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Feminization of Poverty, 2002.
This paper discusses the feminization of poverty a growing problem in America where increasing numbers of women and children have been forced into poverty, by a combination of social and economic factors.
1,940 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the many causes of the feminization of poverty including the breakdown of the two parent family and the inadequacy of women?s wages to support a family. The author explores the theories of John Mill and of many contemporary activists for an insight into this problem. The author feels that, to solve the difficult problem of the feminization of poverty, American policy makers must begin to see the feminization of poverty as a social and economic issue and disregard negative stereotypes of individuals in poverty.
From the Paper
"Edelman has many criticisms of the Clinton welfare bill. Troublingly, Edelman notes that the new bill allows states to manage their own welfare system. As such, welfare no longer needs to come as cash. For example, it could come in the form of certificates that must be redeemed with a specific contract organization. Further, Edelman notes that federal welfare funds are now capped, freezing funding for six years."
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Neo-Liberalism, Social Welfare and Feminization of Poverty, 2005.
The paper examines neo-liberalism, social welfare in Toronto, and the feminization of poverty.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 3 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
The paper examines neo-liberal economics and their effects towards feminization and racialization of poverty in the Greater Toronto Area. The focus is on single mothers, a changed environment in a city close to ghettoization and the extreme difficulty of leaving the welfare system. Part of the paper includes a report on fieldwork undertaken involving discussions with welfare workers critical of the system and welfare mothers. Troubling factors include a changed Toronto culture in which the poor and their situations are not known by other citizens. Future implications are discussed.
From the Paper
"Neo-liberal economic and social welfare policies have aggravated the feminization and to a degree, a racialization of Canadian poverty, as affects greatly single mothers with dependent children. In Toronto, some factors preceded local budgetary reductions, including federal reductions in place for almost two decades. (See O'Neill: 1998, Yalnizyan: 1998) Moreover, women now face a changed culture that is less understanding of poverty, or empathetic towards the poor. Jim Stanford mentioned, a decade ago, a failure to understand that recession unemployment was not a temporary phenomenon but signaled lost, i.e. absent employment opportunities, in keeping with shifts.."
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The Feminization of Poverty, 2004.
An examination of the growing problem of poverty-stricken women.
3,242 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how, as the people living below the poverty line increases, so does the percentage of women. It argues that social welfare programs continue to be needed to address the feminization of poverty. The first part of the paper examines key indicators of this ?feminization,? including the salary gap between men and women and other indicators of women?s ?economic well-being.? The next part then looks at the arguments of welfare reform proponents, who cite the need to move low-income women with children from receiving welfare to gainful employment. The last part of this paper argues that welfare reforms are misguided, since many circumstances in addition to lack of motivation contribute to the inability of many women to ?work their way out of poverty.? Welfare reform programs that fail to address these needs will thus only result in more poverty for society, in general, and for women, in particular.
From the Paper
"The welfare reform law placed strict time limits on how long families can receive the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). There was now a two-year limit on how long a family can continue to receive continuous welfare assistance. After this two year period, the adults were required to find employment. More importantly, there was also a five-year lifetime limit on how long the family can receive welfare assistance. If they go over this figure, families will no longer be eligible to receive federal aid. The change was further emphasized when the AFDC program was re-named Temporary Assistance for Needy Families or TANF (Levinson, Reardon and Smith 1999)."
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The Feminization Of Poverty, 2002.
Uses a review of literature to examine issues.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 21 sources, $ 79.95
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Abstract
Uses a review of literature to examine issues. Theoretical perspectives. Technique of deconstruction. Phallocentric biases. Treatment of women in the labor force and the social welfare system. Marriage. Single motherhood. Female-headed households. Divorce. Work and mothers. Impact of age, race and ethnicity, marital and parental status, and gender on feminization of poverty.
From the Paper
"Literature Review: Feminization of Poverty
Introduction
The purpose of this review of literature was to examine issues relevant to the feminization of poverty. To that end, a comprehensive computerized search of two databases was undertaken. The databases were PsychLit, a database containing entries on psychology and other social sciences. The second database was ERIC, a database oriented toward education and also includes scholarly articles, theses, dissertations, and monographs among which the feminization of poverty figures.
Review of Literature
Theoretical Perspectives
Nuccio and Sands (1992) examined the application of postmodern feminist deconstruction to uncover phallocentric biases in ..."
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Feminism And Poverty In The 1960s, 2002.
Analysis of how the rise of feminism and widespread poverty brought about social and political change in the 1960s.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 31.95
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Abstract
Analysis of how the rise of feminism and widespread poverty brought about social and political change in the 1960s. Factors that undermined traditional gender roles and changing roles for women. Formation of the National Organization for WOMEN (NOW) & Betty Friedan & its impact. Poverty & racial inequality. Passage of the Civil Rights Act. Antipoverty programs and President L.B. Johnson's commitment to the poor and the War on Poverty.
From the Paper
"In the 1960's, two major factors contributing to social and political change were feminism and poverty. The feminist movement in the 1960's promoted choice and equality for women in many different arenas of their lives. The National Organization for Women was and remains an instrumental group in bringing about such changes. President Lyndon Johnson declared a nationwide War on Poverty and pushed through a significant amount of legislation to assist the disadvantaged in the United States.
Several factors contributed to the rise of feminism in the sixties. An increasing number of mothers were working, which was becoming more accepted. Additionally, access to education for women increased; in 1960 35 percent of college students were women. Traditional gender roles were undermined by these ..."
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Afrocentrism, Feminism & Poverty in the Black Community, 2002.
A discussion of the problems in African-American communities and the possible solution in the form of uniting Afrocentrism and black feminism.
4,041 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how feminist and Afro-centrist theories address the issues of crime, unemployment, and illiteracy as well as to suggest additional ways that such schools of thought could be useful toward alleviating poverty in the black community.
From the Paper
"From 1970 to 1993 African Americans lost ground in nearly every economic category (Cha-Jua & Lang, 1999, p. 25). However, after 1993, the economic situation of Blacks appeared to improve as the country recovered from the 1989 recession. For example, the median Black family income rose 20 percent between 1993 and 1997 from $23,927 to $28,602 (Cha-Jua & Lang, 1999, p. 25). In addition, the poverty rate of Blacks in 1997 (26.5 percent) was the lowest recorded in the thirty-seven years the government had collected this data.
However, the improved economic indicators have not eliminated the vast economic disparity between Blacks and Whites (Cha-Jua & Lang, 1999, p. 25). For example, in 1997, the median income of Black families was still only 61 percent that of Whites and the poverty rate remained two and a half times that of Whites. Moreover, in accumulated wealth, the most meaningful economic category, the gap between Blacks and Whites is astronomical. In 1995, Black households' median net wealth was only $7,400, about 12 percent that of White households. Furthermore, when home equity is subtracted, median Black financial wealth plunges to $200, only 1 percent of Whites' median financial wealth of $18,000 (Cha-Jua & Lange, 1999, p. 25)."
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Afrocentrism, Feminism And Poverty, 2002.
Analysis of why the improved ecnomic indicators for African Americans have not eliminated the economic disparity between Blacks and Whites.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 21 sources, $ 127.95
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Abstract
Analysis of why the improved economic indicators or African Ameicans have not eliminated the economic diisparity between Blacks & Whites. Discusses research studies on such topics as high birth rate of single African American women, poverty in the African American community. Afrocentric vs. Eurocentric world view. African cultural survival & education. Feminist theories regarding empoloyment of African American women.
From the Paper
"Afrocentrism, Feminism & Poverty in the Black Community
Poverty in the Black Community
From 1970 to 1993 African Americans lost ground in nearly every economic category (Cha-Jua & Lang, 1999, p. 25). However, after 1993, the economic situation of Blacks appeared to improve as the country recovered from the 1989 recession. For example, the median Black family income rose 20 percent between 1993 and 1997 from $23,927 to $28,602 (Cha-Jua & Lang, 1999, p. 25). In addition, the poverty rate of Blacks in 1997 (26.5 percent) was the lowest recorded in the thirty-seven years the government had collected this data.
However, the improved economic indicators have not eliminated the vast economic disparity between Blacks and Whites (Cha-Jua & Lang, 1999, p. 25). For example, in 1997, the median income ..."
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World Poverty and Poverty in the USA, 2007.
An explanation of poverty experienced in the USA and in the developing countries.
1,319 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the global issue of poverty as well as the poverty that exists today in the USA. The author describes the different lives that the poor in America have compared to those struggling to survive in developing countries. He provides some of the causes that lead to abject poverty and concludes that if we cure the world of poverty, we will cure the world of hunger, thirst, illiteracy, and disease.
From the Paper
"When Americans think of poverty, many of them tend to think of people living on the street and begging for money in our nation's biggest cities. Many are naive to the fact that almost one billion people are living in "absolute poverty." Absolute poverty, as described by Robert McNamara, are "those living, literally, on the margin of life. Their lives are so characterized by malnutrition, illiteracy, and disease as to be beneath any reasonable definition of human dignity" (23). The main reason for McNamara's definition is to help Westerners understand that poverty is a lot different to us than it is in the developing world.
"The poor in New York City may be living under a bridge or sleeping on a park bench, but they rarely have to worry about how they are going to eat since the United States offers programs to aid the poor, such as homeless shelters, soup kitchens, and food stamps. In the developing world, it is a different story. Millions of children receive insufficient amounts of food, especially protein, which thereby causes their brains to remain undeveloped and leads to a higher chance of less-productive lives. Millions of these children die each year before the age of five due to malnutrition and diseases associated with malnutrition (23)."
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Liberal Feminism vs. Lesbian Feminism, 2002.
This essay focuses on two prime theoretical aspects of feminism, namely liberal feminism and lesbian feminism.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
Both the theories acknowledge the fact that women have long been oppressed by predominant male attitudes and ideas, as well as an essentially patriarchal societal structure. The former theory is reformist in the sense that it seeks to work within the existing system, and wants to modify it in order to ensure women have equal opportunities as men, be they in education, career, or politics. The latter's focus is on giving women their unique sexual identity by challenging the imposition of heterosexuality and giving lesbianism its due recognition.
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Divorce and Poverty, 2002.
A discussion of the relationship between the feminization of poverty and divorce in the U.S..
1,799 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how divorce in the United States is especially devastating to women and children because it contributes to the feminization of poverty. It looks at how divorce tends to be harder on women than men because men are more likely to have careers and jobs while the women are more likely to be dependent. Women thus emerge from a marriage on the average in worse financial shape than do males. It also analyzes whether whether delinquency and other social problems are the result of divorce itself or of the poverty that often accompanies it.
From the Paper
"Women have assumed a dual role in the U.S. almost without it
being noted, and they have done so by combining work outside the
home with their domestic and child care responsibilities. Social
tensions producing more and more divorce contributed to the
growing number of families with women as head of household. Many
of these women are under-educated and under-trained and cannot
get good enough jobs to support their families, and in addition
they must continue in their role as mother (and now father) at
the same time. This is an unintended consequence of liberalized
divorce laws on the one hand and economic problems for certain
communities on the other."
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Women and Poverty In the U.S., 1999.
Examines the causes and effects of the feminization of poverty. Discusses feminist theory, systemic problems, stigmatization, stereotyping, role of media and policy implications.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 5 sources, $ 87.95
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From the Paper
"Women and Poverty in the United States
Introduction
Both the political conservatives and the political liberals have foused on the feminization of poverty in the United States, although with different perspectives and recommendations for changing the situations. The conservatives have blamed both feminism and the welfare state for the increased incidence of female-headed households living in poverty, while liberals have pointed to discrimination as a major issue. All, agree, however, that the problem has been increasing over the past two decades and that more children live in poverty now than lived in poverty in the 1970s."
According to Mayra Buvinic (1997), the problem is even more
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Redefining Poverty, 2003.
Explores the need to redefine the term 'poverty' to improve poverty alleviation strategies.
6,500 words (approx. 26.0 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 149.95
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Abstract
The term 'poverty' does not have as clear-cut a definition as many suppose. In the past, the World Bank defined it as a form of economic deprivation, inhibiting access to necessary resources such as food, medication, shelter, or clothing. This paper shows, however, that by 2001, the World Bank realized that the definition of poverty as "deprivation of income" was simply too limited and limiting because it viewed poverty only from the economic perspective, overlooking the social perspective. It is limiting because the economic definition of poverty engenders poverty alleviation strategies, which aim to improve the economic status of individuals, communities, and areas by addressing the economic infrastructure alone, overlooking the fact that the social and political infrastructures may be, and often are, equally responsible for poverty. The paper shows that realization of the mentioned limitations motivated the World Bank to redefine poverty as used in its annual reports. This new definition, holding poverty to be a "pronounced deprivation of well-being," does address some of the limitations of the older definition, but is not a comprehensive definition. Additionally, it has failed to engender new poverty measurement variables, maintaining the same limited and limiting ones used in the earlier definition.
Outline
Definition
Measurements of Poverty
Social and Political Deprivation
Choice in Poverty
Alleviation Strategies
Criticism of Alleviation Strategies
Re-Emphasizing a New Definition of Poverty
Case Discussion and Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In other words, poverty is the absence of equality and equal opportunity. If one considers this definition carefully, especially in light of the areas of inequality highlighted by Todaro, one sees the rationale behind, and the validity of, this definition. Quite simply stated, the unequal status of women and minority groups in many LDC's determines the inability of those groups to access economic independence or even the opportunity for stable employment at fair wages. If we go a step beyond, one will note that resistance to employing women, consequent to patriarchal cultural attitudes prevalent in many LDC's such as rural Egypt, culminates in the exclusion of a significant percentage of the population from participating in national economic development efforts."
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The Sociology of Poverty and Welfare, 2005.
A sociological perspective on poverty and welfare, including a sociological definition of poverty, explanations for poverty and welfare, and an evaluation of the explanations.
3,525 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
The paper researches the sociology of poverty and welfare. The paper identifies the conflict and individualistic and cultural perspectives in poverty and welfare, gives a description of six sociological explanations relating to the two identified perspectives of poverty and welfare, and evaluates three of the sociological explanations. Further, this paper gives a description of at least eight sociological studies of welfare and poverty, with at least four representing the different sociological perspectives, as well as four evaluations of the sociological studies. Finally, this paper provides a description of four main constraints, which could affect the work of sociologists in their study of welfare and poverty.
Statement of Thesis
Review of Literature
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Defining elements in culture are those of language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and material objects that are passed through generation to generation. Further culture can be separated into subgroups of material culture and nonmaterial culture. Components within a culture are inclusive of symbols, gestures, language, values, norms and sanctions, folkways and mores." Those who participate in social research or sociologists place their reliance on three main theoretical frameworks which are symbolic intereactionism which is defined in the focus on languaging and human relationship elements in intimate group settings which gives emphasis to the construction and communication by the individual through use of symbols or micro-analysis. In the thinking of today there is little disagreement that there is not an existence of a definitive in poverty that is "the" end-all in relating the meaning of the existence demonstrating the meaning of poverty. Globalization is new in the theorem arena in relation to reflect on poverty. The studies that are recent in relation to: "globalization, regionalization and their local manifestation in 'globalization' revealed an extraordinary variety of micro-social" causal factors and reasons within the framework of social processes and consequences that are of a broader nature."
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Lee Jacobs' Article: "John Kenneth Galbraith: The Position of Poverty", 2008.
This paper analyzes governmental influences on case poverty and insular poverty in Southeast Asia based on the article "John Kenneth Galbraith: The Position of Poverty" by Lee Jacobs.
940 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This study critically analyzes the idea of case poverty and insular ioverty in the article "John Kenneth Galbraith: The Position of Poverty" by Lee Jacobs. The paper explains that, by understanding the different types of poverty that keep many in the lower echelons of society, Galbraith positions that case poverty is a real concept in determining those that cannot function effectively within society. The paper further suggest that, by critical evaluating this concept, one can argue that Galbraith shows a great deal of insight into poverty, and what factors keep members of a population in the lower classes through government intervention. The paper then applies this concept to the poor in Southeast Asian countries.
From the Paper
"These ironic features that are contained within economic barren areas reflect the way that governmental development influences what is to be deemed insular poverty. For instance, if a country like Cambodia has resources in rice, a lack of government development could make Cambodia behave within Galbraith's definition of insular poverty without geographical isolation. ...
"This factor further helps develop the terms of poverty that are imposed upon people, through the so-called insular factors of poverty."
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America's War on Poverty, 2002.
An analysis of the effectiveness of welfare reform on poverty and anti-poverty policy in the U.S..
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 9 sources, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper will take a critical look at poverty and anti-poverty policy in the US. Intuitively, it is easy to make the hypothesis that spending more on poverty is better for the greater good. For instance, states with greater percentages of their population below the poverty line should spend more to reduce the incidence of poverty in their jurisdictions. In reality, however, this hypothesis has proven to be invalid. This paper will argue that, rather than improving, poverty is becoming more prevalent.
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