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Federal Budget Process, 2004.
An in-depth analysis of the federal budget process.
4,946 words (approx. 19.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 125.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the functioning of the federal budget process and explores the barriers involved. The paper explains that federal budgeting can also be split up into its basic standards of activity and measurement. The expenditure process involves three different stages of budget authorization, obligation, and outlays. The paper discusses the various parties involved in decision-making regarding the federal budget from Congress to the president. The laws pertinent to the federal budget process are presented in the paper. The paper contends that the federal budgetary procedure is required to endorse specific and apparent information on budgetary alternatives, to provide the lawmakers with a structure for arriving at agreeable conclusions on expenditure and receipt strategies, and to facilitate those policies to be implemented.
From the Paper
"As is with any complicated strategy, the federal budgeting can also be split up into its basic standards of activity and measurement. The expenditure process involves three different stages of budget authorization, obligation and outlays. The Budget authority is bestowed by the Congress and President within the legal framework. It generates the legal base for federal units to make the financial responsibilities enforceable in terms of the obligations. The activities of the federal agencies in form of executing contracts, appointment of personnel and executing orders for goods and services give rise to generation of such obligations. The outlays follow when the obligations are settled down. The outlays are normally in shape of the checks, electronic fund transfers and other payments effected to by the Treasury Branch. The budget authorities mostly are provided to the agencies every year being excerpted from the legislations made during the previous Congresses. The funds are provided without the legislation by the Congress. (Keith, 1996)"
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State Budgeting vs. Federal Budgeting, 2002.
This paper details, compares and contrasts the different processes involved in budgeting on the state level and on the federal level.
1,109 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper, using Pennsylvania as a model, demonstrates the differences between state budgeting policies and federal budgeting policies. It shows how the budgeting techniques in the federal government have some major differences, when compared to those in the Pennsylvania State government; these differences include a lack of a separate capital budget, different budget cycles and timelines, and budgetary policy differences.
From the Paper
"The federal government uses only one budget to lay out its financial obligations, whereas Pennsylvania uses two separate budgets. The single operating budget used by the federal government is required to outline federal expenditures from purchases to service contracts. Pennsylvania, however, has one budget that outlines services, entitlements and education expenses, and a different budget to make new purchases on capital improvements. The former is called the General Fund, and the latter is the Capital budget. Pennsylvania uses two budgets because the General Fund is used for purchases and contracts that will take place within that fiscal year, and the Capital budget is used to forecast capital purchases in the next five years. In this manner, Pennsylvania can keep better track of its assets and have a tighter grip on where its money is spent. The biggest advantage to having a separate budget for capital improvements is it allows the possibility of change. When funding is appropriated on the federal level, the department gets its money all at once and builds whatever it needs. For a state, though, a program may be feasible at the time of its announcement, but may have to be restricted due to extenuating circumstances (i.e. September 11th and the economic downfall.) "
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Retirement Trust Funds and the Federal Budget Deficit, 1990.
This paper discusses the relationship between the Retirement Trust Funds and the federal budget deficit: Actuarial status of funds, income change for retirees, deficit and Social Security.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 3 sources, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
"In the summer of 1990, the federal government's budget deficit once again appears to be an uncontrollable beast, and, as usual, (1) the two major political parties attempt to blame one another for the problem, and (2) the Bush Administration and the Congress each attempts to cast the other in the role of villain. In the midst of the fight over the budget, a controversy has arisen over the retirement trust funds administered by the Social Security Administration. Somewhat inexplicably, the federal budget deficit and the retirement trust funds are, unfortunately, interrelated. It is this interrelationship which is examined in this research."
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Federal Budget Deficit and Georgia, 2006.
This paper examines theories behind the Federal Deficit and attempts to apply them to state budgets, in particular, that of Georgia.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the federal budget deficit and various strategies that can be formulated to address it. Particularly important are several budgetary techniques employed at the state level, specifically Georgia, that are effective at controlling spending without increasing taxation. Private research institutes, such as the Cato Institute, often propose more radical solutions but these are indicative of the importance of controlling the deficit.
From the Paper
"Most analysts readily admit that the federal budget deficit is bordering on the unmanageable. Between geopolitical events such as the Iraq War, numerous petrochemical industry developments, and natural disasters such as Hurricane Katrina, increasing deficits at the federal level have been the modus operandi of the current administration: "The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office (CBO) announced on August 26th that the fiscal year 2004 federal budget deficit will be an estimated $480 billion, and that deficits could total $5 trillion over the next 10 years" (Budget par.1). While certainly state budgets are not of the same magnitude as the federal government's budget, they are similarly devised and the federal government would be well-advised to appropriate some of the fiscal controls that many states have adopted. Georgia, for example, utilizes a revenue shortfall reserve program that is mandated by law (Georgia). Essentially, this fund is created..."
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Implementing a Budgeting Process, 2006.
A discussion regarding the implementation of a budgeting process.
1,342 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the budgeting process. According to the paper, this budgeting process is more than an exercise in estimating numbers for its own sake. The paper discusses how budgeting is about strategic planning, which involves identifying business goals and objectives, and mapping out in tangible terms how those goals will be accomplished over time.
Outline:
Use of Budget Manuals
What are The Characteristics of a Good System?
Cash Flows
Variance Analysis
Evaluating Risk
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Understanding the amount of cash that comes in and goes out of your company is one of the most critical steps in the budget planning process, because it provides an immediate view of how money is spent and if receipts are timely enough to cover expenses. For instance, Is the company taking advantage of vendor discounts by paying invoices earlier, or are too many customers paying on credit causing the firm to hold off on paying some of its own vendors, thereby losing discounts that can add up over time. Are visits to customers scheduled so that sales staff are available to customers at all times in the showroom? Are the full time carpenters sufficient to handle timely output? Would one additional full time person be more financially beneficial than using four on-call contractors? "
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The Budgeting Process and Management, 2006.
A paper explaining how the budgeting process affects both the planning and the controlling aspects of management.
1,405 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the budgeting process is not only a management planning tool in that it allows the project manager to figure what resources he has at his disposal and what costs are associated with the project being worked on, but is also a means of controlling a project as it allows the manager to see that resources are are used as anticipated and that the project comes in within its parameters. In particular, the paper takes a look at the capital budgeting process and all that it entails as well as how important it is to the successful completion of a project.
From the Paper
"These estimating methods apply to all forms of budgeting on the project, but they are especially useful in dealing with capital assets and expenditures. Manpower is one of the crucial needs of any project. Without the number and quality of workers required, the project will fail. This involves a variety of capital expenditures. Among them are salary, taxes for the workers such as FICA and income withholdings, and medical and other benefits. The manager must determine what skills are needed, and how many workers in each skill area so that the levels of necessary compensation can be computed. Also necessary in this regard is a good estimate of how many manhours in each salary range will be required for completion of the task. Such costs are built in to any project, and represent one of the major areas of capital investment."
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Federal Budget Deficits, 2003.
An analysis of what caused the record budget deficit in 2003 and the potential effects of government deficits on the economy.
1,441 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
An analysis of the current budget deficit and its causes--a slow economy, tremendous spending on the Iraq war and tax cuts. The paper also addresses the economic effect of a deficit on the economy and the desirable and adverse effects caused by a deficit. This essay concludes that spending would be more productive if directed to structural elements of the economy.
From the Paper
"Budget deficits occur when government expenditure is greater than revenue, forcing the government to borrow to meet its requirements. There are many potential economic effects of a deficit; the most apparent is an expansionary effect on the economy caused by injections of money being greater than withdrawals. Fiscal policy, among many other mechanisms is used to manipulate the economy. However, budget deficits should be used as to not adversely affect the economy. The federal budget deficit set the new record of $374 billion in 2003, doubling last year?s efforts (Fram). The record deficit has been caused by the slow economy, tremendous spending on the Iraq war and tax cuts for the rich. This indicates that the great America does not know how to balance the checkbook, and certainly does not know how to spend wisely."
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Federal Budget Process, 1994.
An examination of the legal requirements, the role of the president and Congress in theory and in practice, abuses, deficit reduction measures and balanced budget amendment.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 13 sources, $ 127.95
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From the Paper
"The Federal Budget Process
Introduction
This research examines the process involved in the enactment of the federal budget. Congressional and executive roles in the process are reviewed, as are the interactions and conflicts between the Congress and the President in the development of a national budget. Deficit reduction measures, such as the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Bill, and the drive for a balanced budget amendment to the Constitution are also addressed.
The Budgeting Process ..."
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Budget Process, 2002.
An insight into public budgeting in the U.S.
930 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper argues whether public budgeting is "nothing but a political process that connects the various political and influential figures in the government who decide what kind of budget the people should have and how it should be implemented." It defines who makes the decisions and gives a brief history of budgeting.
From the Paper
"Budgeting is nothing but a political process. It connects the various political and influential figures in the government who decide what kind of budget the people should have and how they should be implemented. The fact that the budget itself is the responsibility of the General Assembly of the State alone indicates that budgeting process is not actually in the hands of the people but politicians and legislature. Take for instance the General Assembly of the State of Connecticut is governed by a bicameral legislature in which the Senate and the House of Representatives who determines how long they will retain the executive power. It is the legislative branch of the government that decides who has the power and who should be vested with the power of decision ."
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The Process of Budgeting and Its Advantages, 2002.
A comprehensive examination of how and why companies use the budgeting process to achieve their goals.
2,314 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview and background of the budgeting process, including budget planning and the types of budget statements commonly used. An examination of the budgeting process in action is followed by a discussion of some constraints to effective budgeting. An analysis of strategic budgeting as an alternative is followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"An old saying advises that, ?We don?t plan to fail, we fail to plan.? The budget process was developed to allow companies to better understanding where they have come from, where they are currently, and how they can get where they want to go. According to Jack Welch, then CEO of General Electric, ?The budget is the bane of corporate America. It should never had existed.? Christian Babbini points out that Bob Lutz at Chrysler has made similar statements and a significant number of large European companies such as Ericsson, Volvo, Ikea, SKF and Diageo, have also abandoned the traditional budget or substantially altered the process. The reasons this disillusionment are well-known to everyone: budgets are frequently late, overly political in terms of trade-offs made, take too long to develop, take too many organizational resources and, fail to measure the critical things that make organizations successful in today's fast paced, global economy. In this view, ?The budget becomes God and people manage to the budget and not to the realities of the competitive environment.? This is not to say, of course, that the budgeting process does not have its place and function; it is to say, though, that companies may want to use some of the better alternatives which are available today which provide ?what if? analyses and change the budgeting process into a strategic planning tool rather than an annual exercise in stone carving."
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Federal Deficit and National Debt, 1992.
An examination of the various aspects of the causes of, possible solutions for and potential impacts of the national debt and federal budget deficit.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 12 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"Budget Deficits and the National Debt: Consequences for the Economy
Introduction
The candidacy of H. Ross Perot succeeded in placing the issues of budget deficits and the accumulating national debt on the political agenda. The debate over the nature of the deficit, its magnitude, and its consequences for the national economy have been raging in the economic community for quite some time but the issue now appears to have entered the more general public dialogue. The analysis which follows attempts to define the different economic perspectives on the national debt and deficits. It evaluates the differing perceptions of the consequences of the debt and deficits for the U.S. economy and concludes with a..."
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U.S. Defense Budgeting, 2008.
This paper describes the U.S. defense budgeting process and argues that it is complex and cluttered.
2,630 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the strengths of the U.S. defense budgeting process are that it has many avenues for access and accountability by interested parties, ensuring that the overall military effort is essentially transparent and responsible to society. The author points out that the process allows for much waste and influence, which adds cost rather than value; thereby, the process fails to promote efficiency. The paper relates that the system is not likely to be changed radically soon because the entrenched interests can continue to win favored positions and reforming the system takes great momentum and uncommon nerve. Sources listed are in the form of endnotes.
Table of Contents:
Budgeting Concepts
Budgeting Participants
Budgeting Process
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One of the main ways that government decides on what to spend each year is through baseline budgeting. It takes what was spent in the previous year as the jumping off point and begins its deliberations on what to spend in the upcoming years based upon that. By using this method, the government can operate according to expectations that have some recent history to support claims that more money is needed or less can be done with. It looks at how things went in the past year and decides where to beef up spending and where to cut."
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The Budget Surplus Debate, 2002.
A look at the government's discussion of the federal budget surplus.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the federal budget surplus and presents each side of the debate over what to do with it. The Republican plan is presented first, and then the Democratic. The paper then concludes with a personal opinion of the issue which favors the Republican position.
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The Federal Reserve System, 2004.
A description of the function and the history of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, and the Federal Reserve banks.
1,910 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Federal Reserve System, which originated by Congressional passage of the Federal Reserve Act in 1913. It shows how it is also known as ?the Fed? and how it includes a Board of Governors and twelve Federal Reserve banks in major cities across the U.S., which effectively divides the U.S. into regions. It looks at how it plays a multi-faceted, predominant role in the monetary policy affecting our economy.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Historical Background
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
The Banking Act of 1933
The 1950s and Beyond
Purpose
Funding
Board of Governors
Federal Reserve Banks
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The ?Fed? supported the Treasury?s fiscal policy goals from its founding to the years following World War II primarily. In the 1970s, the inflation rate went ballistic as producer and consumer prices rose, oil prices soared and the Federal deficit more than doubled (U.S. Banking). The Monetary Control Act of 1980, required the Fed to price its financial services competitively against private sector providers and to establish reserve requirements for all eligible financial institutions (U.S. Banking). The Act marked the beginning of yet another period of banking reforms. Following its passage, interstate banking grew, and banks began offering interest-paying accounts and instruments to attract customers from brokerage firms. Momentum for change increased, and by 1999, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act was passed."
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Federal Reserve Open Market, 2001.
This paper looks at the events at the Federal Reserve Open Market committee meeting in October 2000.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the reasons why the Federal Reserve Open Market Committee at its October 2000 meeting decided to leave the Federal Funds Rate target (and by extension the money supply target) unchanged as well as looking at what might have prompted the Fed Open Market Committee to increase the Federal Funds Rate or Discount Rate as well as what might have prompted them to decrease the Federal Funds Rate or Discount Rate ? and what other actions might have accompanied either an increase or decrease.
From the paper:
"To understand the Fed?s decision in October it is necessary to understand how the office functions in general. As the central banking authority of the United States, the Federal Reserve acts as a fiscal agent for the U.S. government; it also serves as custodian of the reserve accounts of commercial banks, makes loans to commercial banks, and is authorized to issue Federal Reserve notes that constitute the entire supply of paper currency of the country. The system comprises the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the 12 Federal Reserve banks, the Federal Open Market Committee, the Federal Advisory Council, and, a Consumer Advisory Council along with several thousand member banks. The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System determines the reserve requirements of the member banks within statutory limits, reviews and determines the discount rates established by the 12 Federal Reserve banks, and reviews the budgets of the reserve banks."
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