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Federal Budget Deficit and Georgia, 2006.
This paper examines theories behind the Federal Deficit and attempts to apply them to state budgets, in particular, that of Georgia.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the federal budget deficit and various strategies that can be formulated to address it. Particularly important are several budgetary techniques employed at the state level, specifically Georgia, that are effective at controlling spending without increasing taxation. Private research institutes, such as the Cato Institute, often propose more radical solutions but these are indicative of the importance of controlling the deficit.
From the Paper
"Most analysts readily admit that the federal budget deficit is bordering on the unmanageable. Between geopolitical events such as the Iraq War, numerous petrochemical industry developments, and natural disasters such as Hurricane Katrina, increasing deficits at the federal level have been the modus operandi of the current administration: "The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office (CBO) announced on August 26th that the fiscal year 2004 federal budget deficit will be an estimated $480 billion, and that deficits could total $5 trillion over the next 10 years" (Budget par.1). While certainly state budgets are not of the same magnitude as the federal government's budget, they are similarly devised and the federal government would be well-advised to appropriate some of the fiscal controls that many states have adopted. Georgia, for example, utilizes a revenue shortfall reserve program that is mandated by law (Georgia). Essentially, this fund is created..."
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Budget Deficits, 2006.
An introduction to budget deficits, what they are and their pervasive nature.
2,857 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by explaining that even since biblical times budget deficits have been a part of government financial policy and that once begun,they become a pervasive and destructive force on society. The paper also looks at how the current U.S. budget deficit began, explains just why budget deficits are problematic, examines the consequences of budget deficits and discusses what can be done to help address the problem. The paper also asserts that budget deficits can be controlled, if not eliminated, if society learns to live within the government's means.
Outline
Introduction to Budget Deficits
The Beginnings of Our Current Crisis
The Problems of Budget Deficits
Consequence of Budget Deficits
Distorting the Budget Decision-Making Process
Statutory Measures Just Won't Suffice
Social Security and Budget Deficits
Medicare and Other Entitlement Programs
Conclusions about Budget Deficits
From the Paper
"The idea of government deficit spending has been with humankind since the earlier times of the history of civilizations as recorded in the Old Testament of the Holy Bible. The first recorded political leader to generate budget deficits, although they weren't so labeled, was King Solomon. As recorded in the books of the Chronicles and Kings, Solomon issued promissory commitments of various kinds to the King of Tyre, the Queen of Egypt, and the King of Lebanon to assemble the materials necessary to build the Temple."
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The Budget Deficit, 2006.
This paper argues that the budget deficit does not actually have a significant economic meaning, at least when taken by itself.
1,070 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the budget deficit, defined as the amount the government borrows in order to fulfill the budgetary allocations in the federal budget, is at an all-time high, which is not that concerning because most often expenditures exceed revenues and the bridging of the gap between the two requires government borrowing from foreign or private entities. The author points out that, if the deficit increases 2.5% in one year, but GDP also increases by this same amount, the deficit as a portion of the federal budget has remained the same. The paper concludes that the examples show that the vast majority of current federal budget programs demonstrates that increased operating deficits do not necessarily mean poorer performance; in fact, the percentage of debt as a portion of GDP is a much better predictor of effectiveness in the federal budget mechanism.
From the Paper
"With these criteria in mind, we will turn attention to the current federal budget, which has been in deficit status since 2002, and seems destined to remain so for the next several years. The FY2006 proposed budget includes a $390 billion deficit, not including potential expenditures in Iraq and Afghanistan or any social security reform measures undertaken-a seemingly huge discrepancy between government revenue and spending. President Bush has vowed to reduce deficit spending by half in the next five years-and appears to be holding true to that promise, as the 2006 deficit is smaller than the $427 billion deficit in the FY2005 budget."
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Federal Budget Deficits, 2003.
An analysis of what caused the record budget deficit in 2003 and the potential effects of government deficits on the economy.
1,441 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
An analysis of the current budget deficit and its causes--a slow economy, tremendous spending on the Iraq war and tax cuts. The paper also addresses the economic effect of a deficit on the economy and the desirable and adverse effects caused by a deficit. This essay concludes that spending would be more productive if directed to structural elements of the economy.
From the Paper
"Budget deficits occur when government expenditure is greater than revenue, forcing the government to borrow to meet its requirements. There are many potential economic effects of a deficit; the most apparent is an expansionary effect on the economy caused by injections of money being greater than withdrawals. Fiscal policy, among many other mechanisms is used to manipulate the economy. However, budget deficits should be used as to not adversely affect the economy. The federal budget deficit set the new record of $374 billion in 2003, doubling last year?s efforts (Fram). The record deficit has been caused by the slow economy, tremendous spending on the Iraq war and tax cuts for the rich. This indicates that the great America does not know how to balance the checkbook, and certainly does not know how to spend wisely."
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Budget Deficits, 2002.
An explanation of the short and long-term effects of current budget deficits and the national debt.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This is a paper that discusses the short-term and long-term effects of current budget deficits and the national debt.
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The American Budget Deficit., 2001.
An in-depth examination of the American budget deficit and how it has been affected by different administrations and varying social conditions.
1,520 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 7 sources, $ 50.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author examines the US Federal Budget during the Clinton administration and how he reduced the deficit to a surplus amount in 1998. He moves on to discuss the changing American economy and provides examples of why he considers that there are times in a nation?s life when deficits are necessary and even beneficial. The author suggests that use of debt spending during wars and times of recession help to boost the economy but can be detrimental to the Stock Market. He further examines levels of taxation and compares the effect that different administrations have had on the federal deficit.
From the paper:
?Determining the correct, or economically benign, level of deficit and debt is a subject for endless debate. Economies do not operate by a simple law of cause and effect, of plus and minus, of deficit and surplus. They are complex interweaving of many economic and psychological factors, both domestic and international. Although a huge deficit is never to be praised, there are times in a nation?s life when deficits are necessary and even beneficial.?
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Retirement Trust Funds and the Federal Budget Deficit, 1990.
This paper discusses the relationship between the Retirement Trust Funds and the federal budget deficit: Actuarial status of funds, income change for retirees, deficit and Social Security.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 3 sources, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
"In the summer of 1990, the federal government's budget deficit once again appears to be an uncontrollable beast, and, as usual, (1) the two major political parties attempt to blame one another for the problem, and (2) the Bush Administration and the Congress each attempts to cast the other in the role of villain. In the midst of the fight over the budget, a controversy has arisen over the retirement trust funds administered by the Social Security Administration. Somewhat inexplicably, the federal budget deficit and the retirement trust funds are, unfortunately, interrelated. It is this interrelationship which is examined in this research."
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U.S. Budget Deficit, 1990.
This paper discusses the potential problems of the U.S. budget deficit and suggests solutions.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"The United States budget and its continuing deficit has been one of the most persistent issues of recent years. The ideal of achieving a balance between expenditures and revenues has long been a political objective at the federal level, albeit an elusive one. The purpose of this paper will be to discuss the budget deficit, the history behind it, the legislative actions taken to deal with it and the associated problem and suggested solutions.
With the national debt hitting $3 trillion, the Bush administration claim the annual budget deficit will disappear by 1993. But, while the deficit has been decreasing dramatically from its peak in 1966 and appears to be continuing this downward trend, the reality is that other interests will restrain the actions necessary to achieve a ... "
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The Budget Deficit of the United States, 1989.
A examination of the historical development of the United States federal budget deficit. Focusing on its growth, impact on the economy and measures for its control.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
Introduction
"The purpose of this research is to examine the issue of the federal government budget deficit in the United States. Factors addressed are historical development, reasons for growth, impact on the economy, and measures to control the deficit.
Historical Development of the Deficit
When Ronald Reagan campaigned for the presidency in 1980, one of his most consistent themes was that of the economic evils of the irresponsibly high federal budget deficits attributed to the Carter Administration. Candidate Reagan pledged to restore economic sanity by, among other things, eliminating federal budget deficits by the end of the third year of his first term as president.
During the four fiscal years in which Jimmy Carter was..."
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Deficits and Balanced Budgets, 2006.
A question and answer formatted essay about the U.S. economy.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper provides brief synopses of the most important issues for the U.S. economy. Written in a question and answer format, the paper answers ten questions about deficits and balanced budgets. The questions are:
(1) Why is a balanced budget, and possibly a balanced budget amendment necessary...Or is it?
(2) What is macroeconomics, and does it really affect the average citizen?
(3) Why did we have budget deficits for so long?
(4) Is there a way to cut spending and still cut taxes, and keep the surplus as well as getting the budget balanced?
(5) Is there such a thing as a really "fair" taxation system?
(6) If it is sort of unethical to borrow money and not repay it, how can the government do it?
(7) What would you do if you were asked to create a fair and equitable budget strategy, what would you advise?
(8) You say there have been budget shortfalls for years, and now in the last couple of years, all of a sudden, there is a surplus. So, why am I and my family not feeling the benefits of this surplus?
(9) I keep reading about this new European currency called the "euro" and the problems in Japan and how it might affect the trade balance and the stability of the dollar. Is this anything I should be worried about? Or is it just another game for economists to quibble about?
(10) You had to consult a number of books and articles from so-called experts for this assessment of our balanced budget needs. Have you really learned anything?
From the Paper
"Americans are basically naive about economics. Politicians and Economists duel about surpluses, deficits, the fate of Social Security, interest rates, international trade, and so on. We see headlines that scream that 400,000 new jobs cause fears of interest rate increases, The next day, the headlines about the slowing of new jobs seem to indicate the same (or other) "fears". After more than a generation of budget deficits, now we have surpluses, and the arguments rage about what to do with them. The fact is, a very small, privileged few (Alan Greenspan, head of the "Fed" is one) know what is going on and why, and, furthermore, what to do about it."
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State Budgeting vs. Federal Budgeting, 2002.
This paper details, compares and contrasts the different processes involved in budgeting on the state level and on the federal level.
1,109 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper, using Pennsylvania as a model, demonstrates the differences between state budgeting policies and federal budgeting policies. It shows how the budgeting techniques in the federal government have some major differences, when compared to those in the Pennsylvania State government; these differences include a lack of a separate capital budget, different budget cycles and timelines, and budgetary policy differences.
From the Paper
"The federal government uses only one budget to lay out its financial obligations, whereas Pennsylvania uses two separate budgets. The single operating budget used by the federal government is required to outline federal expenditures from purchases to service contracts. Pennsylvania, however, has one budget that outlines services, entitlements and education expenses, and a different budget to make new purchases on capital improvements. The former is called the General Fund, and the latter is the Capital budget. Pennsylvania uses two budgets because the General Fund is used for purchases and contracts that will take place within that fiscal year, and the Capital budget is used to forecast capital purchases in the next five years. In this manner, Pennsylvania can keep better track of its assets and have a tighter grip on where its money is spent. The biggest advantage to having a separate budget for capital improvements is it allows the possibility of change. When funding is appropriated on the federal level, the department gets its money all at once and builds whatever it needs. For a state, though, a program may be feasible at the time of its announcement, but may have to be restricted due to extenuating circumstances (i.e. September 11th and the economic downfall.) "
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Public Budget Analysis: Cobb County, Georgia, 2002.
This paper examines the Cobb County, Georgia public budget.
1,143 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the financial situation of the Cobb County School District which has been described as one of the three largest school systems in Georgia and the thirty-fifth largest in the United States. The writer discusses ways in which the district has dealt with the growth of the student body and how the county has managed to re-allocate funds in order to keep up with the growth.
From the Paper
"Funds for the operation of the Cobb County School District come from a variety of sources. Local sources, including property taxes, real estate transfers, alcoholic beverage taxes, and miscellaneous fees accounted for $227,631,627 in 1998-1999 and is expected to increase to $250,856,553 in 1999-2000. This represents a monetary increase of $23,224,926 or 10.2 percent. State funds are obtained from the Quality Basic Education Funding from the State of Georgia. In 1998-1999, this funding provided $297,655,312. The amount was reduced to $289,037,487 for 1999-2000. This represents a reduction of $8,617,825 or 2.9 percent. Federal funding is obtained from ROTC Instructor Salary Reimbursements, Impact Aide, other federal programs and indirect charges. In 1998-1999, this amount totaled $491,500 and increased to $498,500 in 1999-2000. This increase of $8,000 represents a 1.6 percent increase (p. 12)."
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Budget Constraints and Fiscal Policy Ineffectiveness in the UK, 2001.
A look at the United Kingdom'sl budget deficit and whether or not it is really harmful to the economy.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 15 sources, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper presents the argument that there is no evidence to suggest that running budgetary deficits can adversely impact future prospects of a nation. The paper suggests that more research is required to conclusively decide fiscal policies effectiveness or ineffectiveness due to budget constraints.
From the Paper
"Fiscal policy involves the level and structure of taxes and it requires decisions on priorities on public expenditures, such as basic social services, infrastructure, and regulation of economic activity and ownership of productive assets. To carry out its role adequately, fiscal policy should be governed by one self-evident principle: it should be appropriate in the sense of improving 'long term' welfare."
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Balanced Budget, 1997.
Examines political causes & effects of unbalanced budget & growing deficit & recommends policy reform based on tax cuts, controlled spending, cost of living adjustments.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 11 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
" The federal government currently owes around $4.8 trillion and by the end of the decade the Clinton administration predicts that the debt will reach $6.5 trillion. By 2010, without appropriate action, that debt will have reached $8 trillion. Clearly a national debt that doubles in fifteen years of peace means that "there is something profoundly wrong with your budget and your finances" (Gingrich 90). The appropriate action to deal with the problem has two facets: 1) we must establish a "credible, year-by-year spending schedule" that will accomplish a balanced budget within the next six years; 2) a Balanced Budget Amendment must be passed by Congress and approved by the states in order to ensure that, barring emergencies such as war, such deficits never happen again (Dole and Kemp 57). A third aspect of balancing the budget is achieving tax cuts that will, along.."
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"Do Deficits Matter"( Daniel Shaviro ), 1999.
Reviews work on economic, legal & political causes & effects of federal budget deficit.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"In his book Do Deficits Matter?, Daniel Shaviro brings together different elements in the economic, legal, and political realms to elucidate the long-standing debate over the damage done to an economy by a deficit. Shaviro does not come down firmly on either side and instead finds that deficits may matter in some terms and not in others. He finds first that the way the media and political leaders talk about the deficit is based on false assumptions about the reason why the deficit has certain effects on the economy. Shaviro also points out that it is difficult to trace the stands of the deficit to see how it affects the micro- and macro-economic situation. Thus, while deficits, matter, it may be difficult to ascertain just how."
Shaviro notes the problem at the outset: "Few topics in American politics are more discussed and less understood than the
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