| Papers [1-15] of 71 :: [Page 1 of 5] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 —> | Search results on "FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION": |
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Female Genital Mutilation in Islam, 2006.
An analysis of the Islamic practice of female genital mutilation, a custom still practiced throughout most of the Islamic world today.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
Female genital mutilation has been an institution in Islam for centuries, still exists today, and is practiced in at least twenty countries throughout the Islamic world, from Africa to Indonesia. This hideous practice emerged in Arabia, the original Muslim homeland, from where it spread to the regions conquered by Muslim armies. Quranic injunctions, Islamic conquests and Muslim administrative institutions have given it a continuity and legitimacy which have perpetuated it into modern times. This paper discusses female genital mutilation in the Islamic world. The paper discusses its history, origins, where it is practiced, how it is still practiced today and what the position of Islamic authorities of today is on female genital mutilation.
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Female Genital Mutilation, 2006.
This paper analyzes the highly debated and controversial issue of female genital mutilation which has become a growing problem in the U.S., Canada and Europe.
1,264 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the deeply rooted traditional practice of female genital mutilation and the dangerous health risks and lifelong medical consequences which often result in women and young girls who undergo this procedure. This paper details the surgical procedure involved in removing parts of the female genitalia which varies, depending on tradition and culture. This paper delves into the various religions and cultures which encourage this procedure. This paper analyzes the cultural aspect of female genital mutilation from the point of view of women who view the procedure as something positive they are doing "for" their daughters and not "to" them. The writer contends and discusses the fact that although Muslims claim female genital mutilation is commanded in Islam there is in fact no specific support for this claim in the Koran.
From the Paper
"Many religious and cultural issues foster female genital mutilation, and although some proponents of the practice claim that it is required by Islam, there is no specific support for this claim in the Koran. From a cultural perspective, women view the procedure as something they do "for' their daughters instead of 'to" them, as a means of securing their economic and social future through marriage. The genital scar provides proof for the prospective husband that this woman has been trained in moral and practical responsibilities and has maintained her virginity. The procedure is carried out at various ages, ranging from birth to during the first pregnancy, however, it is most commonly performed between the ages of four and eight."
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Female Genital Mutilation, 2002.
A detailed examination of the widespread practice of female genital mutilation, with a focus on Africa.
1,779 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that while women are being given more rights as time goes on and their contribution to the world continues to be spotlighted, there is one area in which women are still being treated in a barbaric fashion. The act of female genital mutilation has continued in many nations regardless of the worldwide cry for it to cease. It discusses how Africa insists on continuing the practice at all costs, despite the public attention it has achieved. The paper argues that African female genital mutilation has a negative impact on society not only in Africa but worldwide. The practice causes humiliation, submissiveness, infection and in some cases death.
From the Paper
"There are many negative health risks associated with this practice including bleeding, pain, infection, acute urine retention, and injury to adjacent tissue. In addition there is always the risk of the transmission of blood born diseases such as AIDS or hepatitis B when non sterile instruments are used for the procedure. Given the often unsterile conditions that the procedure is performed with there is always the risk of infection and infection brings with it fever, soreness, and sometimes death. Infection can also be the root cause of gangrene, tetanus and a failure of the wound to heal which leads to the woman becoming disabled."
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Female Genital Mutilation, 2005.
An examination of female genital mutilation practice around the world today.
3,101 words (approx. 12.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how prevalent the practice of female genital mutilation throughout the world is. It questions why it is done, where it is done and what are the human rights and morality implications.
Outline
Introduction
The Literature on Female Genital Mutilation
Where is FGM Practiced?
How is FGM Carried Out in Practice?
What are the Justifications for FGM?
From the Perspective of International Human Rights Issues
522 FGM Cases in South-Western Nigeria
References
From the Paper
"There are four types of female genital mutilation (FGM), according to an article in the British Journal of Midwifery (Momoh 2004, p. 631): 1) Type 1 is called clitoridectomy, in which the "excision of the clitoral prepuce may also involve the excision of all or part of the clitoris"; 2) Type 2 is the cutting away from the body of the clitoris, but may also involved the excision of "all or part of the tabia minora"; 3) Type 3 is called infibulation, and it involves "excision of part or all of the external genitalia and the stitching or narrowing of the vaginal opening"; 4) and Type 4 alludes to all other procedures in which a female's genitals are cut.
How many females have been subjected to FGM - in any of the four types mentioned above? Momoh writes that it worldwide it affects "more than 120 million women" and in addition, "an estimated two million girls are circumcised each year." According to another article in the British Journal of Midwifery (Sihwa and Baron, 2004, p. 717), "an estimated 100-130 million girls and women in the world have undergone FGM," and around 2 million girls are "at risk" annually."
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Female Genital Mutilation, 2002.
A comparison of Western feminist ethics to non-Western cultural practices regarding female genital mutilation.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This essay is a feminist discussion of the non-Western traditions of female genital mutilation. In this paper, Western feminist ethics are compared with non-Western cultural practices. The author of this paper attempts to construct an ethic of difference that can enable better understandings of non-Western culture in realms of international feminism.
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Female Genital Mutilation, 2002.
A look at the social and medical aspects of female genital mutilation.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 17 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
A paper on Female Genital Mutilation and the associated cultural and social problems along with the medical issues.
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Female Genital Mutilation, 2007.
This paper examines the practice of female genital mutilation including its history and effects.
2,224 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that female genital mutilation (FGM), still common in parts of Africa, is condemned by most people as a serious violation of human rights and gender discrimination. The writer notes that some communities consider it a harmless cultural rite whose dangers are needlessly exaggerated by outsiders. This essay discusses the topic of FGM in detail by tracing its background and explaining different types of FGM. The writer looks at where and why it is currently practiced and discusses its physical and psychological effects. The writer also examines the alternate point of view that dismisses concerns about FGM as exaggerated and cultural arrogance.
Outline:
Background
Origin
FGM during Prophet Muhammad's lifetime
FGM in the West
Current Prevalence
Numbers
Countries where FGM is practiced
Types of FGM
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV
Physical Effects of FGM
Pain, infection
Genealogical Problems
Reduced sexual enjoyment
Psychological Effects of FGM
Negative effects
Positive effects
Why is FGM Performed?
Tradition & Gender Identity
Psychosexual Reason
Hygiene and Aesthetics
Religious Reasons
The Alternative View about FGM
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The psychological effects of FGM are much more difficult to investigate scientifically than its physical effects. The negative psychological effects could include feelings of trauma, anxiety, terror, humiliation, and betrayal that may lead to long-term behavioral characteristics such as docility, feelings of incompleteness, anxiety and depression. However, not all psychological effects of FGM are negative, particularly in places where the practice is part of the ancient culture of the people. In fact, in such societies, women who have not undergone the essential 'rite of initiation' may suffer from psychological problems due to fear of rejection by the society and feelings of inferiority. Those women who have undergone FGM experience feelings of empowerment and fulfillment."
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Female Genital Mutilation, 2002.
This paper discusses the continuing practice of female genital mutilation(FGM) in many third world countries.
3,050 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
The writer gives a brief history of female genital mutilation (FGM) including the different types, the reasons behind this occurrence and why it continues today. The paper looks at FGM in Egypt and Kenya and the policies in each of these countries are outlined in detail. The author explains that in Egypt FGM began for religious reasons and despite many challenges to the validity of the Fatwa, or religious decree, continues to this day. According to the paper, the rate is smaller than in previous generations, but it still continues to pose a threat to the lives of young girls in the country. In the case of Kenya, it began as a rite of passage, which largely went unnoticed by the rest of the world until the early 1960s when Kenya wanted independence and suddenly found this practice under scrutiny by the rest of the western world. The paper also discusses the United Nations and World Agency positions on FGM in order to help understand what attempts are being made by the world community to try to stop this practise on the grounds that it is a violation of human rights.
From the Paper
"Data from the Adolescence and Social Change in Egypt survey suggest significant recent change in both the prevalence and practices surrounding female circumcision. After apparently remaining constant and nearly universal for several decades, prevalence among contemporary teenage girls is predicted to be more than 10 percent less than for their mothers. Still, the level of circumcision among Egyptian girls is high. Our data do not allow us to pinpoint the onset of the decline, but they do suggest an increased momentum in the years following 1994. Without further measurement at later time points, we cannot be certain that uncircumcised girls in the ASCE sample will avoid circumcision in the future. However, analysis of girls' own attitudes toward the practice hint that increasing age brings greater independence of thought and diminished support for circumcision (Nawal, 1980)."
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Female Genital Mutilation, 2002.
An insight into the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM) in Africa.
1,338 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM), a destructive, invasive procedure that is usually performed on girls before puberty where part or all of the clitoris is surgically removed, leaving girls with reduced or no sexual feeling. FGM originated in Africa and remains a cultural and not a religious practice. It examines the reasoning behind the practice as well as the cultural and religious ideas in Africa and outlines the different forms it takes depending on the culture.
From the Paper
"Because of poverty and lack of medical facilities, the procedure is frequently done under less than hygienic conditions, and often without anesthetic by other than medically trained personnel. Anesthesia is rarely used and razor blades, knives or scissors are usually the instruments used. In the rural Mossi areas of Burkina Faso, group female circumcisions are scheduled every three years in many villages. Girls aged from 5 to 8 are assembled by their mothers into groups of up to 20."
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Female Genital Mutilation, 2002.
An analysis of female genital mutilation as a particular cultural practice.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
In this essay, a critical cultural feminist approach is argued for, drawing from cultural feminist analyses and legal feminist reviews of the practice of female circumcision. Issues of ideology, philosophy, universalism and cultural relativism are also explicated in this discussion of different perspectives on cultural difference.
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Female Genital Mutilation, 2000.
A complete examination of the issue including history, statistics and arguments for and against the procedure.
7,000 words (approx. 28.0 pages), 28 sources, $ 157.95
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Abstract
This is a comprehensive paper about the practice of female genital mutilation. The paper discusses the practice as it exists today in many countries around the world, especially in African and Muslim countries. It also discusses the physical and psychological implications of such mutilation, and provides statistics about the practice in many countries.
What is Female Genital Mutilation?
History of FGM/FC
Current Statistics.
Arguments for FGM
Arguments Against FGM
Rite of Passage or Cultural Carnage?
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On Cultural Relativism and Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), 2000.
A critical analysis of the interaction of Western culture's social values and the practice of female circumcision.
1,745 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 3 sources, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the theory of cultural relativism as it relates to gender and sexuality from an anthropological cross-cultural perspective. It discusses how the "Western" perspective, as the dominant culture, defines the experiences of women who have experienced FGM in certain ways, namely in terms of Western medical discourse. This definition neglects to address the subjective experience of the women and how they define themselves and their own experience, thus giving an incomplete picture of the socio-cultural framework in which FGM takes place. Included also is a discussion of the problems of applying sociological theory to the intricacy of real-world human affairs.
From the paper:
"Cultural relativism states that what is morally good and bad is collectively defined by the people in a culture, and therefore there is no objective way to judge between cultures. Thus, an act in one culture that seems barbaric to an outsider ? such as female circumcision ? cannot be thus judged, because the outsider has his own value system that is not relevant to the culture. In this paper, I will examine the theoretical and ideological underpinnings of this perspective, the problems that arise when it is applied to actual cultural diversity, and alternative ways of looking at the space between cultures. I will specifically investigate the controversial topic of female genital mutilation, and explore the problems involved in approaching the practice from outside the culture it is practiced in."
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Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), 2000.
Interviews with women who have survived FGM.
2,440 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 4 sources, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper presents four interviews with women who have either experienced or have seen the effects of female genital mutilation.
Introduction
Questions
Interviews
Mimi Meserak Ramsey, Author and Anti-FGM activist
Ghita El-Khayat-Bennai, Author and Anti-FGM Activist
Fauziya Kassindja, Author
Deborah Woolard and Richard Edwards, Medical Doctors
Issues Raised
Summary
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Female and Male Genital Mutilation, 2004.
An argument for the abolition of female genital mutilation and male circumcision.
2,339 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper puts forward the argument that female genital mutilation is no more a human rights violation than male circumcision, and therefore, both should be abolished. It discusses how, although genital mutilations are usually referred to as a cultural practice, there is increasing evidence that this innocent and benign label actually evades, dismisses, and covers up the horrific effects these mutilations have upon a child?s psyche and soma and, moreover, present a very real danger to the child?s health. It shows how people or cultures that engage in such practices view them as an essential right of passage and, often, an important requirement for a marriage partner, while those who do not practice genital circumcision view the practice with disbelief, horrified that any human would willingly permit such a thing to be performed on his or her child. It also looks at the origins of some these religious practices.
From the Paper
"According to James DeMeo in his article ?The Geography of Genital Mutilations,? the time frame and location of origins of female genital mutilations are most likely identical to that of male genital mutilations, ?given their similar distributions, similar cross-cultural aspects, and similar psychological motifs,? the use of each of which being ?mandated and widely expanded by groups where dominance of the sexual live of children by adults, and females by males, was most extreme.? With the decline of the harem system during the last 100 years, the use of eunuchs has died out, however, female infibulations and other forms female genital mutilations remain part of the certain cultures ?in accordance with the arranged marriage system and other vestiges of a powerful and hysterical virginity taboo.? "
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