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Firefighters and Skyscrapers, 2004.
An overview of firefighters concerns over the design and construction of high-rise buildings.
2,310 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to examine why firefighters have voiced concerns regarding the ever-increasing size of skyscrapers. In particular, it looks at how, when the World Trade Centre Twin Towers, which were at the time two of the world's tallest buildings, were completely destroyed by a terrorist attack on September 11, 2001, the event should have raised enough doubt and questions about the future of high-rise safety to put an end to the construction of skyscrapers; yet, after September 11th, the world?s demand for newer and taller structures continued to dramatically increase.
Outline
Table of Content
Introduction
Twin Towers of New York
Building Construction Trends
Truss Construction
Firefighters Structural Analysis
Conclusion
Bibliography
Appendix A
Appendix B
From the Paper
"The steel trusses that supported the flooring either melted or simply buckled which in turn released each upper floor down on the next below it and eventually falling completely to the ground. In other words, as the trusses failed, the concrete-slab floors literally plunged downward. When the two jets struck the buildings, the fact that they hit near the towers? tops, the weight of the floors became a force the buildings could not withstand. Although the towers went up easily utilizing these techniques, they were also the eventual cause of the buildings quick demise. The Twin Towers? radically different structural design created a situation where the load-bearing walls simply could not support the weight of the floors."
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The History of Skyscrapers, 2007.
A look at Manhattan's golden age of skyscrapers; 1910 to 1930.
3,153 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the skyscrapers of Manhattan were built for several reasons, including limited land, but also to show off power and wealth. The paper discusses how many skyscrapers there were in Manhattan by 1930 and whether there were concerns expressed about the impact of skyscrapers on the city and its people. The paper looks at how land values were affected by the boom in Manhattan skyscrapers and explores what it was like to work on the skyscrapers in Manhattan in the early 1900s. The paper notes that urban America will likely never see an architectural explosion like that again.
Outline:
How Many Skyscrapers Were There in Manhattan by 1930?
Were There Concerns Expressed about the Impact of Skyscrapers on the City and its People?
How Were Land Values Affected by the Boom in Manhattan Skyscrapers? What Was it Like to Work on the Skyscrapers in Manhattan in the Early 1900s?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The skyscrapers of Manhattan were built for several reasons; the most pragmatic reason of course, was that the New York City (Manhattan) land area was very limited, and buildings had nowhere to go but up. Other pivotal reasons for the emergence of skyscrapers, according to author Karen Barss (www.infoplease.com), include these: "...big buildings have been used to show off power and wealth"; there has been shown in cities a need to "...stretch the limits of what's possible"; and there was a sense of "competition among owners, families, architects, and builders.""
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Skyscrapers, 2002.
A discussion of the origins of skyscrapers, their designs and designers.
1,135 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the origins of skyscrapers. Factors that made the building of skyscrapers possible, such as technological advancement, and advancements in manufacturing and architecture are outlined. Advantages to the building of skyscrapers over smaller buildings are discussed.
From the Paper
"Skyscrapers flourished in Chicago for a variety of reasons. ?The main technological advancement that made skyscrapers possible was the development of mass iron and steel production. New manufacturing processes made it possible to produce long beams of solid iron. Essentially, this gave architects a whole new set of building blocks to work with? (Harris). The development of elevators also played in the development of skyscrapers, because people could move more quickly and efficiently between floors, which is why skyscrapers are sometimes called ?elevator buildings.?"
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Health Hazards for Firefighters, 2006.
An analysis of the health hazards that firefighters face, as well as the management of these risks.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This is a short paper that discusses the hazards and the short and long term effects of exposure to fire for firefighters. The paper highlights the statistics on death among firefighters, as well as the chemical and physical factors associated with the risks. The paper also discusses the management of these risk factors, along with citing various recommendations and health safety initiatives that are being taken.
From the Paper
"Health Hazards for Firefighters In the United States, there are only 210,000 paid firefighters; an additional 1 million maintain volunteer status ("Fire Fighter Fatality," 2000). While many individuals may believe the greatest risk to firefighters is getting burned by the fire itself or falling through a roof or weak flooring, fire fighters die from heart attacks at a rate significantly higher than the general population ("Fire Fighter Fatality," 2000; Mitchell, 2001; "Responder Group," 2005). All firefighters, however, are exposed to significantly greater health hazards than the general population. This is a short paper on the short and long-term effects of exposure. Statistics on death among firefighters are highlighted, as are the chemical and physical factors associated with risks. The management of these risk factors is also discussed along with citing various recommendations and health safety initiatives that are being taken."
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Firefighters, 2006.
An examination and discussion of the health hazards with which firefighters in North America often contend.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses health issues facing firefighters in North America, noting that they face a number of hazards, some direct in the form of the fire itself and potential accidents on the job, others indirect in the form of health conditions that might be caused by their work. Both are mitigated by precautions taken, from training to protective gear. Still, there are some hazards that can cause long-term illness if somehow the firefighter is exposed to too great an extent while on the job.
From the Paper
"In North America, statistics show that the major causes of fatalities for firefighters are heart attacks and vehicular crashes. The study from 2002 showed that the largest number that year dies on a single day, 340 from the New York City Fire Department in the World Trade Center attack. The focus was on the other 99, and as in the previous seven years, fewer than half the deaths had occurred while at fires."
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Heat Acclimation for Wildland Firefighters, 2002.
A research proposal to prove that firefighters go through unnecessary heat acclimation training.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper provides the outline for a full research document exploring heat acclimation training for firefighters. This paper provides the outlines for the abstract, introduction, literature review and methodology sections. The paper takes the position that heat acclimation is dangerous because is stresses the body needlessly and other, safer, alternatives are available.
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Firefighters of America, 2006.
This paper examines the various differences and similarities between paid and volunteer firefighters in the United States.
1,774 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper details the workings of a paid fire department compared to a volunteer based unit. This paper cites the vast differences in entrance requirements, certification, physical training and hiring procedures in both organizations. This paper also discusses many of the positive aspects of volunteer firefighters as well as the dangers and risks involved in employing untrained volunteers who lack the formal training required of their paid counterparts.
From the Paper
"Both types of departments also generally require obtaining a Basic Emergency Medical Technician license, including defibrillator training and certification. For paid firefighters, it is generally expected that firefighters will have this licensure upon hire; volunteers are generally given approximately 24 months from their date of selection. Moreover, both types of departments expect firefighters to satisfactorily complete the Drivers Training Certification, which grants authorization to drive fire department apparatus. This certification is usually granted by the chief of the department, and is usually required during the probationary period."
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Skyscrapers, 1999.
Examines history and evolution, major architects, building materials, regulations, styles and New York City buildings.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 11 sources, $ 135.95
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Abstract
The term "skyscraper" first came into use in the 1880s as the first such buildings were constructed. Several forces and developments came into being at the same time to allow for the creation of such buildings. The term was first applied to buildings of 10 to 20 storeys, but heights have so increased that now it applies to buildings generally greater than 40 or 50 storeys. The skyscrapers of the 1880s and 1890s fit reasonably into the existing urban context, and their novelty was to be found in their technology rather than their size or style.
From the Paper
"THE SKYSCRAPER
The term "skyscraper" first came into use in the 1880s as the first such buildings were constructed. Several forces and developments came into being at the same time to allow for the creation of such buildings. The term was first applied to buildings of 10 to 20 storeys, but heights have so increased that now it applies to buildings generally greater than 40 or 50 storeys. The skyscrapers of the 1880s and 1890s fit reasonably into the existing urban context, and their novelty was to be found in their technology rather than their size or style. They were taller than what had existed before, but not so tall as to dominate the skyline. Previously, churches had been the tallest buildings in the city (Goldberger 4).
More business space was needed in the United States in the second half of the 19th ..."
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Firefighter Safety, 2007.
An analysis of the events surrounding the death of firefighters in California, with particular emphasis on the tools they used.
2,637 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses some of the issues and questions that have been raised about the safety of firefighters in wild-land fire situations, following the recent tragic deaths of five firefighters in southern California. It discusses some of the tools that firefighters working in wild-land fire environments are trained to use. It also discusses why some of these tools were not used in the California fire and how effective they are when they are used.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Background and Significance of This Paper
Literature Review
Procedures and Results
Discussions and Recommendations
From the Paper
"The www.firehouse.com site cites statistics from the National Fire Protection Association; the NFPA gives14,900 as the number of fire department emergency vehicles that were involved in traffic accidents in 2001. The number of injuries suffered by firefighters driving their own vehicles that year was 1,325; and taken together, those two sets of accident numbers add up to 1,100 firefighter injuries that did not involve flames from the fires the firefighters were pursuing. "The statistics are alarming," the NFPA asserts, mentioning the 24 firefighters who were killed in 2001 "while responding to or returning from alarms"; 17 of those died in crashes."
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Firefighting and Carbon Monoxide, 2004.
This paper discusses the problem of carbon monoxide when fighting fires and devices that prevent the inhalation of carbon monoxide by firefighters.
1,305 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, while many poisonous vapors may be present during a fire, carbon monoxide has characteristics that make it particularly dangerous because it causes oxygen deprivation. This author suggests that the solution for firefighters is a piece of equipment called a SCBA (self-contained breathing apparatus), which includes a face mask, bottled air supply, a regulator to control pressure, and a harness to carry the apparatus on the firefighter?s back. The paper stresses that fire departments must replace all their breathing apparatus at once so they are standardized, and every firefighter has the same level of protection.
From the Paper
"When SCBA devices were first developed, they were sold as units. Today, however, most departments buy each piece of apparatus separately. This means that each firefighter has his or her own face mask, which reduces the chance of contagious illnesses being spread because multiple users used the same mask while one of them was coming down with something. In addition, departments need to buy extra masks in case masks get damaged. They also need extra bottles, because one bottle per firefighter may not be enough air, making a bottle exchange necessary. This makes it even more important that components be compatible with one another."
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Firefighter Fatalities, 2007.
This paper discusses firefighter fatalities and occupational exposure to hazardous materials or products of combustion that are not tracked or accounted for in statistics.
1,402 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer disseminates the information found in a review of literature on firefighter fatalities, and then develops a research design for the collection and analysis of data relating to firefighter fatalities and, specifically, those related to exposure to toxic or combustible elements. This work seeks to positively identify causal factors that result in firefighter fatality, in the years following active-duty, caused by toxic exposure resulting in cancer or some other condition attributed to chemical or combustible toxins. The writer points out that the focus of this research is of the nature that may lend practicable measures of reducing the fatality deaths of firefighters through shielding the firefighters from being exposed to the toxic or combustible elements that cause death due to cancer and other like conditions.
Outline:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Research Questions
Importance of the Study
Definitions & Terms
Organization of the Study
Review of the Literature
Figure 1,2,3,4
Methodology
Limitations of the Study
Data Collection & Analysis
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The questions asked in this research will include the questions of: (1) How many deaths occur each year that are directly linked to exposure of the firefighter to some toxin that results in a health problem such as cancer? (2) How many firefighters have been fatalities in the last 10 years that were incorrectly labeled as a fatality? (3) What guidelines should be set out for future reliable statistics in firefighter fatality reports? And (4) What special precautions should be required under safety requirements in order to best protect firefighters from this type of exposure resulting in fatality?"
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Firefighting and Carbon Monoxide, 2002.
An analysis of the dangers facing firefighters who are exposed constantly to carbon monoxide.
1,420 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the health hazards of carbon monoxide. It discusses the firefighters in America today, especially those who fought in the 9/11 blazes. The writer looks at the chemistry of carbon monoxide (CO) and why it is dangerous.
From the Paper
"Firefighters today face a host of potentially life-threatening situations when fighting fires. Some of these hazards can be minimized by wearing the proper clothing and having the right training so they avoid such things as collapsing walls. In addition, one very real risk is the wide range of toxic agents, both natural and man-made, released into the air, as flammable materials burn. One dangerous substance released in virtually all fires is carbon monoxide (CO), devices that prevent the inhalation of carbon monoxide have to be part of every firefighter?s gear."
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New York City's Firefighting History, 2002.
A history of firefighting in New York City starting from 1648 until today.
1,625 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
The paper records the establishment of the first firefighting unit in New Amsterdam consisting of four men and their buckets and explains their roles and duties. It explains the expansion of this group to include night watchmen called Prowlers. The paper describes the first two fire engines that the city employed and the establishment of the volunteer ?Fire Department of the City of New York". The paper details how the department continued to expand and progress and how additional firefighting systems and tools were implemented over time in order to serve and protect the residents of New York City. The paper concludes with a description of the role played by firefighters when terrorists destroyed the Twin Towers on September 11.
From the Paper
"In order to combat the major problem of ?rowdyism? at fire scenes, and to prevent persons who were not firemen from entering the fire lines, in 1855 the Common Council designed a badge to be conspicuously displayed by every fireman while on duty. The firemen were then required by law to wear their badges. Each badge was made of metal and bore a number to be kept in the fire department?s records as a means of identifying owner (Journal)."
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Firefighting, 2006.
This paper gives an historical approach to firefighting and describes hazards encountered during operations.
1,560 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the early history of firefighting in America. It focuses in particular on the city of Hackensack and the formation there of a voluntary fire brigade. The paper further describes hazards that were encountered in the early days of American firefighting and today. Special emphasis is placed on the importance of the firefighters themselves understanding building structures and reporting conditions up the chain of command.
From the Paper
"Although there was plenty of controversy surrounding the issue, wherein some stated that it was plain human error, and bad judgment, while some others stated that it was because of interference, or due to mechanical malfunction, the actual truth, as it was later discovered, was that the firefighters had been inadvertently transmitting their communications on a general channel, and since nobody listened to it, no one knew that they were all trapped upstairs, and therefore, no one could rescue them. Since the fact cannot be proved beyond reasonable doubt, and since not one of those firefighters in the incident came out alive, one must believe that a combination of different factors led to such grave fatalities in the firefighting department of Hackensack, in July 1, 1988, in New Jersey. (The Hackensack Fire Radio Communications Issue) "
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Firefighting, 2006.
A look at how firefighting has changed throughout history.
2,022 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper details how firefighting has changed in America since the first settlements nearly four hundred years ago. The paper explains that, while the goal of firefighting has remained the same, the scope of firefighting has changed drastically and now includes fire prevention, public education, rescue calls and safety inspections. The paper also looks at the progression of paid fire departments and volunteer departments and examines how both types of departments have evolved over time.
From the Paper
"Fire codes of various degrees have been in this country since the early days of the settlement of Massachusetts, when it was determined that "no man shall build his chimney with wood, nor cover his house with thatch." As more materials, conditions, and building materials began to be recognized as fire hazards, more fire laws were adopted. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, there was a proliferation of fires in cities, as manufacturing facilities became more common and housed flammable materials. Fire codes became more popular and widespread. In this area the adoption of fire codes did not depend upon whether the units called to fires were volunteer or paid forces. In September of 1887 the county seat burned with nearly half of the town's structures destroyed or damaged. Although prior to this some initiatives had begun to establish fire protection ordinances, this fire was the impetus for a county wide move to establish a uniform fire code both for building construction and fire protection of existing buildings. Over the next several decades, portions of the fire code were adopted and enforced. By the time the county hired paid firefighters in the early 1960s, the code was quite extensive and encompassed all of the major areas of concern. Both departments adhere to the safety requirements of the fire code and conduct safety inspections based upon its requirements."
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