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Fingerprints, 2007.
This paper describes the development and importance of fingerprints in criminal identification throughout history.
2,940 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the history of fingerprint identification. Additionally, it discusses why fingerprinting has become the number one identification tool in forensic science, and describes the basic patterns of fingerprints. The contributions of Henry Faulds, known as the Father of Fingerprinting, and other researchers in this area are also presented. In addition, the paper also examines certain cases of incorrect fingerprint identification that have thrown doubt on the long-recognized infallibility of fingerprints as an identification tool in criminology. The author concludes that the uniqueness and permanence of fingerprints have made it an indispensable identification tool that has been employed for crime fighting by the law enforcing agencies for more than 100 years
Outline:
History of Fingerprints' Use in Identification
Early History
The Earliest Use of Fingerprints in Crime Solving
Early Attempts at Explaining the Importance of Fingerprinting
The Unrecognized Father of Fingerprints
The Work of Herschel & Galton
The First Practical Application of Fingerprinting
Fingerprinting Method of Identification is Established
Why Fingerprinting Has Replaced Other Identification Tools In Forensic Science
Individuality of Fingerprints
Permanence
Previous Methods of Identification
How Does Fingerprinting Compare with DNA Fingerprinting
The Basic Patterns & Types of Fingerprints
Cases of Incorrect Fingerprint Identification
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Evidence exists that fingerprints were used on clay tablets in business transactions in Ancient Babylon as long as 3000 years ago and thumbprints were used on clay seals to "sign" documents in China in the 3rd century B.C. This indicates that human beings realized the significance of such patterns, but perhaps did not fully understand, thousands of years before their potential was actually realized. (Meaney, 2006) Wall etchings found in Nova Scotia, Canada, also shows a hand with ridge patterns sketched on it dating from the first century AD and official government documents preserved from the Tang Dynasty in China (610-907 AD) and Persia (14th century AD) have fingerprint impressions on them. In the Persian documents from the same period, one government physician has noted that no two fingerprints were an exact match. (Ibid.) "
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Fingerprints, 2002.
A look at the role of fingerprints in forensic science.
2,324 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how fingerprints put forward a dependable way of individual identification and how it is the vital method for the law enforcing agencies, having displaced other means of determining the identities of criminals unwilling to confess preceding crime records. It examines the individuality of every fingerprint and methods of how they are used in forensic science.
Outline
Fingerprints
Identifying People by Means of Fingerprints
Roller Stab Method
Fingerprinting Deceased Persons
Latent Fingerprint Process
Laser Fingerprint
Comparison of Two Fingerprints with AFIS Technology
Fingerprint Comparison for Court Presentation
Home Burglary
From the Paper
"In fingerprinting deceased people, the fingerprint classification gear: taking straight from fingers is used, and the designs are registered on DD Form 894. The fingerprint gear holds a carrying case, a cleaning liquid pot, black printer's ink, a spoon-or shovel-type cardholder, a tabletop cardholder, an inking slab or plate, and an inking roller. Also integrated is a dental tentative mirror used to scrutinize teeth for diagrams. When the fingers are elastic, it is often probable to obtain finger imitations of a lately deceased person by exploiting the regular inking procedure. Victorious prints can be acquired with the decedent lying on his rear with hands curved palm down by his side."
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Fingerprints as Identification, 2004.
This paper discusses the use of fingerprinting for identification and the associated problems.
955 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although most people believe that fingerprints constitute one of the best pieces of evidence, the Supreme Court, in the case of Daubert vs. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals (1993), recently ruled that there is considerable room for questioning fingerprints as satisfactory evidence in criminal proceedings. The author relates that governmental people see fingerprints as markedly helpful for identification purposes; therefore, they now will use fingerprinting of individuals visiting the United States from other countries in an attempt to curb terrorists. The paper concludes that fingerprints might come to be regarded more as an investigative tool than the ironclad evidence they were once considered to be, pushed aside by more precise approaches, such as DNA analysis.
From the Paper
"Fingerprints are analyzed by looking at the patterns of the ridges, including places where they stop, or split (called ?Galton points?), as well as other details, including the location of pores in the skin. Although several systems have been devised to attempt to identify fingerprints in a systematic way, in the end the accuracy of identification depends on the skills of the fingerprint expert trying to make the match. While the computer system eliminates some human error it has not yet been accepted as suitable for court evidence."
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Origins and Detection of Latent Fingerprints, 1999.
This paper touches on methods of development and preservation of prints invisible to the naked eye.
1,270 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 8 sources, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses fingerprints and fingerprinting. The author gives a historical account of criminological use of fingerprinting. Included in the paper are photos of various types of standard fingerprints, as well as scientific methods used in fingerprinting today.
From the Paper
"Fingerprints are unique markings that provide a means of permanent identification; there are many ways to obtain them from various surfaces in order to identify a suspect in the hopes of solving a crime, or they also can exonerate the falsely accused. Human interest in fingerprints can be traced as far back as the time of the Bible, which makes a reference to ?the prints from man?s hand?"
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Fingerprints - Recovery Methods, 2004.
A comprehensive forensic science research paper complemented by analytical implications to criminology.
1,929 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper contrasts the various fingerprint recovery techniques, including physical, laser and chemical development and examines their advantages and disadvantages. The paper provides a detailed discussion of the fundemental principles of fingerprint analysis as used in forensic science. The importance of fingerprint analysis and its relevance and value as evidence are also main topics presented in the paper.
From the Paper
"Surface conditions, colour and texture all play a role in the determination that the technician makes as to which method of analysis would be most suitable. Fingerprints are of three varieties: visible, plastic and latent. Visible fingerprints are those in which the fingers are covered, for example with blood or paint touch a wall, door frame, or similar surface. Plastic fingerprints are those left in soft substances such as soap or putty. The most common are latent (invisible) prints, which can be detected by using powders, chemicals or lasers. (Conklin, Gardner, and Shortelle 2002: 112) There are numerous ways to retrieve fingerprints and depending on the situation, one method may be more successful than another."
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Fingerprinting, 2002.
This paper presents a detailed discussion about fingerprints, focusing on its foundation, its journey through the American Justice system and the future of fingerprinting.
2,030 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
The following paper discusses the history of fingerprinting as well as how it is done. In addition the recent challenging of fingerprinting as evidence in criminal cases is discussed. The writer examines several tools that are used in the field of fingerprinting, the most recent developments of fingerprinting tools and innovative techniques that have been been developed for fingerprinting.
From the Paper
?Whenever there is a well-known criminal case the nation watches, glued to their seats to find out who did it. In addition one can turn their televisions on during any given night and locate a detective show. People are fascinated with solving crimes. They will read about it, debate the pertinent points, and draw their conclusions. Then they wait either until the end of the hour long show or till the end of the real life trial to see how close they came to being right. The world knows that fingerprints were involved, but the world doesn?t get to see the tools used in the process, or the types of fingerprinting that is done. It is an interesting an scientific field in which many draw conclusions but few actually know about how it is done.?
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Fingerprinting, 2004.
An analysis of the history of fingerprinting and its use today.
1,427 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that the science of fingerprinting has been used for centuries in almost all areas of the world. From the prehistoric writing on hands in Nova Scotia to more than 46 million stored fingerprints in FBI files today, the history of fingerprinting is vast. The paper presents the history of fingerprinting and discusses how it has developed over the last several hundred years. The paper explores the development of technology in recording and comparing fingerprints. The paper states that, while fingerprint comparison has been challenged in the court systems because science has no proof that no two matches are alike, it is currently the best method for identification available.
From the Paper
"Fingerprinting appears to have been an interesting topic even to prehistoric peoples of the world. In Nova Scotia, pictures of hands with ridge patterns on the palms and fingers were found painted on cave walls. In primeval Babylon, business transactions required fingerprints from those involved. Each person in the transaction placed a fingerprint on a clay tablet, according to ancient journals of the time. Even China, in ancient times, used thumb prints on clay seals (Meaney, 2003). It is obvious that even the ancient people of the world realized that fingerprints were different between different people. While they may not have realized their full potential, they did see at least limited use for the science."
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Fingerprint Classifications in Forensic Science, 2005.
A look at how the classification of fingerprints has been used as a method of identifying individuals for over a century.
2,340 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the process of classifying fingerprints is a very sophisticated task that has numerous practical applications in day-to-day activities. The paper further explains that advanced algorithms are used to filter data that contain information about specific anatomic landmarks and these data are matched to fingerprints of individuals saved in databases. The paper also explains that, while the accuracy of this technology is very high, there are up and coming future technologies that may out date fingerprinting as the gold-standard individual identification modality.
From the Paper
"Fingerprint identification has numerous practical applications. Particular fingerprints may be matched to individuals because they are distinct and unchanging. The individuality of fingerprints is based on the ridge structure and minutiae. The recognition of these landmarks, including shape, number, and location is an automated process by which computer algorithms filter data and match a subset of individuals with a particular print. More complex analyses are then performed to identify the individual who matches the print from the subset of prospects. Overall, the accuracy of these technologies is extremely high and is considered the gold-standard for individual recognition. Future technologies such as DNA fingerprinting and iris scan algorithms appear promising and may replace fingerprinting in the future."
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DNA Fingerprinting, 2005.
This paper examines the use of DNA fingerprinting by investigators.
1,060 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that DNA evidence exists in biological materials, such as blood, semen and even perspiration and can be found on a variety of items from cigarette butts to eyeglasses, even decades old evidence can contain DNA. The author points out that one of the biggest disadvantages of DNA testing is, if it is not performed correctly, the results are worthless. The paper relates that in the field, DNA fingerprinting is one of the investigator's forensic tools but its use requires full training in the process for collecting DNA evidence.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Overview of DNA Fingerprinting
Advantages of DNA Fingerprinting
Disadvantages of DNA Fingerprinting
What I Would do as an Investigator in this Field and Why I Would Choose DNA Fingerprinting
From the Paper
"Lastly, Smialek, Word, and Westveer note a primary disadvantage of DNA fingerprinting is the ease in which it's contaminated. Samples have to be collected and handled with gloves that have to be changed often. Disposable instruments, or those that are thoroughly cleansed can only be used. Even talking, sneezing or coughing over evidence can make it worthless. In addition, there is the backlog of DNA samples to be processed which lead to lengthy waits between collecting and interpretation."
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DNA Fingerprinting, 2006.
An overview of the use of DNA fingerprinting in forensic investigations.
818 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses DNA fingerprinting and how it has become a silent partner in the war on crime. It looks at how, although DNA fingerprinting is an expensive endeavor for crime enforcement, there is no doubt its accuracy outweighs cost restrictions.
Outline
Introduction
DNA Fingerprinting
Advantages and Developments
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The true significance of a strand of DNA is that it is sure to house all of the necessary information that is the blueprint or code for various aspect of the body that it represents. Consider that in the majority of organisms, genetics is established by the breeding of pairs of parents which results in an off-spring that has a combination of each of the parents' genetic codes. "Despite the power of molecular biology to examine the information coded for by DNA, we have to know where in the DNA to look to find information of relevance to particular phenomena." (Cantor & Smith, 1999)"
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Brain Fingerprinting, 2007.
An analysis of the advantages and limitations of using brain fingerprinting to aid in crime solving.
727 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the technique of brain fingerprinting and specifically how this technique can be used to determine the guilt or innocence of a suspect with regards to a crime. It then discusses some of the ethical considerations in using this technique and some of its limitations. The paper concludes by suggesting that the validity of the machine has not yet been proven and as such, it is not a reliable method for crime solving.
From the Paper
"Nothing is perfect, however. Although Farwell is confident his technology may prove more accurate than today's polygraphs, he is quick to point out there will never be a magic box that uncovers truth with 100 percent accuracy.
"The brain wave detector is just another piece of equipment that may have the positive use of apprehending guilty or clearing not guilty individuals. However, as with many other machines that have other potential uses, it is the person who runs it who is the problem--machines cannot act on their own. History has shown time and time again, how something built with all good intentions has been used for all the wrong reasons."
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The Biometric Fingerprint Door Lock, 2007.
This paper looks at the home security market in the U.S.A., Australia and Finland.
2,421 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the increased need for security expressed by both private and public sectors. The paper relates that Sequiam Corporation has seized the new opportunities arising and has introduced the biometric fingerprint door lock. The paper presents an analysis of the American, Finnish and Australian markets to determine the potential success of this product. The paper shows how the U.S.A. and Australia remain a prolific outlet for security providers as terrorist attacks and property crime continue to be two major threats, while Finland does not appear to be a viable market.
Outline:
Introduction
Evaluating and Contrasting the American, Finnish, and Australian Markets
From the Paper
"The new product that Sequiem has recently launched on the American market is a biometric fingerprint door lock which has been designed after a three-year research process which took into account all the significant features of the consumers' behavior. First of all, the product targeting the home security market has considered the difficulties that clients may find in turning from the traditional key systems to the new biometric ones. In order to ensure a smooth transition, the company has made a keyhole in the lock and has provided users with a key backup although it is aware that this will never be used."
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DNA Fingerprinting, 1993.
Provides a definition and looks at this practice's history, test cases, techniques and accuracy. Examples of paternity & criminal cases and problems are discussed.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 13 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
" DNA Defined and Delineated
While there are several definitions available for DNA, Matta presents the following definition that would be used when briefing laboratory technologists who are new to processing this molecule.
DNA is the carrier of genetic information. It is composed of two linear polymers held together by hydrogen bonds and arranged in a helical conformation, similar to a stepladder. These polymers or strands consist of repeat units of nucleotides which are composed of a sugar, deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a purine or pyrimidine base. There are four main nucleotides, each defined by the base attached to the sugar moiety. The four nucleotides are: adenine.."
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Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems, 1992.
A look at the methods and aims of the computerized system and the impact on criminal investigation.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 9 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"This paper will discuss the impact which Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) has had on criminal investigations. AFIS is a computer system for matching fingerprints taken at the scene of a crime with fingerprints which are on file in a computerized database. This is a much faster and more accurate method of fingerprint matching than the former method of searching manually through catalogued sets of prints. Furthermore, the AFIS can search through a far greater number of fingerprints than was ever possible in the past, which is extremely helpful in criminal investigations. This paper will show that Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems represent one of the most important breakthroughs in law enforcement technology in recent times.
The use of fingerprints to identify criminals was pioneered..."
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Genetics, 2001.
Two experiments researching the makeup of genetics and fingerprints.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 32.95
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Abstract
Lab report on fingerprints and genetics. The author describes two experiments conducted to test whether gender effects traits and to find out the composition of fingerprints. Included is a full discussion of the methods and materials used, the results and a discussion about the findings.
From the Paper
"In this lab, we had two purposes. The first was to find out what a traits a baby would have when genes are randomly thrown together. Our other purpose was to find out what type of fingerprints we have and compare them to the rest of the class. One question was whether gender had anything to do with what traits that a baby would receive. In the fingerprint experiment, our question was which type of fingerprint is most popular in the class. To find the answer to these questions, four sources were used. The first was a handout, which told us how to do the experiment. Second, Facts about Friedreich?s Ataxia told about the affect genetics has on inherited traits. Third, The Flint Journal was used to explain that fingerprint types are not equally represented in a population, and how this is useful. Last, the Laboratory Manual would show us the different types of fingerprints."
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