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A Comparison of Two Federal Reserve Banks, 1997.
Examines the role of the Federal Reserve System. Compares & contrasts the roles of the New York Federal Reserve Bank with the St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 8 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"A Comparison of Two Federal Reserve Banks
Introduction: Federal Reserve Functions
The Federal Reserve System is the central bank of the United States. It was founded by Congress in 1913 to provide the nation with a safer, more flexible, and more stable monetary and financial system. Over the years, its role in banking and the economy has expanded. Today, the federal Reserve's duties fall into fall into four general areas:
1. Conducting the nation's monetary policy by influencing the money and credit conditions in the economy in pursuit of full employment and stable prices;
2. Supervising and regulating banking institutions to ensure the safety and soundness of the nation's banking and financial.."
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Federal Reserve Bank, 2004.
An extensive analysis of the workings of the Federal Reserve Bank.
3,285 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that a properly functioning, effective banking system is necessary for the successful functioning of a capitalist economy. The paper introduces the Federal Reserve Bank, the central bank of the United States, that acts as the banker to the banking community as well as the government, besides issuing the national currency, framing monetary policies and contributing significantly to the supervision and regulation of banks and bank holding companies. The paper examines the banking system as a whole, with a focus on the role played by the Federal Reserve Bank.
Outline
Introduction
Various Reporting Formats Employed by the Banks
Maintenance of Necessary Reserves
Submission of Reports
From the Paper
"Financial services as an industry has progressed to become one of the widely transforming sectors of the global economy, having significant changes in information transference and processing, innovation in terms of commodities and processes, and rapid competition among the financial institutions -- among themselves and also among their several customers. The industry and its part in the transformations in the economy show that the supervising and regulatory structure also needs to be reevaluated periodically. The aim of bank regulation is mostly the same - to attain maximum static and dynamic efficiency levels in the midst of a politically and economically permissible framework which is stable and equal. However the profits are always associated with a cost by means of stability and equity. A more stable and equal financial system usually need sacrifices with regard to efficiency."
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The Federal Reserve Bank Today, 2008.
This paper is an analysis of the US Federal Reserve Bank and both the present and the future status of monetary policy.
1,512 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the economy, stating that keeping interest rates steady and controlling the expansion of the money supply over the course of the rest of the 2007 fiscal year seems prudent on the part of the Fed, unless unemployment begins to increase precipitously or economic growth sharply contracts at a steady level over the course of the next few months. This paper further asserts that the Fed should continue to make curtailing inflation the cornerstone of its fiscal policy. It should maintain high reserve requirement, sell government securities at the same rate to avoid a sharp influx of currency into the marketplace by lending banks, and keep the discount rate at current levels. Furthermore, it says that although this moderation may not yield exuberance on Wall Street, it also will not sharply contain growth and propel the economy into recession, either.
Outline:
Behavior of key 2007 macroeconomic variables--Review of Federal Reserve policy
Assess the Federal Reserve policy over the year--Recommendations & Predictions
From the Paper
"However, it should be reminded that not only did economic growth slow sharply in the first quarter of this year to an annual pace of 1.3% but that this was the slowest growth the economy has shown in the past four years (Andrews, 2007). This slow economic growth demonstrates that the Fed's refusal to reduce rates, even in the wake of an increase in unemployment, however incremental was not an easy or clearly indicated decision. Also, there was no statement was released as to why 2% a year as decided upon as an official target. However, according to William Poole, the President of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, ideally, the Fed views the optimal rate of inflation as zero, only allowing for small 'biases in price indexes' (Poole, 2005)."
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Interest Rate Adjustments by the Federal Reserve Bank, 2008.
This paper discusses the Federal Reserve Bank decisions regarding interest rate adjustments, demonstrating the difficulty of predicting the myriad of forces affecting the US economy.
1,218 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper contrasts the classical economic thinking with current actual economic occurrences. Classically, economics suggests the central bank of the United States, the Federal Reserve Bank, should raise the rate of interest to cool down a potentially overheated economy that may spiral into inflation, and lower the rate of interest to encourage spending amongst thrifty consumers who are saving when recession looms upon the horizon during an economic slow-down. However, the paper states that this is not the case in reality. The paper demonstrates that the Fed's own lack of confidence in its predictions highlights the difficulty of predicting the complex array of forces that affect the economy. Some examples mentioned include, consumer optimism, natural and political forces, and other areas beyond the Fed's immediate control, which must come into play when the Fed sets the rate of interest. The paper suggests that the Fed may want to be more cautious in creating monetary policy for the economy, because it can affect many lives in doing so. However, it asserts that the Fed's influence is only likely to increase rather than decrease in the future, and all consumers can do is attempt to alter their buying and borrowing habits in light of their own predictions of the Fed chairman's behavior.
From the Paper
"Today, the Fed has held the key interest rate steady at 5.25 percent for 'just over a year' and seems unlikely to raise rats in the future ('Public affects inflation,' AP Wire, 2007). But although it has defended its recent policy, the Fed admits that its decisions are never a science, and it weights the potential accuracy of forecasts in light of consumer psychology. The current chairman Ben Bernanke said this means that the Fed cannot ignore the threat of inflation anymore than it can ignore indebted consumers who are worried about the effect of high interest rates upon their monthly budget. 'If investors, consumers and businesses feel confident that the Fed will keep prices stable...they may be less inclined to act in ways that could aggravate inflation,' because 'these groups may be less inclined in such circumstances to worry that inflation will eat away at investments and paychecks, and might feel better about longer-term financial planning' ('Public affects inflation,' AP Wire, 2007). In short, consumers living off of their assets, like retirees, may be more willing to spend more freely if they feel those assets are not in jeopardy."
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Federal Reserve Bank, 2004.
An overview of the federal reserve bank.
678 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper is about the federal reserve bank. It answers these questions: What is our central bank called and what monetary authority is it assigned with? What are the powers of the central bank? What are the tools available to it to control the money supply and how are they used? How is its board of governors selected? The paper describes in detail the functioning of the central bank and how the bank has handled the various financial crises since its inception.
From the Paper
"According to Fred Weston and Eugene Brigham in their book Essentials of Managerial Finance monetary policy involves the regulation of the money supply and of interest rates by a central bank. In the United States monetary policy is determined by the U S central bank called the Federal Reserve Board. The goals of the Federal Reserve Board the Fed are to encourage economic growth control inflation reduce unemployment to acceptable levels and stabilize the exchange rate between the U S dollar and foreign currencies in ..."
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Central Banking and the Federal Reserve, 2004.
Considers the role of the Fed in the economy.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper considers the role of the Federal Reserve in the economy, including its independence, whether monetary policy is art or science, and how monetary policy is conducted.
From the Paper
"Although many news programs discuss the Fed and its chairman Alan Green span and while many people know that the Fed somehow affects interest rates and that interest rates affect the economy, few understand the relationship between the Fed and the American economy. This research considers some of the key points surrounding the Federal Reserve and its effects on the American economy. .."
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The Federal Reserve System, 2004.
A description of the function and the history of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, and the Federal Reserve banks.
1,910 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Federal Reserve System, which originated by Congressional passage of the Federal Reserve Act in 1913. It shows how it is also known as ?the Fed? and how it includes a Board of Governors and twelve Federal Reserve banks in major cities across the U.S., which effectively divides the U.S. into regions. It looks at how it plays a multi-faceted, predominant role in the monetary policy affecting our economy.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Historical Background
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
The Banking Act of 1933
The 1950s and Beyond
Purpose
Funding
Board of Governors
Federal Reserve Banks
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The ?Fed? supported the Treasury?s fiscal policy goals from its founding to the years following World War II primarily. In the 1970s, the inflation rate went ballistic as producer and consumer prices rose, oil prices soared and the Federal deficit more than doubled (U.S. Banking). The Monetary Control Act of 1980, required the Fed to price its financial services competitively against private sector providers and to establish reserve requirements for all eligible financial institutions (U.S. Banking). The Act marked the beginning of yet another period of banking reforms. Following its passage, interstate banking grew, and banks began offering interest-paying accounts and instruments to attract customers from brokerage firms. Momentum for change increased, and by 1999, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act was passed."
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Federal Reserve Open Market, 2001.
This paper looks at the events at the Federal Reserve Open Market committee meeting in October 2000.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the reasons why the Federal Reserve Open Market Committee at its October 2000 meeting decided to leave the Federal Funds Rate target (and by extension the money supply target) unchanged as well as looking at what might have prompted the Fed Open Market Committee to increase the Federal Funds Rate or Discount Rate as well as what might have prompted them to decrease the Federal Funds Rate or Discount Rate ? and what other actions might have accompanied either an increase or decrease.
From the paper:
"To understand the Fed?s decision in October it is necessary to understand how the office functions in general. As the central banking authority of the United States, the Federal Reserve acts as a fiscal agent for the U.S. government; it also serves as custodian of the reserve accounts of commercial banks, makes loans to commercial banks, and is authorized to issue Federal Reserve notes that constitute the entire supply of paper currency of the country. The system comprises the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the 12 Federal Reserve banks, the Federal Open Market Committee, the Federal Advisory Council, and, a Consumer Advisory Council along with several thousand member banks. The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System determines the reserve requirements of the member banks within statutory limits, reviews and determines the discount rates established by the 12 Federal Reserve banks, and reviews the budgets of the reserve banks."
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The Federal Reserve, 2005.
This paper discusses the history of the origins of the Federal Reserve, commonly known as the Fed.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Federal Reserve Bank (the Fed) was established in 1913 in response to serious economic instability in the United States because, at that time, bankers had few guidelines to asset reserves and loan policies; therefore, some communities were virtually controlled by private trusts. The author points out that the Federal Reserve Act, which divided the nation into twelve districts with twelve Federal Reserve banks, standardized banking in the U.S. (1) by requiring every bank in the country to deposit part of its money at its regional Federal Reserve Bank in order to guarantee liquidity, (2) which the Fed invests to earn interest; furthermore; (3) these regional Federal Reserve Banks are not governmental organizations but rather privately owned financial institutions owned by member banks with (4) a seven member Federal Reserve Board, appointed by the President, to oversee the system and to establish policy. The paper stresses that the greatest power given to the new Federal Reserve System was the power to slow or stimulate the economy by raising or lowering the new discounted interest rate.
From the Paper
"Despite the fact that the Panic of 1907 and the country's long history of bank panics and bank instability had shifted public opinion toward national economic reform, the American monetary system went unchanged for another five years. In the meantime, the lack of currency in circulation was creating a credit crunch in the United States. Then in 1912, congress passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act to provide short-term aid by allowing national banks to issue notes on a wider range of securities, thus putting more money into circulation. As a more long-term solution, congress created a National Monetary commission to find ways in which to stabilize the American monetary system."
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The Federal Reserve Board, 1994.
Discusses the role of the Federal Reserve Bank in steering monetary policies of the US economy. Outlines the Federal Reserve system & examines arguments about its effectiveness & possible alternative structures.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 11 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"The Federal Reserve is one of the two most important central banks in the world, along with the Bank of Japan. As a central bank, it is charged with steering the monetary policies of the U.S. economy. There is considerable disagreement about the effectiveness of the Federal Reserve in pursuing this mission, and there are also different theories offered as to how a central bank can be structured best to be effective.
A comparison of the Bank of Japan and the Federal Reserve in The Economist ("The rewards of independence: central banks: America v. Japan," 1992, 19-21) notes first that studies have shown that when central banks are independent of political influence, they tend to deliver lower rates of inflation. They accomplish this without simply costing jobs, for countries with independent central banks do not, on average, have higher.."
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The Federal Reserve, 2002.
This paper discusses the Federal Reserve, the central bank of the United States, which is charged with steering the monetary policies of the country.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the history and function of the Federal Reserve, one of the two most important central banks in the world, along with the Bank of Japan. The paper explains the real policy-making body for the Federal Reserve is the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), which fixes the federal-funds rate, or the rate at which banks lend to one another, and decides monetary growth targets. The author states that the Federal Reserve is an independent entity, though there are those who doubt that it is as politically insulated as it is supposed to be.
From the Paper
"The Federal Reserve System was formed by an act of Congress in 1913 and was to function as a central bank for the government and the people of the United States. In these functions, the Federal Reserve remains one of the most powerful institutions in American society, influencing the growth of the money supply, affecting interest rates, and playing a large roll in the pace and direction of spending by every citizen and every business. In addition to the 12 district banks, there are some 5,500 private member banks in the Federal Reserve System. Member banks elect six of the nine directors of their district bank, and they in turn recommend some of the people who sit on the two committees in Washington to make or advise on policy for the entire system."
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The Federal Reserve Board, 2005.
This paper discusses the Federal Reserve Board, a primary part of the Federal Reserve System of the United States and its effect on the economy of the United States.
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that, in 1913, the Federal Reserve System, an integral part of the United States economy, was created by the Federal Reserve Act to deter the periods of financial panics, which were occurring in the United States. The author points out that managing the nation's monetary policy is the most important responsibility of the Board of Governors. The Board has three tools to conduct monetary policy: open market operations, reserve requirements, and the discount rate. The paper relates that the increase in the federal funds rate is the Federal Reserve's way of controlling inflation because, by raising the cost of borrowing money when there is too much money in circulation, the Federal Reserve's intention is to slow the economy down.
Table of Contents
Introduction
History
The Federal Reserve Board
Responsibilities of the Federal Reserve Board
The Fed and the United States Economy Today
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Federal Reserve Board was established as a federal government agency and is the governing element of the Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve Board, or the "Board of Governors," is made up of seven members who are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. Once confirmed by the Senate, the length of a term for a Board member is four-teen years. No Board member may be reappointed to the board. Every four years a new Chairman and Vice Chairman are also appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate."
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Federal Reserve of Richmond: Case Analysis, 2002.
This paper is a classical case analysis presenting alternative proposals to achieve cost reductions in savings bonds processing at the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond.
2,670 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a managerial accounting case study. In 1977 all Federal Reserve Banks were being pressured by the Board of Governors to reduce costs by targeting the banks' savings bonds processing activities since cost ratios for the activity at the FRBR were inferior to Federal Reserve System averages. The author uses three methods of analysis, each with three alternatives: Payback Period Analysis, Net Present Value Analysis and Internal Rate of Return Analysis.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Case Background
Methodological Concerns
Results of the Analyses
Payback Period Analysis
Alternatives
Net Present Value Analysis
Alternatives
Internal Rate of Return Analysis
Alternatives Comments and Recommendation
From the Paper
"The typical approach to payback period analysis requires that the initial investment be divided by the mean positive annual cash flow or benefit (such as a cost reduction in this present case analysis). In the case of alternative initiative number one, however, the initial investment all occurs in a six-month period. Thus, the annual cost savings attributable to the initiative were converted to semi-annual periods for the payback period analysis of this alternative. Thus, instead of using the formula payback period = initial investment/annual cost savings, the formula payback period = (initial investment/semi-annual cost savings)/2 was applied. The derivations of the costs and benefits used in this analysis are detailed in the NPV analyses. "
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The History of the Federal Reserve System, 2008.
An examination of how the history of the Federal Reserve System has paralleled the history of economics in the United States.
3,406 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the nature of the Federal Reserve System, the push towards centralized banking in the United States, the panic of 1907, the evolution of the Federal Reserve during the 20th century, and the future of the institution.The paper highlights the significant role that the Federal Reserve System has played in the history of the United States since its creation. The paper explains that the Federal Reserve System was the final and most successful attempt by the United States government to create a centralized banking system for the nation that could help stabilize the economy and centrally coordinate financial policy-making. The paper then points out that, though significant criticism has been leveled at the Federal Reserve, throughout its history, there are few indications that the Federal Reserve will be abolished in the near future. In conclusion, the paper shows that for the foreseeable future, the Federal Reserve System will be an undeniable feature of American political and economic life.
Outline:
Introduction
What Is the Federal Reserve System?
Early History of Banking the United States, 1791-1913
The Panic of 1907 and the Birth of the Federal Reserve
From 1913 to the Present: The Evolution of the Fed
Criticism and the Future of the Fed
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Federal Reserve System was first established in the wake of the Panic of 1907. Earlier attempts to create such a system of federal banks had failed, but the Panic provided the impetus by apparently highlighting the need for a system like the Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve Act (1913) called for a system of eight to twelve mostly autonomous regional reserve banks. These banks would be owned by commercial banking interests, but coordinated by a committee appointed by the President of the United States (Flaherty sec. 13). In this way, the Federal Reserve System was originally devised as a private banking system that could operate largely in the public interest."
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Federal Reserve, 2004.
This paper discusses the role of the Federal Reserve following September 11.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the role of the Federal Reserve Bank after September 11. The writer analyzes an article written about the Federal Reserve Bank after the terrorist attacks. In this article, the writer discusses the vital role the Federal Reserve Bank played, in preventing even more serious damage to the economy.
From the Paper
"In the hours and days following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, the United States Federal Reserve Bank played a little known but vital role in preventing even more serious damage to the economy of the United States, than the attacks themselves. According to Dina Temple-Raston in International Economy, the quick action of the Federal Reserve Bank went largely unnoticed and dramatically under-appreciated. She suggests that if the Federal Reserve Bank had not made precise decisions quickly ... "
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