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Architects and Modern Expression, 1998.
This paper looks at the modern expression of three architects: Robert Venturi, Peter Eisenman, and Rem Koolhaas.
2,100 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the ideas of the 1950s of three separate architects by looking at their different views of modernism. The architects are Robert Venturi, Peter Eisenman, and Rem Koolhaas. Modernist, Post-Modernist, and Pre-Modernist concepts are examined, and the works and ideas of the architects are described in depth.
From the Paper
"In the 1950?s many architects were struggling for expression of Modern Architecture. Robert Venturi, Peter Eisenman, and Rem Koolhaas are three architects who each had different views in regards to Modern Architecture. Robert Venturi had a post-modern approach and believed in complexity and contradiction to create a new architecture. Peter Eisenman had a modern approach and used axonometric drawings and models to better represent architecture. Rem Koolhaas had a modern, pre-modern, and post-modern approach and looked at the problem of large. These three architects expressed their relationship to Modern Architecture differently."
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Female Architects, 2005.
This paper discusses female architects in Ohio and focuses on Florence Kenyon Hayden Rector.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 13 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly reviews the life and times of Florence Kenyon Hayden Rector. The paper describes her significant life achievements, the sexism she faced and the reason why society must remain vigilant against such attitudes today. Additionally, the paper contains thirteen sources, mostly internet-based, providing important information on this woman.
From the Paper
"The matter of female architects in Ohio is an interesting one because, historically, women in Ohio - as elsewhere in America - faced great difficulty. Ms. Hayden - she later married James Rector and assumed the nomenclature Florence Kenyon Hayden Rector - was also an outspoken suffragist ("Women in Ohio History - Florence Kenyon Hayden Rector" 2005, paragraph 12). Fortunately, her papers can still be accessed in various University collections throughout America ("Guide to the Manuscript Collections - Hayden, Florence Kenyon" 2005, paragraph 36). Ms. Hayden's work did not begin and end with her design of the elegant Oxley Hall Women's Residence at the University of Ohio. She also designed the home of Ohio millionaire Ellis O. Jones ("Old Towne East - An Historic Neighborhood" 2005, paragraph 1)."
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The Mormons: Early Urban Architects, 2006.
Describes the development of early Mormon cities in Utah and how these cities influenced the development of the urban America of today.
4,528 words (approx. 18.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 118.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the design and establishment of Salt Lake City, Utah and places the Mormons' city plans into the broader context of mid-19th century city planning. The paper explains how, in many ways, Mormon cities can be seen as the first true "American cities," as the sprawl and suburbs that have come to characterize urban America actually have their origins in early Mormon cities.
Table of Contents
Early Mormon History
Joseph Smith and the Plat of the City of Zion
City of Zion and 19th Century American Cities
Brigham Young and the Establishment of Salt Lake City
Salt Lake City Comes into Its Own
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Salt Lake City today is one of the major urban centers of the Rocky Mountains. Home to universities, professional sports franchises, ski resorts, and soon, the Winter Olympic Games, Salt Lake has a distinctly cosmopolitan feel in the midst of the towering Wasatch Mountains. However, Salt Lake City is a relative newcomer to the American urban scene; indeed, Middlebury College was nearly half a century old before the settlers of the Great Salt Lake Valley had planted their first crops. Moreover, the scope of the city's functions and the nature of its inhabitants have changed radically. Founded by Mormons seeking an escape from the persecution they faced in the East, and as the Zion, or gathering place, for their growing religion, Salt Lake City grew into a distinctive grid pattern still used today. Based on certain tenets of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- day Saints, Joseph Smith, the first Mormon leader, designed a Mormon city to fulfill the religious, social, and economic needs of his followers."
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Architect Michael Graves, 2008.
Looks at postmodernist architect Michael Graves, one of the leading twentieth century architects and designers.
1,745 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the Michael Graves' drawings and buildings are notable for their manipulation of archetypal form into highly abstract, figurative compositions. The paper then points out that Graves gave up the neutral glass curtain wall of late modernism and instead uses a colorful cloak of cladding by which he reintroduces the hierarchical composition of classical buildings more characteristic of postmodernism. The paper also reports that Michael Grave's Public Service Building in Portland, Oregon has at least four distinct historical styles embedded in its design: egyptian, italian, art deco and modern.
From the Paper
"Levin agrees as well that postmodernism has derived from the ability of artists to produce works in a mass quantity, so to speak, because of new processes and products involving mass production: "By the time men were traveling to the moon, art was being assembled in factories from blueprints." While the postmodernist may see the modernist era as more scientifically oriented, it is clear that postmodernism is also influenced by scientific developments and possibilities. Levin says that modernism was highly optimistic, while postmodernism is more cynical."
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An Architect, 2008.
This paper looks into the field of architecture and discusses the profession of an architect.
1,863 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Webster's Encyclopedic Dictionary of the English language defines architecture as the profession, the art and science, of designing buildings, open areas, communities and other artificial constructions and environments. An architect is a person who engages in this profession. The writer points out that there are those who believe that being an architect is an easy job. This paper argues that architecture is not an easy profession even though many people feel it is. In support of this thesis this paper provides an examination of what is needed to become an architect, what being an architect entails, and what kind of skills are required. As an example, Norman Foster, a famous architect, is used.
From the Paper
"Architecture is very distinct in the sense that it is an art as well as a science. An architect has to think about the aesthetics, how a building will look on it own as well as within the context of its environment and its function. Architecture is a science too. A building has to be able to stand and comply with the laws of physics and mechanics. New materials, new methods of construction as well as new needs are constantly changing and an architect must be familiar with them. Furthermore, we can say that architecture in a way serves two principal needs. It has a utilitarian function as well as an expressive one. Its utilitarian function is obvious. Architecture provides for one of the three basic human needs, without which we would not be able to survive: food, clothes and shelter. The expressive function can be seen through the many old buildings still standing today."
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Architect Richard Morris Hunt, 2002.
Discusses the life and body of work of 19th Centiury architect Richard Morris Hunt.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
Discusses the life and body of work of 19th Century architect Richard Morris Hunt. His successful career; contribution to city architecture (especially New York City). Key works he designed and created. His aesthetic views. Background of 19th Century architecture & role of the architect. Impact of the Industrial Age. Appendix with illustrations of some of Hunt's major buildings.
From the Paper
"Richard Morris Hunt (1827-1895) was born in Brattleboro, Vermont into a prominent family. He went to study in Geneva, Switzerland and later he enrolled at the prestigious Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris France. In fact, he was the first American to study at this prominent institution.
Hunt was the most respected architect of his time and was popularly known as ?the dean of American architecture.? He was awarded many professional honors and was one of the most highly acclaimed Americans of the nineteenth-century. In the forty years of his practice, he designed and created buildings remarkable for their wide variety of styles and types. The fact that many of his buildings are now seen as national treasures is a tribute to the man and his work. As..."
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Thomas Cole's Painting: "The Architect's Dream", 2007.
This paper discuses Thomas Cole's painting "The Architect's Dream" (1840, oil on canvas) housed in the Toledo Museum of Art.
1,410 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the painting "The Architect's Dream" by American artist, Thomas Cole, masters historical perspective by combining structures from several epochs--Egypt, Greece, Rome and Europe--within the confines of a simple painting, thus depicting the evolution of architecture. The author points out that Cole, who was the founder of the Hudson River School, a group of artists that followed the style of American romanticism and realism, filled the landscape of this painting, accurately and in detail, with human structures of each age. The paper concludes that this piece of art from the romantic times is not so much a history lesson as it is a story of human ingenuity and spirit, which praises man's triumphs throughout the ages by giving tribute to the beauty of history's great accomplishments that still inspire humankind today.
From the Paper
""The Architect's Dream" is a large painting, about 8 feet long by 6 feet tall. Just looking at the different buildings throughout the eons is very enthralling. And so, I stood in front of this painting for at least ten minutes just taking in the sheer power of it. I imagined what it would look like IF someone actually built a city like the one Thomas Cole painted. I could see the romanticism in the expression on the Architect's face as he lays relaxed and wondering about his strewn books. I put myself in his position and tried to imagine looking upon such a dream city, but in reality."
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Architect Frank Gehry, 2005.
This paper discusses Frank Gehry, a leading architect noted for his innovative structures using industrial materials in new ways.
1,530 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Franks Gehry is probably the foremost proponent of the dean of American architecture Philip Johnson's "Deconstructivist Architecture". The author points out that Gehry links his work in interesting ways with the environment and with the culture of the structure's surroundings. The paper reviews the critics of several of his works: The Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain; the Malibu studio and residence of artist Ron Davis; the expansion of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art; the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCA) and the Disney Music Hall in Los Angeles.
From the Paper
"Germano Celant refers to the architecture of Frank Gehry as "idealized cities - essences of urbanity which, refracted and re-presented through Gehry's aerial vision, throws open new ways of understanding the spatial and temporal dimensions of architecture." Celant also emphasizes ways in which the buildings of Gehry seem to expand out of themselves. He is referring specifically to buildings Gehry had designed for Los Angeles when he says that they "seem to split open and break apart, to burst out of closed containers and shoot off in all linguistic directions, as if seduced by the urban eroticism of Los Angeles." Celant says that many of these structures consist of a collection of structures making up a "house-city" marked by transparency through which one can observe details by peering through "apertures or lattices, panels or filters, through chain link or glass."'
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Architect Frank Gehry, 2007.
This paper discuses four structures designed by world famous architect Frank Gehry: The Malibu studio and residence of artist Ron Davis, the Experience Music Project in Seattle, the Disney Music Hall and the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain.
1,485 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Frank Gehry is noted not only for the unusual organic look and materials on the exterior of his buildings but also for changing the way people relate to the interior design of buildings. The author points out, in the examples of Gehry's designs, how he shows interesting variations on the way people relate to the interior, get into and out of the interior and react to the function of each building. The paper relates that Gehry's interiors and exteriors also are linked to the land more directly than is often the case with other structures, not merely by being placed on a certain ground but by making use of this terrain and by forming an organic bond inside and out.
From the Paper
"The Disney Hall seems to connect to the street in some ways. The Seattle music building includes a rail system that goes right through the building. The museum in Bilbao connects the structure directly to the street and to the main thoroughfare of the town, a road that cuts through the complex of buildings making up the museum. The museum itself is not a single structure but a series of nineteen galleries connected in such a way that they make up one large building, or at least give the impression of one large building."
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The International Style of Architectural Design, 2002.
Examines how architects Walter Gropius, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and Le Corbusier helped shape the modern city with their innovative styles .
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
What now seems repetitive was once radically innovative when architects, such as Walter Gropius, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and Le Corbusier, attempted to reshape the urban metropolis in order to reflect the aesthetic principles of an industrial, democratic age. This paper will examine the achievements of the three architects noted above. Their works will be examined with respect to both theory and practice. It will be argued that, while their legacy in the field of architecture remains controversial to this day, their contributions to the establishment of the International Style fundamentally altered the landscape of the modern city.
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Architecture and the Utopian Ideal, 2007.
A look at how different architects have attempted to build the ultimate community and housing for fellow human beings..
1,763 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how architects and artists of every age have attempted to bring man back into communion with the spirit of nature and harmony with fellow human beings. It looks at how in reality, this ideal has been successful in only a few architects' works, though many have attempted or dreamed of its being put to practical use.
From the Paper
"Mies Van der Rohe, born in 1886 in Germany, said he was "convinced that architecture is the most significant expression of a civilization." He went through the horrors of World War I, and, along with other artists and architects held onto the concept of a Utopian society, when they founded the Bauhouse in 1919 in Dresden. Mies wrote for avant garde journals, pushing the idea of a society without pain for all and designs dedicated to form and function, which would be beautiful in their usefulness. Along with other architects, he helped design a housing colony in Stuttgard and the German Pavilion for the Barcelona World's Fair. The pavilion was the model of the structure of Utopia, with reflecting pools, chrome-plated columns and clean lines. It made space feel as it were floating, with only a base and a roof supported by a few columns. "
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Materials Revolution, 2006.
A look at the various new materials available to designer and architects, and how this has changed the face of urban structure.
958 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the introduction of new materials in recent decades has provided urban designers and architects with the opportunity to transform the relationship that has historically existed between people and their environments through innovations in construction and the materials from which these buildings are constructed. This paper provides an overview of some of the historical issues, such as the history of plastics, ceramics, semiconductors and reviews questions about the design issues that emerge from the nature of the materials themselves. This is followed by a summary of the research and salient findings in the conclusion.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Historical Issues and Influences
Emergent Technological and Design Issues
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Citing the example of Japan finding itself in need of coal during the 1930s, Bell reports that the Japanese simply acquired more material by invading Manchuria and appropriating their resources. This author also observed early on that the materials revolution would have a profound effect on how architects and designers selected the materials needed for any given applications, and suggested that new technologies would emerge that would allow for completely customizable materials for any given purpose. This, in fact, is what has taken place in recent years. Indeed, innovations in materials science as well as manufacturing applications that have introduced new composites and the potential for increasingly tiny applications of these substances at the molecular level through nanotechnology promise even more science-fiction-into-science fact realities. "
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Architectural Acoustics of Concert Halls, 2002.
Explores the challenge of architectural acoustics faced by architects when designing concert halls.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The term architectural acoustics refers to the creation of rooms or concert halls that provide musical sound of high quality. Acoustics are a challenge to all designers of concert halls. The architect aims for the best possible clarity of sound for a knowledgeable listener will hear immediately if the sound of a note is distorted by the interior of the place in which it is played.
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The Enlightenment Period, 1974.
This paper discusses philosophers of the Enlightenment Period: John Locke, David Hume, Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau as the principal architects of this philosophy. Their contributions to this thought are individually analyzed.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 4 sources, $ 87.95
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From the Paper
"A fundamental feature of the philosophy of the enlightenment appears in the fact that, despite its passionate desire for progress, despite its endeavors to break the old tables of the law and to arrive at a new outlook on life, it returns again and again to the persistent problems of political philosophy. The philosophers of the enlightenment had answered the objection that they were trying to find an entirely new philosophy by declaring that their doctrines could lay claim to the prerogative of age since it was grounded in reason and constructed according to strictly rational principles. For reason possesses the true right of the first-born, and is older than any opinion or prejudice which has obscured it in the course of the centuries."
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Egyptian Architecture, 2006.
An examination as to why ancient Egyptian construction still fascinates architects today.
2,754 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, long after the Egyptian pyramids were first built, there still remains a fascination with this unique architectural design. It looks at how the Pharaonic builders completed their task with an ability and sophistication that has never seen been surpassed. Their capability of understanding the force of gravity, of weight and the stone cube was remarkable. The paper concludes that no where else, by any other culture, has the stone mound been transformed so accurately and substantially into geometrical form.
From the Paper
"As communities grew larger, it was more possible for leaders to emerge and for power to be solidified within, without fear of external invasion. This internal security accounts for the amazing continuity of the Egyptian civilization2 . Certainly, in no other country after the Paleolithic age, can so many constant elements be found over so long a period as in Egypt. The sense of permanence was made possible by this exceptional locale. Although the exact number of people who lived in the country is not possible to know, estimates vary from between one-and-a-half million to over five million3. Most of this population consisted of peasants and civil servants."
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