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Feminist Approaches to Women's Writing, 2004.
Critical review of British feminist author, Fay Weldon.
1,176 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and analyzes the way Fay Weldon portrays the men and the heroines in her novels. The paper also discusses the underlying theme in Weldon's novels that women must hold themselves accountable for their weaker status in society.
From the Paper
"Feminism refers to the theory or set of principles according to which women refuse to acknowledge the importance of men in their lives. They reject the notion that men and women complement each other and that they need to walk together to keep the wheel of life running. Feminism has not only affected politics or business organizations, but has left a deep impact on the world of literature too where several women writers have adopted feminist stance. The stories written by these writers and the characters they created, all reflected a deeply feminist streak. In most of these works, a woman is assigned the lead role so she could speak for the writer. Fay Weldon is among one such British feminist writer whose novels have been considered controversial by many as they reflect conflicting forms of feminism. Weldon?s novels have been widely read and most of them received rave reviews upon their publication, however there are still some critics who feel that Weldon doesn?t always portray men-women relationship in the most accurate manner. In other words, these critics are of the view that Fay Weldon is not as keen or astute an observer of male-female relationship as she would have us believe."
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Marxist, Feminist and Liberal Approaches, 2008.
This paper provides a comparison of Marxist, feminist and liberal approaches to social policy in Canada from the First Nations period to the present
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Marxist, liberal, and feminist approaches share a pivotal characteristic in common in that all three are concerned with the needs of the oppressed. However, the writer discusses that although these approaches are similar in certain respects, they are basically quite distinct in their identification of which social and economic needs are to be given priority, their proposed solutions to social problems, and in implementation of solutions. The writer points out that the liberal approach is especially distinct from the other two approaches since the term 'oppressed' does not so adequately fit. This paper focuses on the socioeconomic context and salient issues in New France in order to apply and illustrate those three approaches.
From the Paper
"The Marxist approach would also maintain that the state operates as a means for social control and that it serves he purposes of emerging commercial capitalism. In addition, creating a program of social services may be somewhat empowering but it also oppresses people. Another Marxist criticism of the liberal approach would be that the liberal goals of social security would impose a severe burden on habitants who were already paying a tithe to the Church. As far as the Marxist approach is concerned, the work by religious orders and especially by nuns served to promote and reinforce the class system. Nuns' origins ranged from the nobility to wealthy backgrounds, and class differences were also observed in school programs which conformed to a social hierarchy."
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Feminist Mythology of Women's Work, 2008.
An overview of a paper, "Five Feminist Myths of Women's Employment", by Catherine Hakim regarding feminism in Canadian women.
2,416 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses gender inequality and highlights a landmark paper entitled "Five Feminist Myths of Women's Employment" by Catherine Hakim, which focusses on feminism in Canada.
Outline:
Introduction
Rising Female Employment and Work Dedication?
Poor Quality Jobs and Sexism?
Implications
Last Remarks
From the Paper
"Hakim spent a decade in labour research for the British public service after completing her PhD. Then she returned to academic life. Her exposure to large surveys and studies of labour trends had shown her something other than what feminists continued to teach in universities, in terms of rising numbers of women making their contribution to a work force that should be, and would one day be of 50-50 male-female composition. Feminists resent what they see as sexist stereotypes of women as less committed to their careers than men. Hakim found that fewer women were strongly dedicated to working life, in the way that more men were, and significantly, they chose another kind of lifestyle, their home and family lives important, too, many of them not interested in high career achievement, not driven by dreams of upward mobility, high incomes or status. (2000) This is interesting to compare with work focused on women victimized by gender, class or other social forces. (See Siltanen:2004) For instance, lack of affordable child care is seen to block women's efforts to advance, over and over, in Canadian sociology addressing women and labour. One also notices in Canada a tendency to measure women's fortunes, or the fortunes of the feminist movement in terms of women's earning levels.
"A late 1990s Canadian Council on Social Development report is totally geared to whether or not women were catching up in the 'earnings race'. (Scott & Lochhead:1997) This began to seem a curious focus, given the very trying and unpredictable 1990s employment market, that has made many Canadians grateful to be employed, able to pay their expenses and enjoy good health, a set of factors shaping a new Canadian culture that is nowhere in statistical assessments and a strong idea of what "should" be happening. Hakim found that many more European women who could afford childcare because they had professions or high enough wages did not want to work part-time to earn more, preferring their family lives ahead of career life. Hakim is well aware of women prevented from taking employment due to childcare costs but they saw this as temporary, being able to raise one's own children for a few years one of the benefits of the lives they chose. Women did not feel driven to make some sort of feminist, careerist example as academic feminists asserted that they wanted to make. In Canada, a national childcare system is seen as essential if single mothers are to become financially secure. (Davies Et Al:2001)"
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Indian Women's Feminist Movements, 2008.
A review of four articles regarding the ideology of feminist movements that existed within the Indian Nationalist Movement.
2,277 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the pragmatism of the women's feminist movements in Indian history by presenting the points of view expressed in articles written by four different authors, namely: Suruchi Thapar-Bjorkert's "The Domestic Sphere as a Political Site: A Study of Women in the Indian Nationalist Movement", Carol Hills' "Nationalism and feminism in Late Colonial India: The Rani of the Jhansi regiment 1943-1945", Basu Apama's "Feminism and Nationalism in India, 1917-1947", and Stephen Legg's Gendered Politics and Nationalized Homes: Women and the Anti-Colonial Struggle in India: 1930-47". The analysis and discussion of these articles represents a critical view on the nature of feminism in India during the rise of Indian nationalism during the early and middle parts of the 20th century.
Outline:
Introduction
Analysis and Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Basu Apama's article "Feminism and Nationalism in India, 1917-1947" dictates the state of feminist movements during a wide range of history, but provides the tenets of the feminist movement that was seen through the rise of Indian nationalism. Apama's argument for feminist liberation resides on the power of Mahatma Gandhi who actively supported the various feminist movements that sought to derail the traditional patriarchal constructs of violence as a form of opposition:
[Gandhi] claimed that women were better than men in waging nonviolent passive resistance because they had greater capacity for self-sacrifice and endurance, were less self seeking, and had moral courage.
This aspect of the women's movement helped to bring many women into the nationalist movement in India, but certainly, the pragmatic aspect of this foundation for feminist involvement only supports a patriarchal construct. One critical view of this feminist" ideology is that women were actively still performing a submissive role that could still deemed submissive to the male roles of aggression and "violence." The basis of a feminist movement in India appears to be validating the aggressive and submissive roles of women, especially when Apama defines women through Gandhi's ideology for being "less self seeking" in their agenda as a women seeking liberation. This begs the question: Were women merely being used as human shields through their typically submissive female roles in Indian nationalism? The pragmatism of Apama's article surely does not answer crucial questions as to how women were being liberated due to the often powerful men that still controlled political and traditional male roles in Indian society. Although feminist movements began to become more organized, the issue of its effectiveness is highly questionable under the policies of Gandhi in this period of history. In this manner, Apama promotes the freedom of women from the bonds of patriarchal institutions, yet there is little evidence that they made advances in reducing the often submissive stereotypes and generalizations made about them by the male donated nationalist movements in Indian history."
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The Feminist Challenge: Women and the Issue of Multiculturalism, 2002.
Argues that the concept of multiculturalism should not accept discrimination and oppression within itself, focusing on the subject from a feminist viewpoint.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
Acknowledging that there are a variety of legitimate positions on this issue, this essay will nonetheless argue - as per Will Kymlicka - that while multiculturalism is, by definition, inclusive, it cannot and must not accept discrimination and oppression within itself. Of course, it must be admitted that there is no society in the world that is free from discrimination. However, as will be demonstrated with particular reference to the rights of women, to accept any form of oppression within a multicultural society is to invite a fatal virus into the body politic. However, it will also be argued that this absolute response can only legitimately be maintained within the boundaries of Western societies. To extend this rule on a global level represents a form of cultural imperialism that may, in fact, do more harm than good.
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Feminist Therapy and Postmodern Approaches, 2007.
An analysis of the basis of feminist therapies and the post-modern approaches to therapy.
1,439 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses feminist therapists. It discusses the ways in which gender has shaped the lives and experiences of the people these therapists treat in order to understand how the gender role has expected them to develop and deal with stress, race, class, sexual orientation, age cohorts and abilities. It then discusses post-modern approaches which are non-traditional therapies that do not rely on diagnostic labels and therapies that disdain the medical model.
Table of Contents:
Feminist Therapy
Postmodern Approaches
From the Paper
"The desire to treat both men and women as equals in the therapy relationship is crucial to the success of the therapy and this is the benefit that this type of therapy offers. Not only is the client seen as equal to others in her or his milieu, but equal to the therapist. As such, it is unusually well-suited as a framework for understanding trauma and interpersonal violence because much of such violence occurs as a result of people's positions of relative powerlessness in the social realm. In Working With Men Survivors of Trauma and Abuse, Dr. Laura S. Brown demonstrated her approach to therapy with men who have been abused or suffered trauma in the past. In a taped session she worked with a 30-year-old man who was physically abused as a child. Dr. Brown was able to begin the process of helping this man to feel safe enough to trust another person. (Brown 2006)"
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Women's Poetry and Women's Politics, 2002.
A comparison between the poetry of Muriel Ruckeyser and that of Adrienne Rich, and an exploration of their feminist messages.
1,030 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the poetry of Muriel Ruckeyser, as found in her book ?The Book of the Dead?, and that of Adrienne Rich, using her work entitled "Twenty-one Love Poems". The paper gives a biographical background on each of the poets, stressing their importance to the contemporary women?s movement and to American poetry. Rich?s poems are explored for their ideas on the relationships between women, and Ruckeyser?s are studied in terms of their comparison to a documentary and in relation to her strong political view.
From the Paper
"To many, Poetry is the voice of women. It is the way in which women can express their inner thoughts and feelings, to write the things that they can not say. Poetry is more than words on paper but someone?s feelings and life poured into the readers mind. Poets let the readers climb inside their heads and taste what the poet feels, sees, and thinks.
Two major women poets that are in the inner ring of American feminist poets are Muriel Ruckeyser and Adrienne Rich. Though their poetry may be different in content, many of their messages are the same: we need to be heard. Ruckeyser?s ?The Book of the Dead? describes conditions and feelings of the Gauley Bridge tragedy through actual courtroom testimonies to words from actual citizens of the town. Adrienne Rich?s ?Twenty-one Love Poems? describes in many ways, her love of her companion as well as their struggles and times together."
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Feminist and Anti-Feminist Films, 2005.
An analysis of the themes of male protection against male violence in the films, "Something Wild" and "Thelma and Louise".
742 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how good outlaws who are on the run from the law are a typical theme of American cinema and how both "Something Wild," directed by Jonathan Demme, and "Thelma and Louise," directed by Ridley Scott, are of the 'road movie' genre, which features the American myth of the open road and free and easy access to changing one's life through motion.
From the Paper
"Thus, both films deal with a problem-if feminism is about women's rights, what of women's rights if the law, for both men and women, is so often wrong. One reason both films provide different answers is that Something Wild involves a male and a female, while Thelma and Louise involves two females. Something Wild suggests that the female is only capable of full motion and movement on the open road in the presence of a male, while the plot of Thelma and Louise suggests that the road provides a potential means of escape for both men and women, and that the presence of men such as the cowboy/drifter of Brad Pitt can sunder female closeness."
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Women?s Perceptions and the Feminist Theory, 2001.
1,960 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 3 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how society?s perceptions of women affect feminist theory: The author discusses the feminist belief that there is a social division between men and women, in terms of representation and that this division is caused by the perception of an inherent difference between the sexes. This paper discusses this point of view from the works of: Audry Lourde's essay, "The Master's Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master's House", Donna Haraway's essay, "A Cyborg Manifesto", and Henry Hwang's adaptation of the classic "M. Butterfly".
From the Paper
"How society perceives women is the root of feminism. There is a social division between men and women, and this division is caused by the perception of an inherent difference between the sexes. As feminists do not believe that a perception of difference should act as a classification for men and women, it is the representation and presentation of this sense of difference that is the target of feminist actions."
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Feminist Psychology, 2007.
This paper critically examines the feminist approach to counseling.
2,861 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the shortcomings and limitations of the feminist approach to counseling. The paper discusses how this approach initially overlooked women of color and how feminist therapy has responded with recent modifications of being more inclusive. The paper concludes that feminist psychology in favor of inclusion should act as a guide for the future attempt to bring non-feminist psychology and feminist psychology in line with the cultural diversity that exists in our increasingly global environment.
From the Paper
"Addressing the need for change, one of the pioneers of feminist psychology expressed the innate problem of the patriarchal system that was in place prior to the demands of women to enter the system and help elicit change. The concerns of this pioneer, Naomi Weisstein were that the attempt to redress and develop ideas about women's ability and value, as it applies to their human strengths and limitations, is built entirely on the foundation of masculine ideas about the strengths and weaknesses of women, as well as a sense of surety that is almost nauseating from a feminist perspective on many levels."
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Feminist Paradigms, 2003.
An analysis of two feminist approaches to literary theory.
1,121 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at two of the main forms of mainstream feminism; essentialism and constructionalism. The paper discusses their roots and how they developed from the earlier works of the 1960s and 1970s. The paper also discusses how feminists approached Freud's theories of psychoanalysis.
From the Paper
"Feminism as a critical approach has developed over time from its early beginnings as a liberation movement with the Suffragettes to the modern criticism of literature and society, which we see today. It seems that now more than ever though that "feminist criticism has lost the celebratory solidarity of its early days" (Rivkin/Ryan pg527). A more recent question posed by the mass of literature which has built up in the last forty years or so is "why is there not a feminist criticism" (Rivkin/Ryan pg527) - i.e. there is far more than a singular agenda or approach to such criticism. Considering the previous amount of "silenced voices" (i.e. those lacking in a voice or disallowed to speak) we now have many voices, but we no longer have a completely cohesive argument."
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Approaches to Counselling, 2005.
An analysis of different approaches to counselling with a solution-focused approach.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper defines and describes the ego psychological approach and the solution focused model approach to therapy and counselling. The paper analyzes these approaches in order to help clarify the differences between them and the methods through which these approaches can be applied in practice. The paper emphasizes the success of the outcomes in therapy.
From the Paper
"In social work and counseling, the diverse needs of the clients mean that there are many distinctive therapeutic and counseling approaches that can be applied to different clients under different circumstances. Two approaches that are frequently considered when a client has a problem targeting difficult choices and making decisions based upon the best course of action are the ego psychological approach and the solution-focused model approach. This paper shall define and describe these two approaches to help clarify the differences between them and the methods through which these approaches can be applied in practice, with an emphasis on the solution-focused model approach. Solution-focused Model The solution-focused model evolved from cognitive therapies in which it is recognized that "clients are people who make choices about future acts" (De Jong & Berg, 2001, p. 362)."
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Three Critical Approaches to Understanding the Bible, 2001.
A critical look at the Bible from three perspectives.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at three modern critical ways of interpreting the Bible. Firstly, the feminist approach, criticizing man's dominance and the use of "man" to mean humans. Secondly, reader-response which looks at individual interpretations. Finally, ideological criticism which is a deliberate effort to read against the grain.
From the Paper
"Roland Barthes has argued that, ?Criticism is not an ?homage? to the truth of the past or the truth of ?others??it is a construction of the intelligibility of our own time? (Rivers 27). This quote is especially true of the last century?s scholarly criticism of The Bible. People from local ministers to Oprah Winfrey have debated the ?true meaning? of The Bible to rapt millions of people wanting to better understand The Bible.A variety of criticisms have emerged, mirroring the literary theory prevalent in universities across the country. Though there is a vast scope of scholarly criticism over the last century, this paper will focus on the three most prevalent debates of our time as they relate to our understanding of The Bible: feminism, reader-response, and Ideological."
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Sophist, Platonic and Aristotelian Approaches, 2002.
A look at and comparison of three different philosophical approaches - the Sophist, Platonic and Aristotelian.
647 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
Three different approaches to philosophy are the Sophist (speculation about subjects such as law, morality, ethics, politics and human rights), Platonic (on issues such love, the soul, virtue, justice, ethics and politics) and Aristotelian (an in-depth and scientific understanding of reality) approaches. By considering these three approaches in turn, this paper shows how they differ and how they show a trend in philosophical thinking. This overview of the three approaches are concluded by a consideration of which of these views most closely resembles the author's own approach to philosophical thought.
From the Paper
"Comparing these three theories shows one significant trend that occurs with the philosophical approaches. The earliest theory of Aristotle is based on a scientific and theoretical approach that attempts to determine the underlying principles of philosophy. Plato?s philosophies combine this theoretical approach with a focus on considering more meaningful issues in real life, such as love and ethics. The Sophist view then continues the trend actually rejecting the theoretical and scientific view and focusing directly on those issues that have a direct relevance to human life."
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Women and the Welfare State, 2002.
Written from a radical feminist approach, this paper argues against the modern welfare state.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
In light of the budget cuts and associated protests that have dominated political life in Canada through the 1990s and into the twenty-first century - and given the prominence of feminist groups in challenging these cuts - it may come as a surprise to many to find that feminists are ambivalent about the modern welfare state. This essay will argue that, from a feminist perspective, the social welfare state mirrors the conflicting attitudes and paradoxical expectations of society with regard to women.
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