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The Fallacies of Metalanguage and Scientific Language Construction, 2002.
This paper is a critique of Anna Wierzbicka's "Speech Acts and Speech Genres Across Languages and Cultures."
1,775 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the theories of Anna Wierzbicka and her use of a "metalanguage" in order to solve the ambiguities and culture-contextual problems inherent in language. The paper argues the absurdity of Wierzbicka's theory.
From the Paper
"In her piece, "Speech Acts and Speech Genres Across Languages and Cultures", Anna Wierzbicka attempts to construct a 'metalanguage' for linguists to define foreign terms and concepts. (1992) This metalanguage, as it was proposed, would eliminate the ambiguity of using culturally loaded words when attempting to define speech acts, genres, and events in other languages. While her initial premise concerning culturally loaded text was intriguing; the attempted creation of a pseudo-scientific 'metalanguage' was not only absurd, but also defied her own initial discussion on the specific cultural context of speech acts."
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Lean Construction and the U.K. Construction Industry, 2002.
A look at the application of the principles of Lean Construction on the U.K. construction industry.
978 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly examines the U.K. construction industry and the concepts of Lean Construction, in which the success of this company is attributed to the application of Lean Construction principles such as value, value streams, flows, pull, and perfection. It evaluates how U.K. construction companies have found that increasingly demanding customers, as well as pressures regarding environment issues, are forcing them to rethink their strategies.
Outline
The Principles of Lean Construction
The Construction Industry in the U.K.
The Egan and Lathem Reports
Supply Chain Leadership and Teamwork
The Possibility of Change
From the Paper
"It is with the above in mind that the Egan and Lathem reports highlight the changes necessary in the UK Construction Industry. The Egan Report identifies five drivers of change necessary to ensure greater profitability as well as better quality in the Construction Industry. These are: committed leadership, a focus on the customer, integrated processes and teams, a quality driven agenda and commitment to people (4GM Consulting, 2003). Furthermore the report sets targets such as 10% for annual reductions in construction cost and time, as well as a 20% annual reduction in defects. The report stresses the importance of replacing competitive tendering with long-term relationships within the industry. Clearly the win/lose relationships between partners are too adversarial to be effective."
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Advances in Construction, 2006.
A paper on the various constructional processes involving domestic and commercial premises.
4,230 words (approx. 16.9 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 112.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the various aspects of constructional activity including planning, procuring, executing and registering activities. The paper also considers the legal aspects, insurance aspects and maintenance aspects of constructional activity and uses examples, facts and figures to discuss each aspect. Additionally, the paper looks at management in the construction industry, the risks of a constructional company, new techniques and methods in construction, and what strategy a construction company should follow in order to be successful.
What is Construction
What is Constructional Activity
Manager's Code of Professional Ethics in Construction
Risks of a Constructional Company
New Methods and Techniques of Construction
Order to be Followed in a Construction Industry for being Successful
From the Paper
"Building construction-case study of Fletcher Construction, Australia
According to the Recycling Resources Recovery Council (RRRC) the construction industry waste accounts for 44% of the total land fill in Victoria. In January 1993, Fletcher construction selected two Melbourne construction sites for training the program. One site was to introduce recycling and waste minimization methods and the other would adapt the traditional approach of handling waste on sight. The results of the trial revealed substantial savings to the project and environment. The process of implementing recycling and waste minimization reduced the volume of waste from 44% to 15%. 43% less land filled space was consumed and there was a financial saving of 55% achieved on waste removal cost. Over one third of the total waste volume generated was recycled. Fletcher Construction of Australia has incorporated green measures into its national policy, aiming to reduce waste on every constructional site by 25% as compared to the conventional methods. Its sister company in Seattle, Washington has also implemented similar methods."
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Fallacies, 2007.
An analysis of three common fallacies and their significance to critical thinking.
987 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper details three common fallacies to critical thinking, particularly within an organization. It provides examples of each fallacy (analogy or false analogy, post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy and the straw man argument) and it addresses the significance of each fallacy in relation to critical thinking. The paper then examines the general application of fallacies in relation to decision-making.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Fallacies
Arguments and Fallacies
Common Fallacies
Critical Thinking and Decision- making
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The straw man argument is another logical fallacy. The straw man approach attempts to misrepresent an opponent's position on a subject to make it easier to attack the opponent. Using the straw man tactic, one would distort the view of the opponent to ridiculous extremes or attack the weak premises associated with the argument. An example of this form of logical fallacy is represented in an article published in The Vancouver Sun. The article specifically reveals how the straw man approach is used to discredit expert claims to the cause and effects of global warming and extreme weather events. In this article, the Vancouver Sun writer Morag Carter opposes the position of the editor of the Journal of Natural Hazards, Tad Murty. The Sun writer explains, Murty has been quoted in the press: "This [global warming] is the biggest scientific hoax being perpetrated on humanity". Murty goes on to explain, " There is no global warming due to human anthropogenic activities" (Carter, 2006). Carter uses this article to stress how Murty has used the straw man approach to attack the credibility of the claim that global warming is contributing to extreme weather events."
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Commercial Construction, 2006.
A paper on non-residential construction.
770 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper describes commercial construction as "building projects exclusive of residential construction," and discusses commercial construction from both an economic point of view and from the point of view of the community. The paper discusses why commercial construction is a boon to the construction business, providing stable work even when residential construction is at a lull. The paper also discusses the complexities of managing commercial construction.
From the Paper
"Commercial construction is defined as "building projects exclusive of residential [single- or two-family home] construction". It is one of the biggest segments of the entire construction industry and is believed to have strengthened the industry in recent years due to rapid and steady growth. The commercial sector has been growing steady for some time now as is evident from market research and reports. Back in 2000, Sinderman wrote: "...the state of the commercial real estate market is strong. The demand for office, industrial and retail buildings remains high, and, as Internet-based companies continue to grow, specialized facilities have become more popular than ever." In 2005, a construction report by McGraw-Hill supported that claim: "The commercial and infrastructure construction segments are providing a lift to the overall construction industry, marking a role reversal from most of the past two or three years. According to October 2004 figures for future construction contracts calculated by McGraw-Hill Construction, Lexington, Mass., overall new construction starts increased 4 percent in October versus September (on a seasonally adjusted basis), with nonresidential and infrastructure construction gaining while the residential sector fell slightly." (Late Rebound)"
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Construction of Identity, 2006.
A comparison of the construction of identity within late modern societies to its construction within traditional societies.
2,142 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 17 sources, APA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the construction of identity within late modern societies and compares it to identity construction within traditional societies. The paper then shows how there is now a larger degree of agency in the construction of identity than was available in traditional times and looks at how identity is somewhat more fluid, fragmented, individualised and uncertain that it previously was.
From the Paper
"Identity construction in late modernity also incorporates the use of reflexive modernity. Reflexive modernity refers to the inclination of most aspects of social activity to be constantly revised in light of new information or knowledge (Giddens 1991, p. 20). Reflexivity is the capacity of an individual to monitor and modify their behaviour continuously in accordance with that monitoring (Goldstein & Rayner 1994, p. 376). Identity is largely shaped by reflexivity in that we reflect on how we believe others perceive us, and then work towards modifying this perception. However in society there are forces, known as structures, which can act as a restraint on an individual's actions and choices (Waters & Crook 1993, p. 29). Despite these structures, it is recognised that humans have the potential capacity to create, change and influence events through agency (Bessant & Watts 2002, p. 129)."
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Construction Delays, 2007.
This paper provides an analysis and identification of major causes of delays in construction projects in Libya.
865 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer investigates various construction companies within Libya, to rank construction delay variables in accordance with their effect on delay and cost. Additionally, the researcher's aim includes reviewing the existing literature available on the construction industry to ascertain the primary causes of delays in construction processes. To achieve these aims, the author evaluates what are the primary causes of delays related to construction processes. Further, the writer discusses what construction companies exist in Libya and how these variables rank according to their effect on project delay and cost. The writer also examines how construction delays impact the cost of construction processes.
Outline:
Introduction
Objectives
Literature Review
Methodology
Analysis of Data
Implications
References
From the Paper
"Ford notes that political leadership in Libya is ripe for encouraging foreign investment in multiple sectors. The country will need to increase its' production capacity to attract foreign investors particularly in underdeveloped fields. The country must also reintegrate itself in the international political arena by working on relations with the governments in major countries of western Europe and the U.S."
"Sebestyen notes that construction and modern manufacturing has along history that can be traced several thousand years. Changing technologies have impacted multiple arenas including construction, where the techniques, processes, materials, machines and information of technology must be embraced during production and used in different ways for different countries, even in the presence of international trends in construction. Technology has stimulated among other things better conditions within the construction industry, better quality, durability and increased opportunities for sustainable growth."
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Kuhn s Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2002.
Provides an overview of Thomas Kuhn's approach to understanding scientific knowledge.
1,191 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
Thomas S. Kuhn's structural account on the production of scientific knowledge constructs a generalized picture of the process by which a science is born and undergoes change and development. This paper explains that for Kuhn, science is a social system. It looks at how Kuhn analyzes the structure of scientific revolutions using several key concepts. He uses the term paradigm for an archetypal experiment or problem solution that implicitly tells scientists how to look at the world. This paper discusses how Kuhn's thesis about scientific authority utilizes the notion of normal science which he defines as science that uses a past achievement as a model and guide for formulating and solving new problems about the world which are based on paradigms. In addition, scientific revolutions occur when one paradigm is replaced by another. The writer also explains that as a result, paradigms play an important role in both normal science and scientific revolutions.
From the Paper
"The production of scientific knowledge undergoes six main steps. The first is a pre-paradigm stage in which the natural phenomena that later form the subject matter of a mature science are studied and explained from widely differing points of view. Next comes the emergence of a paradigm, embodied in the published works of one or more recognized scientists, defining and exemplifying the concepts and methods of research appropriate to the study of a certain class of natural phenomena, and serving as an inspiration to further research by its promise of success in explaining those phenomena. The third stage in the development of scientific knowledge is a period of normal science in which theories are explored and scientific puzzles are solved. A critical stage is the discovery of natural phenomena that violate the expectations governed by paradigms. In this stage, new theories are designed to explain these anomalous facts and then an abrupt transition to a new paradigm takes place in which a new conceptual and methodological framework arises which replaces the old. The final stage in the structure of scientific knowledge is the continuation of normal science within the new paradigm. This continues until the whole process repeats itself."
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Scientific Method and the Earthworm, 2002.
This paper explains the scientific method, the role of Rene Descartes in science and scientific information about the earthworm and then concludes with an elementary school project.
1,195 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper commences by discussing, in detail and in a style that is easy to understand, the six steps of the scientific method. The next section of the paper presents Rene Descartes, mathematician and author of a text on physiology and psychology. Next, the author presents a detailed discussion of the earthworm. He designs an elementary education experiment project that uses the scientific method on earthworm segmentation. The author concludes that the earthworm is fascinating to watch as it moves and wiggles.
From the Paper
"Rene Descartes was a believer in the scientific method. His works often disagreed with the Catholic churches. He had a commitment to the scientific method with a vast array of other subjects. Mathematics was his greatest interest. Descartes wrote a text on physiology and psychology. He said that emotion was finally the physiological base and argued that the control of the physical expression of emotions controlled the emotions "
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The Scientific Method, 2004.
A look at the steps involved in the scientific method for verifying a scientific fact.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the steps involved in the scientific method and gives some examples of the concepts involved in the idea. It describes some experiments which used scientific method, and defines what is needed to make a hypothesis.
From the Paper
"The scientific method consists of a number of logical steps that are taken to verify a process situation or scientific fact. It begins by the development of axioms and assumptions which are usually made on the basis of observations by the scientists, e.g., Vesalius made the first accurate description of the arterial and venous systems of the human body based on first-hand observations he gained from dissection of a number of human bodies. "The accuracy of observations gains..."
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Common Fallacies in Debate, 2006.
An overview of different fallacies commonly used in debate with examples that illustrate the fallacies.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper is an overview of sixteen common fallacies used in debate. The paper provides two examples of each in the hopes that students can better discern these fallacies when they emerge in debate and/or in academic literature. As a useful point, these examples can also be used to highlight the partisanship of leading politicians eager to spread their own agenda.
From the Paper
"Ad Hominem: personal attacks of any kind are ad hominem attacks. Two examples would be Al Franken's loud denunciations of Bill O'Reilly and others while another would be someone dismissing George W. Bush's policies because he is (allegedly) "stupid". Ad Populum: Two examples of ad populum fallacies would be recent gall-up polls showing weak support for the war in Iraq and/or an argument that insists that "most people" do not want gay marriage or an end to abortion."
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The Father of Scientific Management ? Frederick Winslow Taylor, 2006.
An analysis of Frederick Winslow Taylor's seminal work detailing his philosophy on scientific management, "The Principles of Scientific Management".
2,600 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper studies "The Principles of Scientific Management," the definitive philosophical work of Frederick Winslow Taylor, published in 1911. The author assesses Taylor's philosophy, which is based on four principles: (1) developing the best work method for every job; (2) scientifically selecting and developing workers; (3) combining the best work method and the best workers to complete the task according to that method; and (4) co-operation of managers and non-managers. The paper concludes by looking at modern day examples of Taylor's philosophy in action, particularly in the franchise industry.
From the Paper
"Frederick Taylor was depicted as the "father of scientific management". Taylor believed it was the management of an organization that was the key to solving any industrial problem. He was one man that recognized that there was no incentive for workers to increase their productivity rate because they might just work themselves out of a job. He also believed that hourly or daily wages were also no incentive to increasing productivity. Most of the ideas in scientific management were already known before Taylor's time. Taylor's contribution was to combine them into one, all-inclusive philosophy. His definitive work was The Principles of Scientific Management, first published in 1911."
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"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions"--A Review, 2007.
A review of Thomas Kuhn's influential book, "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions."
2,744 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews Thomas Kuhn's book about scientific advances entitled "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions." The paper focuses on several key elements and definitions in the work, with an emphasis on the concept of the scientific paradigm. The reviewer then discusses the role of paradigms in scientific revolutions, citing Kuhn's theory that revolutions appear when an old paradigm is substituted by a new one. Finally, the paper presents Kuhn's view of the past, present, evolution and future of science. The reviewer further describes Kuhn's view of the importance of crises in facilitating the evolution of science. The review concludes that Kuhn 's theory of paradigm and paradigm shifts gives a revolutionary description of scientific progress.
Outline:
Thomas Kuhn's Concept of Paradigm
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
The Past, Present, Evolution and Future of Science
Reference List
From the Paper
" First of all, Kuhn (1996) introduces the notion of "normal science", that is, according to him, the science that bases its research on previous research which is recognized as valid by a scientific community. (p.10) It is the structure of normal science that the book proposes to investigate. Furthermore, Kuhn (1996) argues that the most salient aspect of scientific evolution in time is the fact that science does not progress through leaps or through unrelated sets of investigations. On the contrary, scientific research is always conducted under a paradigm, or, to put it differently, all research is based on previous scientific data. The scientific paradigm can be defined as a certain common pattern in scientific research, or a certain set of accepted world views that are held as true for a period of time. The paradigm is thus a set of common beliefs about the world, based on past research. "
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Logical Fallacies in the Media, 2006.
An understanding of logical fallacies by finding four logical fallacies of two types in the media.
810 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper demonstrates techniques that exist in the media that present facts and events that cause those viewing or listening to the media to respond in predictable ways. The paper reports how these 'logical fallacies' are very effective techniques for drawing forth the desired response from news media observers.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
I. Argumentum Ad Populum
II. Argumentum Ad Misericordiam
III. The Anonymous Authority
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Argumentum Ad Populum refers to that which is a commonly held belief. One example of this is the supposed fact, as touted by news media and the present Washington Administration that the country of Iraq had 'weapons of mass destruction' which where a threat to the national security and safety of the United States. In fact an entire war was based on these 'weapons of mass destruction' which have been found to most definitely 'not' exist. This use of the technique of 'Argumentum Ad Populum' has been used in the past by the government but not to this great extent or to the cost in terms of lives that these logical fallacies perpetrated. "
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The Philosophy of Scientific Revolutions, 2003.
This paper compares the philosophies of Thomas S. Kuhn, as presented in "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" and of Jacques Derrida, as presented in his essay entitled "Structure, Sign and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences".
1,235 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, stressing the specific structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas S. Kuhn's structural account of the production of scientific knowledge constructs a generalized picture of the process by which a science is born and undergoes change and development. The author points out that Jacques Derrida's deconstructive viewpoint on structure complicates Kuhn's account of normal versus revolutionary science because Derrida opposes reason from the inside. The paper relates that Derrida's analysis of the construct of structure decenters Kuhn's notion of a paradigm in which Kuhn believes normal science takes place; that paradigm itself represents a fixed origin, which Derrida insists cannot exist independently.
From the Paper
"In order to fully understand how Derrida's deconstruction of discourse relates to Kuhn's structure of scientific revolutions, one must first analyze the process Kuhn exemplifies. For Kuhn, the production of scientific knowledge undergoes six main steps. The first is a pre-paradigm stage in which the natural phenomena that later form the subject matter of a science are studied and explained from widely differing points of view. Next comes the emergence of a paradigm that is published by recognized scientists and defines the concepts and methods of research appropriate to the study of those particular phenomena. The third stage in the development of scientific knowledge is a period of normal science in which theories are explored and scientific puzzles are solved. A critical stage is the discovery of new phenomena that violate the expectations of that particular paradigm."
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