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Federal Common Law, 2007.
This paper discusses common law on the federal level.
2,837 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that common law on the federal level is embodied in the decisions of the courts at every level. The writer maintains that the final decisions on many such issues are decided by the Supreme Court, which itself is governed by the body of common law in its emphasis on precedent. The writer points out that common law is law that developed and continues to evolve in the courts. The writer concludes that in the federal system, common law is part of the mix used by judges in interpreting statutes and in deciding rights and responsibilities, and the decisions they make then become part of the body of common law to be tapped by others in the future.
From the Paper
"The common law is the law of precedent as set by the courts in using, interpreting, and adjudicating these laws and other legal traditions. This is the process in many countries, with the courts carrying out the mandates of the legislature and giving different degrees of deference to those statutes or to a written constitution. This process has been examined from a number of standpoints to determine how it aids or hinders in development and carrying out social policy. Edwin Stevens Robinson examines more specifically the role of law and lawyers as roles operating as rules. The judicial mind operates by a process of deliberation based on contents that are largely social, and the social role thus again becomes an issue in the development and application of rules."
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Religious Observance and Federal Law, 2003.
A discussion of the extent to which federal law makes accommodations for religious groups.
2,990 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how federal law should and does accommodate for religious groups. The paper begins by discussing ways in which the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution relates to religion. Then the paper examines relevant case law and precedent from the U.S. Supreme Court. The paper also looks at laws passed by Congress that address accommodations for religious beliefs and practices in the workplace.
From the Paper
"The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. Under the terms of this Amendment, any law..."
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Employment Law, State and Federal, 2006.
Discusses how the federal and state systems of government differ.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and describes how the federal and state systems of government may or may not differ in their application of employment laws. The paper includes specific examples of employment protections provided by the Florida state system, but not by the federal system.
From the Paper
"Employment law is that branch of the law that deals with employer-employee relations, work hours workplace conditions and related matters. Most elements of employment law fall under civil law ..."
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Federal Bankruptcy Law, 2004.
An overview of the procedure used to file for bankruptcy and the importance of professionals in the process.
2,270 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
Bankruptcy is not an easy process, and the average individual does not possess the knowledge to enter into proceedings on his or her own. The paper argues that professionals should always be consulted as they can determine which bankruptcy is appropriate or whether bankruptcy is necessary at all. The paper also looks at the bankruptcy court, which has been established to protect and assist individuals, companies, and corporations in their proceedings.
Paper Outline
A. Federal Bankruptcy Code
a. Explanation of the Origin
b. Federal Bankruptcy Law
c. Jurisdiction of Courts
B. Chapter 7 Liquidation Bankruptcy
a. Procedure
i. Filing a Petition
ii. Meeting of Creditors
iii. Appointment of Trustee
iv. Proof of Claims
b. Automatic Stay
c. Case Dismissal
d. Alternatives to Chapter 7 Bankruptcy
e. Discharge
C. Chapter 11 Reorganization Bankruptcy
a. Why choose Chapter 11
b. Plan of Reorganization
i. Who develops the Plan
ii. Steps in the Plan
c. Discharge
D. Chapter 13 Consumer Debt Adjustment
a. Chapter 13 Eligibility
b. Important Features
c. Filing
d. Automatic Stay
e. Plan of Payment
f. Confirmation of the Plan
g. Discharge
E. Chapter 13 or Chapter 7
F. Rights of Creditors
G. Conclusion
From the Paper
"If you are living with little income and property you may be ?judgment proof?. Basically creditors cannot collect because you have nothing for them to legally take. Taking advantage of federal and state debt collection laws that protect a debtor from abusive conduct may stop harassment from creditors. Possibly, a debtor may negotiate with creditors and buy enough time to get back on his or her feet. Creditors may also agree to settle debts for less than is owed. Debtors may seek help from outside sources such as Consumer Credit Counseling Service. Finally, a debtor may pay over time with a Chapter 13 proceeding, which will be discussed in a later section."
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Federal Law & Vocational Education, 1994.
Impact of laws on occupational schooling & advantages of educators' familiarity with those laws.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Introduction
Federal legislation is an important element of the history of vocational education. This paper examines the literature pertaining to why it is important for vocational educators to be knowledgeable about federal laws impacting upon their field.
Federal Legislation and Vocational Education
There are several reasons why it is important for the vocational educator to know about legislation that impacts upon his or her teaching specialty. First, as has been pointed out by May (1987), vocational education, throughout history, has reflected societal needs. In this regard, Morton and Cross (1985) reported that it is often through legislation that education in general and vocational education in particular is helped to improve in terms of better meeting societal needs. "
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Federal and Maryland Employment Laws, 2005.
An overview of how Maryland employment laws differ from general federal employment laws.
991 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the federal and Maryland state systems of government differ in their application of employment laws. For the most part, the State of Maryland utilizes most of the same employment laws as those mandated by the federal government. It shows that the Maryland Department of Labor, Licensing, and Regulation's Division of Labor and Industry is the governing body for wage and employment law in the state.
From the Paper
"The minimum wage (with some exceptions) is $5.15 per hour in Maryland, just as it is at the federal level. The workweek is 40 hours, and any time worked over 40 hours must be paid as time-and-a-half. The exceptions to this are certain retail mechanics, partspersons, or salespersons who sell or service cars, farm equipment, trailers or trucks, taxicab drivers, executive, administrative and professional employees who meet certain criteria, outside salesmen, commissioned employees, a child, parent, spouse, or other member of the employer's immediate family, and employees of a movie theater ("Maryland Guide," 2004). In addition, agricultural workers in the state must be paid overtime after working 60 hours in a week, and some health care institutions (not hospitals) and bowling alleys pay overtime after 48 hours worked in one week."
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Federal and Florida Employment Laws, 2005.
This paper discusses Federal and Florida employment laws.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This article provides a comparison of Federal and Florida employment laws. The writer discusses specific federal labor laws to protect employees from various forms of job discrimination. The writer explains that the Florida laws are similar to federal laws but differ in treatment of children who work in the entertainment industry.
From the Paper
"There are numerous federal laws enforced by a variety of federal institutions that govern employment. Perhaps the most most notable are the federal labor laws that protect employees from job discrimination, if they fall into certain protected categories. These laws are enforced by the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (E.E.O.C.) For example, the Civil Rights Act ..."
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Federal Construction Contracting Laws, 2003.
A complete overview of the federal construction contracting laws in play in the United States.
3,737 words (approx. 14.9 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 103.95
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Abstract
Federal contracts for construction, while similar in many respects to other types of federal contracts, have some unique aspects that have caused the federal government to create a system of rules within the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) specific to construction contracts. The federal government has been justified in creating these rules separate from those that apply specifically to supply and service contracts. This paper focuses on some of the unique rules and regulations that apply to federal construction contracts, including those related to contract types, labor laws, specifications, payments, delays, and differing site conditions.
Abstract
Overview
Contract Types
Federal Construction Contracting Laws
Contract Performance and Specifications
Payment Financing
Delays
Differing Site Conditions
References
From the Paper
"The federal government is the largest owner of real property in the world (Bastianelli, et. al., 1998), so it stands to reason that they spend an enormous amount of money on construction and maintenance of that property. It is difficult to gauge exactly how much the federal government spends on construction annually, but it is noteworthy that the Department of Defense alone planned to award over $10 billion on construction contracts in 2002 (Bush, 2001). Because of this significant amount of construction outsourcing, and the intricacies that go along with construction contracting, the federal government has been justified in developing unique regulations and rules for construction contracts. The federal government, in the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), defines construction as, ??construction, alteration, or repair (including dredging, excavating, and painting) of buildings, structures, or other real property?? (FAR 2.101). Determining whether or not something is considered a building or a structure is general straightforward, although there are always exceptions. However, the line defining whether or not something is real property can, at times, be somewhat unclear. The FAR does not provide a definition for real property, but in federal contracts the common legal definition is used, that real property is, ??land and all things that are attached to it?? (Lectric Law Library, 2003). Though many of the clauses, terms and conditions, and rules applicable to federal construction contracts are the same, or similar, to those that are used on federal contracts for supplies, there are a number of differences in the nature of contracting for construction that have caused the federal government to create separate laws that deal specifically with federal construction contracts. One of the major differences is that construction contracts are performed on Government property. Because of this, construction contractors are subject to a great deal more in the area of inspections and general surveillance on their contracts (Abernathy and Kelleher, 1976). Construction contracts typically have much more paperwork than federal supply contracts. On construction contracts, a contractor is required to file daily reports showing that they complied with all the unique construction regulations, including safety, schedules, and submittals of material samples (Arnavas, 2001, ?? 27.4.a.). Construction contracts are subject to much greater scrutiny on performance than supply contracts, as detailed analysis and explanation of any deficiencies are reported to contractors and contractors have the right to respond. Past performance information is also kept on construction contracts for six years, where the norm on supply contracts is three years (Arnavas, 2001, ?? 27.4.a). Other differences that will be the focus of this paper include contract types, labor laws, specifications, payments, delays, and differing site conditions."
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Federal and State Employment Law, 2005.
This paper compares federal and state employment law on several issues.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
"This paper reviews the differences and similarities between federal and state employment law on several issues, such as workers' compensation and drug testing. The author points out how the different systems developed. The paper notes how each law may apply to different sets of employees and how different issues may be involved.
From the Paper
"Workers are protected by different aspects of employment law covering everything from proper hiring procedures to employee protection and provision for retirement. Employment law involves both federal and state statutes, and the two may offer differing degrees of protection in some cases. Generally, federal law stands above state law, but states can usually provide more protections than does the federal system so long as state law does not undercut or alter the meaning of federal law. The distinctions can be seen in laws to protect employees, such as those covering workers compensation for on-the-job injuries, and for some requirements placed on employees, such as those for drug testing. Workers' compensation is a form of government-mandated insurance program for those employed in a given state, and there are workers' compensation programs in every state as well as at the federal level."
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?Common Sense? and Common Language, 2006.
An examination of the impact of Thomas Paine's "Common Sense," which pushed for America's independence from England.
1,833 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper details the main themes in Paine's renowned pamphlet "Common Sense", written and published in 1776. It discusses Paine's main goal, which was simply to convince the people of America that a revolution was needed, which would result in the establishment of an independent nation. Paine's publication was generally met with considerable interest by its audience and more than a little ill-humor by academics who considered his writing style to fall far short of the neoclassical ideal. It examines the main themes in "Common Sense" as well as the author's unique method of appealing directly to the highest sentiments of the most common people and the simplest convictions of the most literate. It also discusses the views of various critics who found and continue to find fault with the content and style of writing in Paine's work.
From the Paper
"The original publication of Thomas Paine's work was generally met with considerable interest by its audience, and more than a little ill-humor by academics who considered his writing style to fall far short of the neoclassical ideal. One contemporary said that his style was"so coarse, that you would think he meant to degrade the language as much as the government." Even a relatively sympathetic colonial magazine, The Monthly Review, recorded in 1791 that Paine was "desultory, uncouth, and inelegant. His wit is coarse, and sometimes disgraced by wretched puns, and his language, though energetic, is awkward, ungrammatical, and often debased by vulgar phraseology."
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The Federal Reserve, 2005.
This paper discusses the history of the origins of the Federal Reserve, commonly known as the Fed.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Federal Reserve Bank (the Fed) was established in 1913 in response to serious economic instability in the United States because, at that time, bankers had few guidelines to asset reserves and loan policies; therefore, some communities were virtually controlled by private trusts. The author points out that the Federal Reserve Act, which divided the nation into twelve districts with twelve Federal Reserve banks, standardized banking in the U.S. (1) by requiring every bank in the country to deposit part of its money at its regional Federal Reserve Bank in order to guarantee liquidity, (2) which the Fed invests to earn interest; furthermore; (3) these regional Federal Reserve Banks are not governmental organizations but rather privately owned financial institutions owned by member banks with (4) a seven member Federal Reserve Board, appointed by the President, to oversee the system and to establish policy. The paper stresses that the greatest power given to the new Federal Reserve System was the power to slow or stimulate the economy by raising or lowering the new discounted interest rate.
From the Paper
"Despite the fact that the Panic of 1907 and the country's long history of bank panics and bank instability had shifted public opinion toward national economic reform, the American monetary system went unchanged for another five years. In the meantime, the lack of currency in circulation was creating a credit crunch in the United States. Then in 1912, congress passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act to provide short-term aid by allowing national banks to issue notes on a wider range of securities, thus putting more money into circulation. As a more long-term solution, congress created a National Monetary commission to find ways in which to stabilize the American monetary system."
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Federal Express (FedEx), 2006.
A look at the history of Federal Express, more commonly known as FedEx.
2,729 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the background and history of the FedEx Company. The paper also takes a look at the COSMOS (Customers, Operations and Services Master Online System) system, a centralized computer system implemented by FedEx to manage people, packages, vehicles and weather scenarios in real time, offering the company real time decision-making opportunities.
From the Paper
"The sense of trust and community that people identify with, pleasure associated with the pride of workmanship and of a task well accomplished; and, meaning is related to the quality of life for the individual and the others around him/her. A commitment to ethical operations is also espoused as important for FedEx. Safety on the job for the employee has helped the company maintain its reputation as being one of the best organizations to work for in multiple locations around the world. This proves that the company has a basic understanding of the ethics and social responsibilities needed when dealing with the issues of improvement and change in organization."
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Federal Rule Of Evidence 804 ( B ) ( 5 ), 1999.
Analyzes common law origins and legislative history of this rule allowing exception to hearsay in cases where the witness is unavailable. Examines how it compares to California law, pretrial notice, cross-examination, rationale for, reliability and examp
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 53 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"Federal Rule of Evidence 804(b)(5)
This paper will discuss various aspects of Federal Rule of Evidence 804(b)(5). The first part of the paper will briefly discuss the common law and legislative history of the rule. The second part of the paper will examine the rationale underlying the rule. The third part of the paper will briefly discuss comparative California law on the subject. The last part of the paper will examine how the rule has been applied and some criticisms of the rule and its application.
Federal Rule of Evidence 804(b)(5) provides a fifth exception to the general rule prohibiting the admission of hearsay evidence where the declarant is unavailable, allowing the following kind of statement:
A statement not specifically covered by any of the foregoing ..."
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State and Federal Employment Systems, 2006.
A comparison between federal employment laws and New Hampshire state laws of employment.
1,235 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of employment law. Specifically the paper discusses how the federal and New Hampshire state systems of government may or may not differ in their application of employment laws. Federal employment laws set the standard for most state laws.
From the Paper
"New Hampshire also has a statute regarding "displaced homemakers" that covers older women who may have been absent from the workforce for many years, and are suddenly displaced due to death, divorce, or other occurrences. The state offers assistance to these women, training for new jobs, and employment assistance. This is also a statute that is not represented in the federal employment laws. It is clear this must be a problem in New Hampshire because lawmakers felt it needed to be addressed. This statue originally took effect in 1979, so it seems New Hampshire is more forward thinking than many other states who do not yet address this issue."
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The Federal Reserve System, 2004.
A description of the function and the history of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, and the Federal Reserve banks.
1,910 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Federal Reserve System, which originated by Congressional passage of the Federal Reserve Act in 1913. It shows how it is also known as ?the Fed? and how it includes a Board of Governors and twelve Federal Reserve banks in major cities across the U.S., which effectively divides the U.S. into regions. It looks at how it plays a multi-faceted, predominant role in the monetary policy affecting our economy.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Historical Background
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
The Banking Act of 1933
The 1950s and Beyond
Purpose
Funding
Board of Governors
Federal Reserve Banks
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The ?Fed? supported the Treasury?s fiscal policy goals from its founding to the years following World War II primarily. In the 1970s, the inflation rate went ballistic as producer and consumer prices rose, oil prices soared and the Federal deficit more than doubled (U.S. Banking). The Monetary Control Act of 1980, required the Fed to price its financial services competitively against private sector providers and to establish reserve requirements for all eligible financial institutions (U.S. Banking). The Act marked the beginning of yet another period of banking reforms. Following its passage, interstate banking grew, and banks began offering interest-paying accounts and instruments to attract customers from brokerage firms. Momentum for change increased, and by 1999, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act was passed."
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