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False Confessions, 2006.
This paper reviews an experiment relating to false confessions as conducted and reported by Saul M. Kassin and Katherine L. Kiechel (1996) in the article "The Social Psychology of False Confessions: Compliance, Internalization, and Confabulation".
1,040 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines research about coerced-internalized false confessions, which occur when innocent suspects actually believe that he or she is guilty of the crime; many of which are the result of police interrogation in which deceptive and deceitful practices may be used and accepted by the judicial system. The author points out that the article "The Social Psychology of False Confessions" tested the hypothesis that the presentation of false evidence can lead individuals who are vulnerable to confess to an act, which they did not commit, and, more important, to internalize the confession and perhaps confabulate details in memory consistent with that new belief. The paper relates that the researchers used an experimental method, which the paper describes, and concludes that this experiment was well-executed and well-reported.
From the Paper
"There were two independent variables in this experiment. First, the subject's level of vulnerability was manipulated by varying the pace of the task. Therefore, the confederate read at either a fast or slow pace. Second, the experimenters varied the use of false incrimination evidence. The confederates either "witnessed" or acknowledged the mistake or some confederates did not "witness", or see the subject touch the ALT key. The dependent variable was the confessions. Three forms of social influence were evaluated: compliance, internalization, and confabulation. To assess compliance, the experimenter handwrote a confession and asked the subject to sign it. "
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The False Confession.
This paper discusses in detail the problem of a coerced false confession in the murder of Stephanie Crowe and the investigation that followed.
6,810 words (approx. 27.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 154.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that 8% of wrongful convictions are due to forced confessions prompted by the police. The author states that twelve-year-old Stephanie Crowe was found stabbed to death on her bedroom floor in 1998; however, the Crowe family's nightmare had only just started because her 14-year-old brother Michael was coerced by Escondido, California police detectives, who were so desperate for a confession to close this horrific crime that they overlooked crucial evidence, into confessing to the murder. The paper relates that the charges of murder were dropped before trial in February, 1999 after last-minute DNA testing found spots of Stephanie's blood on a sweatshirt worn by a transient man seen in the neighborhood the night of the killing.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Crime
The Investigation
The Transient
Mass of Evidence
Under Suspicion
The Interrogation of Michael Crowe and Joshua Treadway
What Was Wrong With The Interrogation?
Aftermath of the Confessions
Preparing for Trial
Forensic Flip-flop
Preview of Evidence
The Richard Tuite theory
The Evidence in the Container
The Hearing
Prosecution's Confidence Enhanced
Defense's Rebuttal
The Crucial Hearing
Groundbreaking Evidence
A Conviction at Last
From the Paper
"The detectives interrogating Michael Crowe crossed a clearly and explicitly defined line when they told Michael only by admitting he killed his sister they could help him and by telling him his parents no longer wanted him. According to a Crime Library Article, the police "used lies, false promises, isolation from parents and attorneys, even threats of adult prison and predatory older inmates" as techniques to elicit a confession. The treatment of Michael by detectives was clearly not according to protocol. The interrogation of Michael Crowe was against protocol and clearly was an enormous mistake made by detectives."
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Psychological Interrogation & False Confessions: A Literature Review, 2001.
A review of literature on psychological interrogation methods, false confessions and their implications.
4,738 words (approx. 19.0 pages), 28 sources, APA, $ 121.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that while the use of psychological interrogation methods is currently permissible by the courts in Canada, Great Britain and the U.S.A., many researchers argue that psychological interrogation is, in essence, no different than blatant coercion. Confession Law has slowly evolved over time alongside the evolution of interrogation methods. The paper discusses how prior to the 18th Century, English Common Law accepted confessions without any restrictions, which allowed confessions extracted through torture to be accepted as viable representations of objective truth. Today, the bottom line on the admissibility of confessions is that they are "typically excluded if elicited by physical violence, by a threat of harm or punishment, by a promise of leniency or immunity from prosecution, or by failure to notify a suspect of his or her constitutional rights to counsel and silence" (Kassin & McNall, 1991). The paper shows that despite these seemingly stringent laws regarding the admissibility of confessions, psychological interrogation methods are adept at circumventing the law, and continue to employ methods that run the risk of eliciting false confessions. This paper reviews the literature on Psychological Interrogation methods, false confessions and the implications of both.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Psychological Interrogation Tactics
Inside the Interrogation Room
Custodial Legal Advice & The Right to Silence
Psychological Interrogation Functioning as Coercion
Police Interrogations and Confessions
Communicating Promises and Threats by Pragmatic Implication
False Confessions
Occurrence of False Confessions
Creation of False Confessions
An Empirical Study On Recall
Discourse Study
Interrogative Suggestibility & Delinquent Boys
Psychological Characteristics of False Confessors
Consequences of False Confessions
From the Paper
"Interrogation, as defined by the Merriam Webster Dictionary, is the act of "questioning; formally and systematically." Interrogations within criminal justice systems are used to gather information relevant to investigations, and more importantly, to elicit confessions from suspects. Methods of interrogation have changed drastically throughout history, but the ultimate goal of obtaining confessions has held constant. While the whips and chains of the past have now exited the western world's interrogation rooms, many scholars argue that today's suspects are still subjected to psychological tortures. Psychological Interrogation is the most recent approach used by law enforcement officials to extract information from suspects."
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False Memory Effects, 2003.
An investigation and explanation of false memory and why people use it.
1,100 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explores what false memory is and how and why we use it. It also explores the difference between semantic and phonological processing. The effects of false memory and the varying factors influencing it including thought processing and time before encoding are investigated and discussed thoroughly. The papers also compares this experiement to other similar studies. The results are consistent across all participants and support the theory of false memory effects efficiently.
From the Paper
"One hypothesis that can be looked at is: HA: False memory effects are influenced by the depth of processing at encoding. HO: False memory effects are not influenced by the depth of processing at encoding. This can be studied by looking at the empirical results and searching for a large difference between the amount of unstudied critical words and the amount of unstudied unrelated words that are ?remembered? across the field of participants. Another hypothesis that can be tested is: HA: False memory effects occur for phonological as well as semantic associates of encoding lists. HO: False memory effects occur for only phonological associates of encoding lists. From the results, it cannot be proven that these types of false memory effects absolutely exist, but can be strongly argued that they do. The larger amount of participants used the better the result that we can achieve."
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Kant's "False Promise", 2002.
This paper discusses Immanuel Kant's view of a "false promise".
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 1 source, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that a false promise is always immoral. The author relates that the target of the false promise doesn't share the purpose or end of the liar's action.
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The Repressed/False Memory Debate and its Crucial Consensus, 2002.
Explores the nature of repressed memory and the ability of therapists to distinguish between true and false childhood memories.
3,650 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 9 sources, $ 133.95
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Abstract
Summary: The repressed/false memory debate is marked by sharp polarities of what Loftus terms firm believers and skeptics who "point to the reconstructive nature of memory and ask for evidence and corroboration". The debate is far from theoretical since individual's reputations and futures are at stake. While the claims and arguments on both sides of the controversy will be discussed, the purpose here is to explore the nature of memory, repression and dissociation to determine if therapists can distinguish between true and false memories of childhood trauma.
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False Memory Formation, 2008.
This paper discusses the effect of semantic relatedness on false memory formation.
1,337 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper describes a research that examined how some words can be falsely recalled during a memory recollection test. The writer explains that, in the research, one 23-year-old student completed an Internet based test that presented a sequence of words followed by a grid of 16 words. The writer notes that the participant selected which words in the grid had previously been shown. The participant correctly recalled 71.43% of previously presented words, 2.08% of non-semantically related words and 66.66% of semantically related words. The writer concludes that false memories are easy to create for words that are highly semantically related. The writer maintains that these results add weight to the semantic model of memory and arguments against other models of memory. Further, the writer notes that these results have important implications in the identification of suspects during criminal investigations.
Outline:
Abstract
Method
Results
Discussion
References
Appendix
From the Paper
"Endo and Masao demonstrated that knowledge about the false memory phenomena could alter results. They informed one group of participants about the false memory phenomena but not the other. Half of each group were then asked to respond within four seconds, the other within eight as to whether they 'remembered' seeing the word. Results showed that in the slow condition false memory rates were lower within the forewarned group compared to the uniformed group. However in the fast condition there was no significant difference between the forewarned and uninformed group. Thus in the current experiment the participant is likely to have made more errors had he been uninformed of the false memory phenomena and under time pressure. This would explain why these results do not vary more significantly in comparison to other research. Similarly how words are presented can affect results."
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The False Fox: A Preaching Beast, 2004.
This paper explores the metaphoric meaning associated with a historical interpretation of the medieval lyric poem, ?The False Fox.? Also explored are the different poetic devices used in this lyric, including puns, homophones, ironies, and hyperbole.
2,923 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a basis for the direction of interpretation one may take while attempting to provide a historical extrapolation of a medieval lyric, specifically of ?The False Fox.? The paper mainly focuses on its scholastically assigned genre as a secular lyric; however, also explored during the discourse are other possible connotations of the text. Lyrics tend to be a difficult genre of medieval literature to categorize because many pieces of work serve as lyrics, but are vastly different from one another. This paper also gives an in-depth poetic analysis of the poem utilizing the terms and devices that current poets use.
From the Paper
?The False Fox,? categorically speaking, is a satirical bestiary secular lyric that ?pokes fun? at the clergy, or perhaps pokes fun at the wandering friars during the 15th century. This was not an original idea of the time, ??even more common is the depiction of the fox as a preacher. In the garb of bishop with miter and cozier, of monk or friar, he is represented as preaching to gullible ducks or chickens while the unfortunate bird which will be his next meal peeps sadly over his shoulder? similar satires on the clergy appear in the lyrics where the false fox shrives the hens and gives them absolution? (Rowland, 77). Because ?The False Fox? contains end-rhyme, reminiscent of earlier French lyrics, it seems logical to give this secular lyric foundation from the French."
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Can A Therapist Implant False Memories?, 2004.
A research proposal for studying whether a therapist can implant false memories.
5,650 words (approx. 22.6 pages), 22 sources, APA, $ 135.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a research proposal for looking at whether or not a therapist can implant false memories in a patient. The paper evaluates the issue and suggests a methodology for studying this issue.
From the Paper
"Davis and Dalgleish state that false memory syndrome is one of the most controversial issues in the mental health field, noting that essentially it involves recollection of memories usually of sexual abuse that were either falsely programmed or which are legitimately recovered. Bjorklund spells the notion of false memory syndrome out in more detail conceptualizing it as a condition in which an individual's identity and interpersonal relationships center around a..."
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False Love and Its Downfall, 2004.
A comparative analysis of the theme of love and false love in William Shakespeare's "King Lear", F. Scott Fitzgerald's "Great Gatsby" and "Fifth Business" by Robertson Davies.
769 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 0 sources, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how although "King Lear" by William Shakespeare, "The Great Gatsby" by F. Scott Fitzgerald and "Fifth Business" by Robertson Davies, are all very different works from different times and places, the main characters all possess a similar downfall or fatal flaw: They cannot distinguish true love from false love. It attempts to show how as a result, King Lear loses his kingdom and his life and how Nick Carraway, the narrator of "The Great Gatsby", gets involved with a dangerous, immoral crowd and undergoes a personal struggle with his own morals and lifestyle. It also looks at how Dunstan Ramsay, the narrator of "Fifth Business, tells the tale of his life, throughout which he suffers because of his inability to let go of a woman from his past.
From the Paper
"In the Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway goes through his own hardships and makes his own mistakes. Most of these, like those of Lear, stem from his inability to distinguish between true and false love. He has an infatuation for Daisy Buchanan (one shared by many characters in the novel), and begins an affair with Jordan Baker, a cynical golfer. The problem, of course, is that he mistakes the infatuation or lust he has in the presence of these two women for real emotion, for real love. Because of this, he believes that they care for him, in some way at least, and that they are good people. As he finds out later, however, this is not the case."
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A False Sense of Reality, 2008.
This paper focuses on Willy Loman's false sense of reality in Arthur Miller's play, "Death of a Salesman".
743 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 0 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Arthur Miller's play, "Death of a Salesman" where we see Willy Loman's delusions because he fails to achieve happiness or success. The paper shows how the American dream, that a person will achieve distinction and dignity if he is well liked and possesses material things, is but an illusion within society that can rob a man of his personal worth.
From the Paper
"In Arthur Miller's essay "Tragedy and the Common Man", Miller writes about, "the underlining struggle of the individual attempting to gain his "rightful" position in his society." This struggle to be understood, appreciated and to feel that you are in the position you desire is possibly the tragic flaw within most Americans. The American dream is the promise of achieving anything you put your mind to. Dreams in this type of society can cause struggle. If a man is victorious in achieving success, will he live dignified? Who defines success?"
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"Walden's False Bottoms", 2002.
This paper reviews Walter Benn Michaels? essay "Walden's False Bottoms", which raises issues about Thoreau's book ?Walden?.
1,295 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper evaluates Michaels? essay which looks closely at the meaning around the image Thoreau offers of searching for the bottom of the pond without knowing for certain if there was a bottom, since many thought the pond to be bottomless: Michaels finds that Thoreau was a bit muddy on the meaning of pond bottoms.This paper states that Michaels says that the idea of Nature for Thoreau excludes humanity, though this also runs counter to what Thoreau often says. The author believes that the analysis offered by Michaels is convoluted: At best, what he finds might be considered an unconscious reflection of the way Thoreau relates to his search for meaning, but it is not an image that really speaks to the reader or that unifies the work around a central theme as Michaels wants it to do.
From the Paper
"Thoreau begins his account of Walden Pond by noting that he is writing in answer to many people who have questioned him about his two-year stay at Walden Pond which otherwise he would not present as a burden to the reader. Thoreau makes it clear from the beginning that he has learned much about life by his stay at Walden Pond and that he will convey what he has learned to his readers. The life he lived in the woods contrasted sharply with the life he saw other men living in towns, young men who had had the misfortune to inherit farms, houses, cattle, and farming tools. Most men, he says, are too occupied with the cares imposed by such ownership that they have no time to be anything other than machines. What Thoreau sees as necessary is to examine life and see what is the true necessaries and means of life, and doing this shows that human beings may seem to have chosen the life they lead, but in fact have done so only because they honestly believe there is no other choice open to them. Thoreau defines "necessary of life" as what is so important we cannot do without it."
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?Alexander the False Prophet?, 2005.
An application of the ideas from Lucian?s ?Alexander The False Prophet? to modern-day religion.
803 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the story of Lucian?s Alexander has many similarities to modern-day Christianity and how Christianity has been shown to have borrowed many ideas from other pagan religions in its infancy, so these correlations may or may not be coincidence. It looks at how the foundation of Christianity, Jesus Christ?s rebirth, is an almost identical story to the known religious scam established by Alexander, as described by Lucian.
From the Paper
"Lucian?s account was very scandalous and basically has condemned Alexander to remain forever in history as a religious swindler who simply purchased a large snake and then choose a group of people to scam. The ploy, as described by Lucian, was that Alexander and his cronies planted bronze tablets, created fake talking serpents and claimed that his serpent had descended to earth from a godly past. Lucian detailed how well thought out the plan was and how Alexander used official looking documentation and even baby snakes thought to be hatched from goose eggs to carry out his deceitful objectives. In effect, the scheme hatched by Alexander entailed advertising agents, tainted government officials and lie after lie which in turn fooled everyone. As P.T. Barnum pointed out, ?There?s one born every minute!""
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False Imprisonment, 2002.
Examines the psychological state of people falsely convicted for a crime they did not commit, after their release.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the mental state of prisoners released after exoneration for a wrongful conviction and so having suffered false imprisonment.
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