for conservation appears to be nuclear energy. As the safest out of any major technological industry, nuclear technology's powers are nearly limitless. Of course, with no known method for storing radioactive waste, it is in constant, high debate because of the danger spent reactors pose. Leakage and moving tectonic plates in the main storage mountain, the Yucca, continue to be arguments for the opposing of nuclear energy. Still, in everyday use, the benefits of nuclear power outweigh the negative aspects and are a prime alternative to the rapid reduction of fossil fuels."
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Fossil Fuels, 1993.
Examines the history of oil production, and the effects of OPEC, the Iranian revolution, and Operation Desert Storm on oil producing nations.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"The industrial nations have undertaken a number of programs designed to reduce their dependence on fossil fuel. In part, this move has been a response to their dependence on oil from unstable areas such as the Middle East. The impetus for this came first from the oil shortages of the early 1970s, shortages which reminded the West of just how fragile its relations with the oil-producing nations could be and how much international relations were coming to depend on oil. As a result, the Western nations undertook a program to reduce oil consumption, with some success. Automobiles were made smaller and more efficient, and increases in the price of oil and gasoline helped reduce consumption to a degree as well. However, reducing the use of oil is only part of reducing dependence on oil from a specific region, and the Middle East remains the region providing the most oil for use in the ..."
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Energy and Human Population, 2006.
This paper examines the resulting effects due to the recent population explosion which include: Hunger, depletion of fossil fuels, pollution and global warming, as well as the various strategies available to halt these same effects.
2,366 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper explores the negative effects and consequences due to the recent population explosion which include: Overcrowding, hunger, pollution, deforestation, global warming, crime and the loss of nature's bio diversity. One of the biggest obstacles, due to the increase in the population, is the depletion of the world's fossil fuel resources. The writer stresses the need for stricter environmental guidelines as well as birth rate control regulations. This paper defines the earth's depleting fossil fuel as a broad term for three sources of energy: Petroleum, natural gas and coal. All three were formed millions of years ago during the age of dinosaurs, hence the name fossil fuels. The energy comes from decomposed plant and animal matter. Once these fuels are depleted they cannot be renewed. This paper examines the benefits to the environment in utilizing renewable energy as an alternative to the earth's dwindling fossil fuel reserves. The paper also details various environmentally sound strategies that would aid in preserving the earth's remaining resources.
From the Paper
"Fossil fuel is a broad term for three sources of energy: petroleum, natural gas, and coal. All three were formed millions of years ago during the age of dinosaurs-hence the name fossil fuels. The energy comes from decomposed plant and animal matter. Energy Quest, a major educational service on the World Wide Web describes the origin of fossil fuels: When plants and dinosaurs and other ancient creatures died, they decomposed and became buried, layer upon layer under the ground. It took millions of years to form these layers into a hard, black colored rock-like substance called coal; a thick liquid called oil or petroleum, and natural gas. Petroleum and natural gas are extracted from deep deposits below the Earth's surface."
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Alternative Power, 2001.
An outline of the responsibilities and research of the renewable energy source ESEP group. In addition to describing the roles and each member of the group, the proposal explains the urgency and significance of perfecting non fossil fuel energy sources.
5,415 words (approx. 21.7 pages), 23 sources, $ 133.95
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Abstract
This research discusses the world?s current energy crisis. Fossil energy comprises the majority of the world?s energy source; however, these fuels pose threats to the environment and do not provide a renewable source of energy. Analysts predict that the world will run out of fossil fuels in forty to fifty years. Due to this impending crisis, experts research and attempt to determine renewable energy sources that meet the world?s growing energy needs while considering the technical, environmental, financial, and social impact of these alternatives. This report summarizes four of the most developed renewable energy options that could feasibly replace fossil fuels as a source of energy, including fuel cells, solar power, wind power, and hydroelectric power. Fuel cells use substances such as methanol and oxygen to react and provide energy; however, obtaining a clean, reliable hydrogen source and lowering the cost must precede implementation. Solar power harnesses the sun?s thermal with photovoltaic cells to produce electricity; the paper focuses on concentrating solar technologies and the addition research required to employ this alternative fuel source. Wind power uses turbines situated in a field to capture the kinetic energy of the wind; as one of the most frequently used renewable energy resources, this solution may become feasible as prices decrease. Hydropower uses flowing water through a system of turbines and generators to produce vast amounts of clean energy, but its environmental impacts are serious and widespread. All of these renewable energy sources have advantages and disadvantages when it comes to producing energy on a large scale. Some of these factors include cost, efficiency, environmental factors, and political and social factors. The report recommends an increase in research for each of these fields, and concludes that these renewable energy sources will only develop if society as a whole accepts the financial burden that accompanies them. Overall, the financial burden of renewable resources does not compare to the devastating effects that continued fossil energy usage will leave on the environment.
From the Paper
"As the global energy crisis worsens, scientists and researchers internationally race to refine and implement renewable energy resources to provide societies basic power needs that do not depend upon the consumption of natural resources. Within the next century, if energy consumers continue to rely on resources such as coal, petroleum, and other fossil fuels at the current rate, society will deplete its fuel reserves, specifically petroleum, to the extent that alternate power sources become necessary to maintain current standards of living based on power sources. Environmentalists, scientists, and the general public target fossil fuel usage as the primary cause for the environment?s poor condition; renewable resources will offer an opportunity to prevent and possibly improve damage caused by pollution from power procurement. Globally, consumers are ill-prepared for our inevitable reliance upon renewable energy resources; moreover, developing countries in the process of electrifying their citizens will not have the means to progress in the same energy-technology development cycle and cannot base their tenuous energy dependence on a rapidly waning fuel source. In the absence of fossil fuels, people must rely on new forms of transportation and energy to power our increasingly
technology-based society. Renewable resources, such as fuel cells, solar power, wind power, and hydro power offers an environmentally-savvy alternative to fossil fuels, yet many of these technologies require further research, refinement, and optimization before we can rely upon them as a substitute for fossil fuels in basic power needs (SolarPACES 1). The problem involves ensuring global preparedness when low energy reserves mandate the use of renewable energy resources through proper allocation of renewable energy technology, ethical support from the public and the government, financial flexibility, and environmental sustainability."
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Coal in Electricity Production, 2008.
An analysis of the benefits and concerns regarding the use of fossil fuel for massive energy generation.
2,444 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the use of fossil fuel for massive energy generation. It describes the debate over the use of fossil fuels - citing the arguments both for and against their use. It focuses on the reasons why fossil fuel production is important and necessary and describes the benefits of its use. The paper then looks at the environmental concerns regarding the use of coal for electricity production.
From the Paper
"Obviously, using any fossil fuel for massive energy generation will be a mixed bag. Developers will always be fighting a battle against environmental destruction, as fossil fuel technologies tend to be highly polluting and contribute to global warming through the production of carbon dioxide. Nonetheless, fossil fuels will be a significant component of the world's energy supply for at least the next few decades as no alternative energy source is currently mature enough to supplant fossil fuel technology. In the end, coal power--if properly utilized in technically advanced gasification plants--has the potential to provide cheap, plentiful power to the world with fewer environmental issues than would have been the case even a few decades ago. New technology makes sustainable coal power a possibility, if not a certainty."
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U.S. Energy Policy, 2005.
This paper argues that the U.S. federal government should establish an energy policy requiring substantial reductions in the total non-governmental consumption of fossil fuels in the United States.
1,230 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Al Qaeda's attack of 9/11 was related to the fact that U.S. per-person energy use is ten times that of individuals in less developed nations and that the U.S. is the major user of the most fundamental commodity in the modern world, fossil fuels. The author points out that Kyoto Protocols were meant to involve all developed nations of goodwill in reversing harmful environmental activities, especially those contributing to global warming, but President Bush, unlike most heads of government, opposed these protocols. The paper proposes that the Environmental Protection Agency be given powers as far-reaching as those currently enjoyed by the Office of Homeland Security and a budget sufficient to create environmental laws regarding fossil fuels.
Table of Contents
Re-Establishing Global Relationships Post 9/11
Human Health Globally
Welfare of Flora and Fauna Globally
Halting Global Warming
Kyoto Protocols
Consequences of Failure to Establish and Enforce an Energy Policy
How to Achieve the goals
From the Paper
"Serious health problems, caused by fossil fuel combustion, exist in Tehran and the United States, and arguably almost everyplace else on earth. In March, 2005, former vice president Al Gore and former U.S. Senator Howard Baker, Jr. spoke on air quality at a conference in Knoxville, Tennessee. Knoxville is under federal mandate to clean up its air; "Knoxville is at the center of nonattainment areas for both ground-level ozone and fine particle pollution" (Barker 2005). Gore was one of the framers of the Kyoto Protocol, demanding nations act to reduce fossil fuel particulates in the air, among other things, which President Bush refuses to sign. Considering that the United States, as noted, is the largest user of fossil fuels, and therefore-barring significant changes to the status of communities such as Knoxville-the greatest contributor to air pollution globally, it is essential for the United States to both be seen to lead the way so that cities like Tehran might follow, and also to avoid its own contribution to global air pollution."
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Global Warming, 2007.
This paper discusses how the negative effects of excessive dependence on fossil fuels have been detrimental to the overall climate of the earth.
1,347 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This essay addresses the issues of global warming and society's demand for energy, primarily in the form of fossil fuels. Furthermore, the importance of these issues is discussed, as well as some potential remedies to the problems currently caused by these issues. Although the writer does not propose to solve the problem of global warming and the demand for energy in such a brief space, this paper explores a few scholars' recommendations regarding how these issues should be treated and perhaps remedied. Both international and macro-level prescriptions are recommended as well as smaller, micro-level actions that individuals and smaller communities can undertake to positively affect the issue of global warming and dependence on fossil fuel for energy demands.
From the Paper
"The environment and its protection have become a tense topic recently, even more so than in years past, primarily because of the skyrocketing price of oil and the apparent lack of alternate fuel sources which we are ready to utilize. While many alternate sources of energy have been discovered--wind, solar, hydrogen, nuclear, and many others--none is ready to replace our current demand for fossil fuel. Adding to the issue is the threat posed by global warming, the gradual increase in average temperature across the world; this has been reported to further damage the ozone layer, melt the ice caps, and cause all sorts of environmental havoc such as floods, tidal waves, even the tsunamis and hurricanes that have damaged many areas recently. While the science behind proving that global warming is the direct cause behind all of these troubles, the causal relationship is one worth exploring and which has been at least related to the use of fossil fuels as energy."
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Hydrogen Fuel, 2006.
An analysis of the vision to switch fossil fuels for hydrogen fuel cells.
1,226 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the feasibility of switching from fossil fuels to hydrogen fuel cells. It discusses the ways in which a hydrogen economy holds much technical and political appeal and analyzes the many complications that exist in trying to make this vision a reality. It also focuses on the investment and political interest, especially among the Bush administration in the U.S.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Introduction: The Draw of Hydrogen is Significant but Not without Challenges
The Appeal of Hydrogen: Political and Environmental Bonuses
The Freedom Car: Hydrogen on the Road Not All It's Cracked Up To Be
The Myriad Issues with Hydrogen: Availability, Extraction, and Storage Are Just the Beginnings
Conclusion: Hydrogen Simply Not a Feasible Fossil Fuel Replacement
From the Paper
"In January 2003, President Bush proposed allocating $1.2 billion towards the development of what he dubbed the Freedom Car, an automobile that would use fuel cell technology and hydrogen instead of gasoline by the year 2020 (Lynn par. 1). Currently, the development of this kind of a vehicle has been the primary push of the proposed hydrogen economy. Automobiles are highly polluting and highly dependent on imported oil."
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Technology Consumption and the Environment, 2002.
How fossil fuels and fresh water are being consumed by technology.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper examines technology, consumption and the environment. It assesses the impact of technology and consumption on two natural resources-fossil fuels and fresh water.
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Alternative Fuels, 2007.
This paper explores global dependence on fossil fuel and alternative fuel vehicles.
2,478 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the technologies needed to produce personal automobiles that are less fossil fuel dependant. The paper analyzes the current research in alternative fuel vehicles, specifically addressing three types of vehicles; the electric car, the hybrid/electric/combustion car and lastly the combustion engine car. The paper touches upon the issue of pollution, as it is a significant impetus for creating alternative fuel vehicles. The paper presents the hypothesis that the electric vehicle is the best practical option for consumers.
Outline:
Introduction to Problem
Review of Literature
Research Design
Data Analysis
Summary
From the Paper
"One of the most profound social questions of the modern day is the nature of the market addition on fossil fuel usage. Within the global economy the fossil fuel industry, and the worlds dependence on it has driven prices of fuel to enormous levels contributing to a global market situation where a very few hold a growing percentage of wealth and the rest must struggle to eek out an existence with what's left. "Today, more than half the world's population lives on less than $2 per day, and almost 1.1 billion people live in extreme poverty, defined as less than $1 per day." (Rice, 76) Though this may seem divergent of the topic at hand, which is global dependence on fossil fuel, the issues are interrelated."
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"Out of Gas", 2008.
This paper examines "Out of Gas" by David Goldstein that portends the fall of civilization if we remain dependent on fossil fuels.
779 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
The paper examines David Goldstein's book "Out of Gas" where he makes the dire prediction that civilization will cease to exist by the latter half of the twenty-first century, unless society learns to live without fossil fuels. The paper describes how Goldstein covers the history of Earth and the creation of the oil reserves, global warming, the scientific theories that gave rise to the industrial revolution and the energy sources available today. The paper shows how his predictions are dire and solutions not readily apparent.
From the Paper
"The Hubbert curve is a mathematical representation of when the rate at which oil us consumed exceeds the rate that oil reserves are discovered. In 1956 he predicted that this point on the curve would be reached around 1970 (Goldstein 26). It in fact did occur just a few years latter than he predicted, but nonetheless we have been increasing our rate of consumption oil faster than our rate of discovery for just over thirty years. All the world's oil (and fossil fuel) reserves were created millions of years ago when plants absorbed large portions of the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and sank to the bottom of the oceans, became compressed in layers of sand, and with heat from the earth's core, became the fossil fuel deposits that we tap today. The reserves of oil are estimated to be two to two point seven trillion barrels, a supply that should last about another 40 years (Goldstein 29)."
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Scarcity of Natural Resources and Future Conflict, 2001.
An in depth look at the potential of future conflict over the scarcity of natural resources. A look at conflict over the scarcity of natural resources. The author investigates the conflict over: the degradation of fossil fuels, forests and agricultural la
1,805 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, $ 58.95
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Abstract
A look at conflict over the scarcity of natural resources. The author investigates the conflict over: the degradation of fossil fuels, forests and agricultural land as well as pollution of fresh water and depletion of fisheries. The author argues that scarcity of these will lead to environmental stress and increased economic deprivation leading to social turmoil and conflict, both inter and intra-state.
From the Paper
"The debate over whether environmental scarcity is a crucial factor in conflict and therefore worth paying close attention to in what is perceived as a world of diminishing resources is contentious. In many respects it seems logical to conclude that since so many wars in history have had economic causes then something like the scarcity of natural resources would in all likelihood be a source of conflict in the 21st Century."
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