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Foreign Policy Formulation, 2007.
A look at the the key factors that influence foreign policy decisions with reference to the foreign policy of Britain and Germany.
959 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the varied and numerous factors and actors in international relations that influence foreign policy formulation in Britain and Germany. Transnational Organizations such as the UN and the EU are covered, along with NATO's role post WWII. Concepts such as 'chequebook diplomacy' are explained and also the emergence of a new national German interest post 9/11 is examined.
From the Paper
"The Anglo-American relationship is reputed to be the strongest bond to have existed between two independent sovereign nations, certainly in terms of foreign policy harmonization. The UK claims "a special relationship with the United States, not shared by others" (Kenneth Younger, 1964, p104), throughout Europe, although Germany shares some common interest with her through NATO, having occasionally stoically exhibited this commitment. "Germany prefers to compromise its tradition of military restrain, rather than weakening its reputation as a reliable partner within NATO" (Volker Rittberger, 2001, p179), as German participation in Kosovo demonstrated."
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United Nations Policy Formulation and Policy Implementation, 2004.
Provides an overview of United Nations policy formulation and policy implementation in the context of international public administration organizations.
1,478 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper examines, through a literature review, instances of policies that were developed and not effectively carried out, as well as recent requirements for the formulation of policies put into place at the UN. It looks at how a sustained public information campaign is extremely important for the success of the UN?s attempt to reinvent its system of policy formulation and policy implementation due to all the ?bad news?, including terrorism and war and AIDS, etc., dominating the TV and print news agencies.
From the Paper
"There are myriad examples of the UN?s good work ? in many and diverse areas where there are desperate human needs throughout the world ? and also, on the other hand, there is no shortage of evidence that some policies, although they were drawn up with the best of intentions, failed in their mission, or were thwarted either through no direct fault of the UN, or because the UN?s policy implementation could not match the promises in the policy formulation. One example of the apparent failure of a policy which was to be implemented was recently reported by the British Medical Journal (Tayal, 2003). The journal claimed that a UN policy designed to tackle the health and human rights needs of ?indigenous people? ? a policy which was formulated in 1995 ? has not been very effective in its implementation."
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Public Policy Formulation, 2004.
A look at the role that public opinion plays on policy formulation.
2,938 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the relationship between public opinion and policy formulation and shows that
public opinion generally leads policy formulation rather than the other way around. The paper includes comparison of policy formulation in the US, the UK, and in Canada.
From the Paper
"The relationship between public opinion and policy formulation is a fundamental question in our understanding and evaluation of representational democracy. If a system is to qualify as democratic rule by the people then policy must have some positive relationship to public opinion embodying the will of the people in some concrete rather than purely abstract or symbolic way. Otherwise, democratic institutions would be mere window dressing. On the other hand, from at least the time of Edmund Burke in the..."
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Presidential Policy Formulation, 2004.
Political briefing and position paper intended to aid President George W. Bush in policy formulation.
5,393 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 132.95
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Abstract
This is an all-inclusive paper dealing with a wide range of issues, such as the American economy, in general, and discussing issues, such as budget deficits, tax cuts, medical assistance and benefits for retired people, the weakening American dollar, allocations for the military, intelligence and homeland security, job growth, and the regime and policies of free trade. With regards to security, it features the recent American initiative on the war on terrorism. The issues of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and nuclear proliferation are also discussed, as well as the aspect of the ?future?, as it was viewed from the era of the Vietnam War. Furthermore, the relevance of the Cold War is outlined as a great American victory. Compelling issues, such as the role of oil, OPEC, the Middle East, and the socio-political and economic situation after the incidents of September 11 are also addressed. Additionally, the role of the United States government is outlined and made easy to understand.
From the Paper
"The appreciable factor in the entire issue is the surplus which is estimated at 5.6 trillion dollars spread over the next ten years. There is also a projection of a 500 billion dollar from Medicare surpluses. The democrats on the other hand intend to spend the entire Social security and Medicare surpluses towards paying off debt. This however cannot be a favourable idea since it leaves the government with no table funds. A better and agreeable solution would rather be paying up a whopping 80% of the debt, subtracting 2 trillion dollars from Social security surpluses and using the remaining 600 billion dollars as an investment into the promising avenues of the stock market. Thereafter, a reserve account can be created to haul in the funds that have come by way of medical surpluses which amount to 500 billion dollars added up with an extra 340 billion."
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Foreign Policy Formulation, 1999.
Roles of politicians & diplomats in developing & implementing foreign policy: president, state department and ambassadors.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"FOREIGN POLICY: ROLES OF POLITICIANS & DIPLOMATS
Introduction
This research examines the roles of politicians and diplomats in the making and execution of foreign policy. Alexander George (1994) held that the making and execution of foreign policy involves (1) the establishment of objectives, (2) the development of a strategy to attain those objectives, (3) the design of a strategy implementation, (4) the execution of the strategy, (5) the maintenance of the policy and the strategy, and (6) the review of the policy and the strategy. Accepting this framework as a basis for this current research, the task then becomes one of determining which of the six functions are associated with the role of politicians and which of the functions are associated with roles for diplomats."
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"An Introduction To Public Policy" by Charles O Jones, 2000.
A review of the work on how public policy is formulated, focusing on social programs (public housing), in second half of the 20th century.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, $ 47.95
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Abstract
A review of the work on how public policy is formulated, focusing on social programs (public housing), in second half of the 20th century.
From the Paper
"Every traditional introductory civics text used to have some form of explanation of "How a Bill becomes Law." A chart or diagram would trace the passage of a bill from introduction, through referral to a committee, passage on the floor, conference committee, and so on to the president's desk. A realist (not necessarily a euphemism for cynic) might wish to respond to this with an outline showing how the political process of making a law actually works: How sufficient attention and interest is generated to put a matter on the public agenda; how support is marshaled to ensure that a bill is voted out of committee rather than buried there; how follow-up effort is needed to see that a program, once authorized, is subsequently funded, and so forth."
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Media Policy in South Africa, 2007.
An analysis of media policy in South Africa and a comparison of media performance standards in Britain, Italy and Germany.
3,606 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 100.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that one of the main roles of the press in any democracy is that of a public watchdog that is vigilant over government activities on behalf of the people that government serves. The paper focuses on South Africa as a point of reference and refers to the history of South African policy as well as certain European media policy counterparts, in order to gauge standards of media performance.
Outline:
Introduction
Media and Democracy
Media Policy in South Africa
External Media Policy
Policy Formulation Aspects
Internal Media Policy
Policy Formulation Aspects
The Gate keeping Function
European Media Policy
United Kingdom Media Policy
Italian Media Policy
German Media Policy
South African Media Policy History
Apartheid Era
After Apartheid
Comparison
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One of the main roles that the press plays in any democracy is that of a public watchdog that is vigilant over government activities on behalf of the people that government serves (Krimsky, 2000). The media is a fundamental tool in the decision-making of the democratic government in any country. A democracy requires the people of the state to make choices and decisions on a daily basis. This therefore needs to be aided by a media and media environment that allows for objectivity through its content and the journalists and staff of the forms of media themselves. The media needs to inform, without judging (Krimsky, 2000)."
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Methodology of Policy Analysis, 1997.
Examines theories & practical considerations in formulation of public policy: state & federal rights, example (environmental policy), social & economic costs & benefits.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"METHODOLOGY IN POLICY ANALYSIS
Introduction
This research reviews factors that are included in policy analyses. These factors, together with the approach to their assessment, constitute the methodology of policy analysis. Where appropriate, practical examples are used to illustrate the methodology of policy analysis.
Policy Analysis: The Concepts
Policy analysis is the application of a variety of political and cognitive strategies to the formulation of a public policy (Starling, 1993, p. 11). Policy analysis is not based in a single discipline. Political, organizational, sociological, technological, and economic issues are addressed in most policy analyses. ?In policy analysis one of the keys to judging expert .."
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U.S. Policy in the Middle East, 2006.
This paper compares two books which discuss current U.S. policy in the Middle East.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Ali Ansari in "Confronting Iran: The Failure of American Foreign Policy and the Next Great Conflict in the Middle East" paints the current crisis with Iran as a lesson in mutually antagonistic behavior that is demonstrated by the inability of United States presidents, from Carter to Bush, to formulate an effective policy for dealing with this country. The author points out that Dennis Ross in "The Missing Peace: The Inside Story of the Fight for Peace in the Middle East" commends the U.S re-involvement in the Israel-Palestinian problem, introduced in President Bush's historic 2002 speech, which outlined a strategy for peace calling for a two state solution. The paper relates that both Ansari and Ross are strong believers in the power of communication because, as long as all sides to these political clashes are still talking, there is hope for peaceful solutions and cooperation rather than chaos.
From the Paper
"Ansari does not take a particularly optimistic tone about the chances of these changes happening. He is very adamant that they must happen or the resulting conflict will "make Iraq look like the cakewalk it was prophesied to be." . Ansari presents his argument in a very matter-of-fact manner, taking the struggle between Iran and the United States step by step from their first official contact in 1856 all the way into the present day. A very realistic, pragmatic tone is taken that, while not entirely hopeful, does suggest that differences can be bridged."
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Environmental Policy: The Australian Experience, 2003.
A look at several problem areas preventing the adoption or formulation of effective environmental policy in Australia.
1,230 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
There are numerous constraining factors that burden the process of forming an effective environmental policy in Australia. This paper discusses how clashing values and ideas prevent the formulation and implementation of coherent environmental policy in Australia. It looks at how Australia's over-reliance on a resource-based economy, federalist framework and failing policy processes often converge to create conjecture in the environmental arena. The conclusion is a brief summary, which reflects that the conflict and ambiguity plaguing environmental policy in Australia is the direct result of a confusion of ideas.
From the Paper
"A quick review of environmental policy in Australia reveals the extent of confusion surrounding the issue, this confusion can be partially attributed to Australia's dependence on and sometimes exploitation of its natural resources to generate revenue (Eckersley, 1996:89). This utilitarian trend began with European settlement and originated from the developmentalist approach to land management (Walker, 1999:24-5). An approach that fails to recognise the value of nature beyond that which is appropriate for development such as mining, logging and other economically productive practices (Aplin, 1998:173). Developmentalism comes at an immense cost to the environment; large portions of Australia's woodlands and forests have already been destroyed in the relentless pursuit of economic growth. "
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Monetary Policy, 2004.
An examination of the monetary policy in the United States and how this is determined by the Federal Reserve bank.
2,584 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the role and purpose of the Federal Reserve bank in setting the monetary policy in the United States. It discusses how every economic activity in the United States is related to the policies that are decided by the monetary policies of the nation that are formulated. It reviews the different aspects of a fiscal policy and looks at the different ways this affects the country.
From the Paper
"Monetary policy is the segment of the Federal Reserve System, a unique U.S. agency. They are the central bankers for the country and supplies the presently ?gold less? money that is supplied by the government printing presses. The methods used for increasing and decreasing the demand for money is through the increase and decrease of short term interest rates, in reverse order. 2 ?The Fed?, as it is usually called, is comprehensive of 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks and 25 Federal Reserve Bank branches. All nationally recognized commercial bank are in demand by the law to be members of the Federal Reserve System, membership is of choice for state recognized banks."
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Federal Drug Policy, 2005.
This paper considers the nature of federal drug policy; its history and its rationale.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper states that the federal drug policy has been formulated over time to address what was perceived originally as both a social and a moral problem and the moral aspect has never dissipated. The paper discusses how arguments over drug policies, such as the possible legalization of marijuana, have to consider this element and the fact that these laws are maintained and prosecuted as much for often unstated moral reasons as for the other reasons cited, such as health issues, costs to society and safety concerns.
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Canadian Public Policy, 2002.
Answers the question: Who or what are the major players in the formulation of Canadian Public Policy?
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the major decision makers in Canadian public policy. It looks at the Prime Minister, the Cabinet, the bureaucracy and interest groups/lobbyists.
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?Making Public Policy?, 2003.
A book review and analysis of Steven Kelman?s ?Making Public Policy?.
1,205 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes Steven Kelman?s concept of the public spirit in making public policy in his book, "Making Public Policy: A Hopeful View of American Government". It shows how the book outlines the trials and tribulations of the US government over the years whenever it has endeavored to formulate public policy by illustrating the factors driving a government to make effective public policies.
From the Paper
"Public policy making for a nation requires extensive experience as well as the primary knowledge of the existing system. For the United States, public policy process is the responsibility of the government as well as the political bodies. It is due to this fact that one observe differences in opinions as to which party works for the interest of the people and which must have more attention - that is, whether the government should concentrate upon national interest or individual interest, states interest as opposed to international interest or should it concern itself with allocation of resources to the various department of the US government."
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Policy and Prejudice, 2002.
An exploration of the development of the Canadian government's policy with respect to same sex couples' benefits.
3,650 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 133.95
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Abstract
This paper will argue that democratic governments are often unable or unwilling - on issues of public controversy - to formulate progressive policies designed to render society at once more egalitarian and democratic. As the history of the evolution of public policy with respect to same sex benefits demonstrates, advocates of these benefits have been forced to pursue alternative avenues - largely judicial as opposed to legislative - in effecting changes in policy in this area. This, it will be argued, illustrates a paradox of contemporary politics: that to foster a more democratic society, actors in the policy environment are often forced to effect change through "undemocratic" means.
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