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Financial Institutions in a Global Economy, 2006.
A paper on the role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
1,231 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by explaining the original role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and then explains the role that the IMF has taken over more recently - that of bailing out small countries in times of distress. The paper then states that the United States is currently the world economic leader, and is over-represented in the global banking community. The author explains that one major change occurring in the global economy is the influence of non-shareholders on business, primarily by boycotts. The paper also looks at the issue of ethics in current global economics.
Table of Contents:
The Roles of Financial Institutions in a Global Economy
Changes in the Financial Services Industry over the Next Decade
Expected Changes in Stakeholder Relationships as a Result of Financial Institution Change
Ethics Issues in Financial Services
From the Paper
"When it was founded, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) intended to coordinate global macroeconomic policy; since then, its work has changed and it has evolved into a different entity (Bird and Joyce, 2001, p. 75). Its mandate was once thought to be preventing global financial disaster by making emergency loans to developing and distressed nations when that nation's own financial institutions were not able to surmount economic difficulties. Despite the fairly widespread and deep Asian economic crisis of a few years ago, in which financial institutions in the region were distressed and unable to handle the capital demands alone, Bird and Joyce note that recent economic reversals have been relatively self-contained and self-limiting, unlike the Great Depression, for example; this fact dictates the relationship of financial institutions to the global economy. Politics made it likely that financial institutions from various nations would have their own ideas of what shape financial aid and financial aid reform should take (Bird and Joyce, 2001, p. 75)."
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Bulgarian Financial Markets and Institutions, 2001.
A comparison of the financial markets, institutions and instruments existing in Bulgaria with those in the United States of America.
1,944 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 10 sources, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper compares Bulgarian and American financial markets, institutions and instruments on the level of existence and development. Following a comprehensive comparison table is the actual explanation of every type of financial institutions/instrument in the context of its development in Bulgaria. A part of the paper points financial institutions/instruments that exist in Bulgaria but not in the USA. Another part of the paper proposes development of the most needed financial institution at present.
From the Paper
"One of the institutions that does not exist in the United States but is present in Bulgaria regards the central bank of the country. Bulgarian National Bank was created in 1879 and was initially functioning as a regular bank. During the Communist regime in the country its operation was terminated and in 1991 was resumed with the acceptance of the Central Bank Law and The Bank and Credit Law. These laws were changed significantly in 1997 when Bulgaria was placed under Currency Board. Presently the central bank is transformed in such a way so that it can work as a Currency Board. Its balance includes both Bank and Currency Board entries. The currency reserve, which includes foreign currency, gold and foreign securities, covers the money in circulation, commercial banks deposits and government deposits. The Lev is tied to the Deutch Mark (1DEM=1Lev). According to the present regulations, BNB cannot give credit the government. Commercial banks are allowed credit but to a limited extent. This is possible only in cases when systematic liquidation risk exists. The maximum period of credit is 3 months and a deposit of gold of foreign securities is required. Yet, the credit of commercial banks is possible only if ?surplus? in the balance of BNB exists."
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Risk Management in Financial Institutions, 2002.
This paper discusses the article "Risk Management in Financial Institutions" by George Oldfield and Anthony Santomero.
966 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper studies the article in order to address two issues associated with risk exposure for financial institutions. The writer asks the questions and then finds within the article that different styles of risk mitigation are applicable to all types of financial institutions, although the balance among these mitigation strategies will vary by institutional type and by institution within institutional types depending upon an institution?s needs at any given time.
From the Paper
"The first question facing a financial institution, thus, is whether to manage risk or avoid risk. Costs are involved for a financial institution regardless of the nature of the decision on this issue. Thus, the decision itself boils down to a question of which decision likely risks the greater costs for the institution. At this level, a financial institution may avoid risks through business practices that minimize risk exposure or the institution may transfer risks to other participants. In the first instance, the financial institution will forego some level of business activity to minimize risk exposure. The question revolves around the issue of whether potential loss of profits from business not conducted likely would exceed any losses associated with the higher level of risk exposure. In the second instance, the financial institution will need to compensate in some way other participants for assuming risk. The question in this instance revolves around the issue of whether the costs of compensating other participants likely would exceed any losses associated with retaining the risks by the financial institution."
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South American Financial Markets and Institutions, 2000.
A focus on the economy and financial institutions of Brazil and Argentina and how they shape South America and Latin America.
1,836 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how that, although South America has immense natural resources and very diverse eco-systems, nearly one-third of the people live in poverty and how the region has to battle economically and socially to overcome this. It examines how South America?s economic barometer is not only shaped by the United States, but by the policies and fiscal decisions of both Brazil and Argentina. It evaluates the economy and trade history both Brazil and Argentina individually, their relationship with MERCUSOR, the South American Common Market and the challenges facing both countries today in achieving some form of financial stability.
From the Paper
"The United States is deeply involved in the economics of every corner of the globe and influences each region to a different degree. Although our southern neighbors share our hemisphere and many of our concerns, South America seemingly receives less attention than the markets of Europe and Asian. Henry Kissinger, a former Secretary of State and National Security Advisor to the President, once said ? South America is a dagger pointed at the heart of Antarctica? Despite this rather frivolous comment by Kissenger, the fact is Latin America, encompassing Central America, The Caribbean, and South America is very important to the United States. For example, Mexico is our largest trading partner next to Canada. We will also trade more with Chili than India and send more to Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay than China."
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European Financial Institutions and Markets, 1999.
This paper investigates and discusses financial institutions and markets within Europe.
2,610 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at Europe?s economic evolution since World War II. It is discussed how the European Union creates an economic, cultural and security arrangement among the European states and will evolve into a massive governmental organization covering a vast continent of 380 million people with diverse cultures and economies. This paper focuses on the financial institutions found within or created by the European Union and their relevance or impact to European financial system.
From the Paper
"In 1948, the Congress of Europe brought all the European movements together in The Hague initiating the discussion of a common market. By 1950, the Europeans erected the first pillar of the Union. In this year, the Treaty of Rome was signed creating the European Economic Community (EEC). This common market, including Germany, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands began an ?international? cross-border agreement encouraging trade among these countries. Not until nearly 30 years later did the European Union develop and implement a European Monetary System (EMS). Arguably, the most significant event for shaping the European Union for the today and beyond was the signing of the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 signed by Foreign Affairs Ministers from 12 nations. By 1995, Austria, Finland, and Sweden joined the EU bringing the membership to 15 countries. Others have applied including Turkey, Cyprus, Malta, Switzerland, Hungary, and Poland but must meet the strident economic standards to enter this organization. While there are many complex steps to creation of this regional organization, the salient is point is that is has been evolving for over 40 years and has moved closer to one economy with each milestone."
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The Global Economy, 2006.
A review of the book, 'The New Global Economy and Developing Countries' by Dani Rodrik.
1,711 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at Dani Rodrik's book, 'The New Global Economy and Developing Countries'. According to the paper, the barriers that once stood in the way of developing a global economy, such as transportation, communication, and currency conversion, have now been taken down by the airline companies, the Internet, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Trade Organization (WTO). The paper further discusses how a country which engages the world in an open mindset is able to import and purchase ideas, goods and services, capital, and institutions because of its positive relationships, and working agreements with other nations.
From the Paper
"Large differences in growth curves exist between developing nations over the past decade. Many countries, such as those in the Pacific Rim, that pursued macroeconomic stability, liberalized trade, and implemented market-based reforms in the early to mid-1980s are now well established as the high performers in the developing world. Their policies have enabled them to better withstand adverse external developments and unpredictable market variables. More recently, many other developing countries have adopted similar policy frameworks and have, in turn, made substantial progress in fostering macroeconomic stability. For many of these countries growth has exceeded expectations, and their prospects are better than they have been for some time. Growth in a number of other developing countries remains weak, however, and there are at present relatively few indications of improvement. Although policy differences do not fully explain the growth experiences among developing countries or within an individual country when compared to its neighbor, over time the lack of economic stability, inadequate and distorted financial markets, unproductive state intrusion, and inward-oriented trade policies all act to restrain growth. Although simple comparisons with the strong performers point to relatively straightforward explanations for the difficulties of low-growth countries, a closer look at their experiences suggests that their failure to grow at more satisfactory rates is attributable to a complex set of interactions among policy failures, poor governance, lack of incentives for reform, and adverse external developments. "
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Economics: Financial Institutions., 2002.
This paper examines a series of topics relating to money supply and investment.
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 97.95
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Abstract
It begins by defining money. It then examines the links between savings, investment and government borrowing. Next the question of rates of return on financial instruments and risk is considered. Finally, a theoretical investment portfolio is constructed.
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"Global Political Economy", 2008.
A critical analysis of Chapter Three in "Global Political Economy: Theory and Practice" by Theodore H. Cohn.
823 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 0 sources, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that "Global Political Economy: Theory and Practice" was written by Theodore H. Cohn to analyze a variety of issues in global and regional trade policy, theories of international relations and the role of international institutions. The paper provides an evaluation of Chapter Three entitled "The Realist Perspective". The paper posits that Cohn brings complex theoretical issues into a practical and useful framework for the student reader.
From the Paper
"The book Global Political Economy: Theory and Practice was written by Theodore H. Cohn to analyze a variety of issues in global and regional trade policy, theories of international relations and the role of international institutions. It takes a broad overview of the central theoretical currents in International Political Economy (IPE), and explores the key intellectual positions in global political theory. For example, it looks at the positions held by such thinkers as realists (the right-wing), liberals (proponents of free trade) and historical structuralists (the left-wing), and applies these ideas into a real-world context. By offering a centrist position that puts major themes in the world economy into perspective, Cohn allows the reader to relate these abstract notions to concrete practice."
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Financial Institutions, 1991.
A look at the Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 and how the Banking reform bill was passed in response to the 1980s savings and loan failures. With provisions, requirements and limitation of risks.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 4 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"The Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 (FIRREA) was a response to the many savings and loan failures during the 1980s. Under FIRREA, the Federal Home Loan Bank Board was disbanded with the regulatory role it provided taken over by the new Office of Thrift Supervision, part of the Treasury Department. The supervisory role that the Board provided will be handled by the Federal Housing Finance Board. The Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC) was replaced by the Savings Association Insurance Fund, and administrative control is now handled by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) (Weaver, 1990, p. 38). In addition to these regulatory body changes, there were significant changes in the capital requirements that thrift institutions are required to observe. Based on changes implemented in the banking..."
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An Examination of Different Types of Financial Institutions, 2000.
A discussion of the concepts and procedures behind savings and loans, commercial banks, and deposit insurance.
1,240 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 5 sources, $ 42.95
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From the Paper
"Savings and loan associations are often abbreviated as S & L?s. They are savings and home-financing institutions that make loans for the purchase of private housing, home improvements, and new construction. Formerly cooperative institutions in which savers were shareholders in the association and received dividends in proportion to the organization's profits, savings and loan associations are mutual organizations that now offer a variety of savings plans. Many offer the same services as do other savings institutions, such as tax-deferred annuities, direct deposit of Social Security checks, and automatic deductions from accounts for mortgage payments and insurance premiums, and passbook loans."
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Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery & Enforcement Act of 1989, 1996.
Evaluates law addressing 1980s thrift industry crisis & regulating investments, home loans, acquisitions.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"The late 1980s were dominated by the failure of many financial institutions in the savings and loan crisis. There was increased demand by the public for greater regulation of an industry which, once deregulated, had engaged in speculative investment practices and other activities which led to widespread failure. Since taxpayers are ultimately responsible for guaranteeing the deposits of failed institutions, greater emphasis was placed on creating an environment in which institutions would not put their depositors' funds at such great risk.
The Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 (FIRREA) was signed into law on August 9, 1989 and was designed to overhaul the regulatory structure of the American thrift industry and to provide funding to facilitate the closing of ..."
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| Term Paper # 64249 |
temporarily unavailable
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The Financial Crisis in East Asian Economies, 2006.
An analysis of the East Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998 and whether the crisis is really over.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 3 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the East Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998 and how it represented not only a shock to the regional economies of East Asia but, in a larger context, a blow to the confidence of global financial markets in the fundamental structural soundness of East Asian economies. The paper points out that the East Asian economies that were at the center of the crisis - in particular, Thailand and South Korea - were also among those being most highly praised for their market liberalization and fiscal prudence during the regional economic boom of the 1990s. This, in particular, represented troubling concerns for the global economic community in terms of the validity and trustworthiness of assessments of East Asian economies. With this in mind, this paper considers whether it is safe to assume that the crisis is truly over.
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The Financial Crisis, 2008.
An evaluation of the Federal Reserve's reaction to the financial institution crises.
1,585 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the Federal Reserve Bank's response to the AIG, Lehman Brothers and Merrill Lynch crisis in terms of its implications on financial institutions, interest rates, inflation and the value of the US dollar. The paper discusses how the interconnectedness of these financial institutions made effective measures necessary, but shows how there is no guarantee that these injections into the world economy will boost investor confidence.
Outline:
The Federal Reserve Banks Response to Financial Institution Crises
Analysis of The Fed's Response
Implication on Financial Institutions
The Fed's Response and its Implications for Interest Rates
The Fed's Response and Inflation
The Fed's Response and Its Implications on USD
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In light of the AIG, Lehman Brothers and Merrill Lynch crisis, the Federal Reserve Bank as well as other large central banks namely the Bank of Canada, the Bank of England, the European Central Bank (ECB), the Federal Reserve, the Bank of Japan, and the Swiss National Bank have decided to inject USD180 billion in the world economy in an effort to avert further bank failures. It is quite disturbing that in the past few days, three of the financial industry's largest firms collapsed as a result of the rippling effects of the sub-prime mortgage crisis. It is good, however, that the Fed saw fit to act swiftly to remedy this problem but, the question here arises: Will the Fed's response be effective in remedying the crises at hand. Also, what are the effects of an injection of this magnitude into the world economy? "
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Asian Financial Crisis of 1997-1998, 2006.
A discussion regarding the impact of the Asian Financial Crisis on the global economy.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 8 sources, $ 142.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews how in the contemporary context in the middle of the first decade of the 21st century, the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997-1998 seems a distant memory that has been obscured by the meteoric economic boom of China and the global changes that have occurred post-September 11, 2001. However this perspective risks ignoring the significance of this crisis given that the underlying structures of the global economy during this crisis, in particular the phenomenon of globalization and its primary institutions the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Trade Organization (WTO) continue to shape our economy today.
From the Paper
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